http://wiki.doing-projects.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Farah.A&feedformat=atomapppm - User contributions [en-gb]2024-03-29T10:03:09ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.19.0http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:35:02Z<p>Farah.A: /* Transactional model – Dean Barnlund */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== '''Abstract''' ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|thumb|center|Transmission model[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message.<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|thumb|center|Interactional model[[https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-transactional-model.html]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" [[http://www.neoscenes.net/teach/cu/2012_2/atls2000_mit/pdfs/Watzlawick-1967-Some_Tentative_Axioms_of_Communication.pdf ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png|500px|thumb|center|Transactional model[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background.<br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' - It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' - With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' - “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' - A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source'' - The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project.<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:34:21Z<p>Farah.A: /* Communication Plan Components */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== '''Abstract''' ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|thumb|center|Transmission model[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message.<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|thumb|center|Interactional model[[https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-transactional-model.html]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" [[http://www.neoscenes.net/teach/cu/2012_2/atls2000_mit/pdfs/Watzlawick-1967-Some_Tentative_Axioms_of_Communication.pdf ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png|500px|thumb|center|Transactional model[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' - It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' - With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' - “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' - A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source'' - The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project.<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:31:50Z<p>Farah.A: /* Communication Plan Components */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== '''Abstract''' ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|thumb|center|Transmission model[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message.<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|thumb|center|Interactional model[[https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-transactional-model.html]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" [[http://www.neoscenes.net/teach/cu/2012_2/atls2000_mit/pdfs/Watzlawick-1967-Some_Tentative_Axioms_of_Communication.pdf ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png|500px|thumb|center|Transactional model[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source'' The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project.<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:30:41Z<p>Farah.A: /* Communication Plan Components */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== '''Abstract''' ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|thumb|center|Transmission model[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message.<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|thumb|center|Interactional model[[https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-transactional-model.html]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" [[http://www.neoscenes.net/teach/cu/2012_2/atls2000_mit/pdfs/Watzlawick-1967-Some_Tentative_Axioms_of_Communication.pdf ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png|500px|thumb|center|Transactional model[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' <br />
It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' <br />
With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method''<br />
“How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule''<br />
A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''<br />
The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project.<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:28:36Z<p>Farah.A: /* Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== '''Abstract''' ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|thumb|center|Transmission model[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message.<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|thumb|center|Interactional model[[https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-transactional-model.html]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" [[http://www.neoscenes.net/teach/cu/2012_2/atls2000_mit/pdfs/Watzlawick-1967-Some_Tentative_Axioms_of_Communication.pdf ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png|500px|thumb|center|Transactional model[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:17:19Z<p>Farah.A: Undo revision 101744 by Farah.A (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== '''Abstract''' ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|thumb|center|Transmission model[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|thumb|center|Interactional model[[https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-transactional-model.html]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" [[http://www.neoscenes.net/teach/cu/2012_2/atls2000_mit/pdfs/Watzlawick-1967-Some_Tentative_Axioms_of_Communication.pdf ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png|500px|thumb|center|Transactional model[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:16:09Z<p>Farah.A: Undo revision 101744 by Farah.A (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
'''== Abstract =='''<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|thumb|center|Transmission model[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|thumb|center|Interactional model[[https://www.sketchbubble.com/en/presentation-transactional-model.html]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" [[http://www.neoscenes.net/teach/cu/2012_2/atls2000_mit/pdfs/Watzlawick-1967-Some_Tentative_Axioms_of_Communication.pdf ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png|500px|thumb|center|Transactional model[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:12:25Z<p>Farah.A: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:File.png|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]<br />
[[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84 ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8]]<br />
[[https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ ]]<br />
[[https://exploringyourmind.com/paul-watzlawick-and-the-theory-of-human-communication/ ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=go3AwYghhdI ]]<br />
[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axx56_7Vz6Q ]]<br />
[[https://www.mitel.com/articles/john-mitchell-dr-martin-cooper-and-cell-phone ]]<br />
[[https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund]]<br />
[[https://www.communicationtheory.org/shannon-and-weaver-model-of-communication/ ]]<br />
[[http://www.wanterfall.com/Communication-Watzlawick's-Axioms.htm#111]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:11:55Z<p>Farah.A: /* Reference */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:File.png|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T23:11:02Z<p>Farah.A: /* Limitations */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:File.png|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/File:Sk%C3%A6rmbillede_2021-02-21_kl._21.38.28.pngFile:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png2021-02-28T22:47:09Z<p>Farah.A: Farah.A uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png&quot;</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T22:46:24Z<p>Farah.A: /* Big Idea */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Introduction''' ==<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part of life. Everything is based upon that, whether it’s human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which is where the word community derives from. <br />
However, all souls need to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and verbally. <br />
Although communication is key, as humans misunderstandings can occur.<br />
This article will explore how we as human beings interact with each other.<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''History of communication''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The method of sending and receiving a message can be dated back to BC, where it started by having a messenger to deliver a verbal message or by sending a letter which was something common in the years BC until 1600’s where the postal service was starting to be established. In those times it could take several days to deliver a letter, if not more. <br />
1774 the first telegraph was invented. <br />
In the 1800’s the telegraph paved the way for modern communication which progressed as Samuel Morse, in 1844, introduced the telegraph to connect Europe and America, later reaching the rest of the world. 1850’s the first successful undersea link was achieved between France and Britain. <br />
Undersea cables were established across the Atlantic Ocean to connect the world. 1858 the first message between America and Britain was from the British queen Victoria to the US president James Buchanan. The communications between people who were hundreds of miles away became a reality. From telegraph to telephone, in 1876 Alexander Bell introduced the first telephone. The transmission of a message was the same method. There is a message that encodes through a channel, where the message gets decoded and then received by the recipient. <br />
Samuel Morse was an important pioneer in helping build the foundations to the communication pathways we rely on today. The invention of Morse codes helped the invention of the telegraph, telephones, walkie talkies, and the cell phones of today. <br />
The Italian Nobel price winner (1909) Guglielmo Marconi worked on sending wireless telegraphs inspired by Hertz theory of electromagnetic waves to later on invent the radio. 1922 radio network was created by British Broadcasting Corporation.<br />
1920’s the Scottish engineer John Baird invented the mechanical TV. <br />
1924 the first colour fax by the American scientist and engineer Herbert Ives. The fax system can be dated back to 1843 by Alexander Bain, the electric printing telegraph. <br />
The cell phone was introduced in 1973 by the team of Martin Cooper who worked for the company Motorola. <br />
The first personal computer was introduced in 1975. <br />
With the history of technology, and the advances made by the industries great inventors, communication is now faster and works both one-way and two-ways effortlessly. <br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver'''==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. Noise is caused by people or environment and changes the meaning of the transmitted source. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compared to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way, not a one-way, communication theory. <br />
We are both senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there are five axioms that are defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and his son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund''' ==<br />
<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their culture, ethnicity, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:File.png|200px|thumb|left|alt text]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
== '''Communication within a project and program management ''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receive the message in an effective way, within an effective time. An agreement can be set up on the system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel that all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that are used between the stakeholders. The earlier a problem or a misunderstanding is addressed, the less potential there is for a damaging consequence with a possibility of eliminating the consequence entirely if executed effectively. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Communication Plan Components''' ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be project communications plan, where the following is defined:<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - ''Identify audience for the project'' It’s important to identify the stakeholders in order to organise the communication by shared interests. A stakeholder register is an option in some in organisations to outline the key reference for stakeholder profiles, which makes it easier to understand what the specific interest the stakeholder represents on a program board. <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – ''Determine massaging type'' With a stakeholder’s map and stakeholders’ profile it’s easier to analyse what the different stakeholders have in terms of interest, influence and power on the programme’s projects. With an influence/interest matrix a stakeholder’s role can be identified upon the project’s outcome. The higher the interest, the higher influence would lead to a high impact on the project. Stakeholders interest and influence can be changed during the process depending on the phase in the project. An agreement has to be set on which communication channels, programmes, and the frequency of engagement with the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – ''Delivery method'' “How will the programme effectively engage with stakeholders” The programme management team has to ensure the engagement of the stakeholders and how everything should be managed; from communication platforms, clarity of communication, to meetings, feedback, changes and plans.<br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – ''Determine frequency of schedule'' A programme communication plan can determine the frequency of the communication to avoid misunderstandings by having scheduled meetings daily, weekly, monthly, when reached a milestone or as needed. Meetings can be scheduled depending on which task it is. It could for instance be on the construction site where a daily meeting is needed. <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – ''Message source''The “owner” of the message is the one who is trying to communicate the effectiveness of the project to the audience, which could be the stakeholders. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png|600px|center|thumb|Communication Plan Component[[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842]]]]<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. By having a communication plan, feedback will be provided and the communication will be two-way, where there is the opportunity to rectify a misunderstanding without causing major failure to the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Limitations''' ==<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png|450px|thumb|center|The three communication models [[https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 ]] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' is a one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. This means that there is no feedback when a message is sent, it’s more like sending some information from A to B. Shannon and Weaver model was convenient in the 1948’s where the communication mostly happened by telegraph, letters, radio and TV. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model, is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver. Taking into account that emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising.<br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as “communicators”. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their culture, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where several people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared field’s experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
With today’s technology in regards to communication, projects and meetings can be run virtually where a person can be sitting in a meeting room hundreds of miles away and have a virtual meeting with another person or team on the other side of the globe, through a skype or a teams meeting and still get the feeling of being in the same place without actually being in the same place. You see the people in the meeting and when they speak, you see the way they express themselves by body language and the way they gesticulate. All this helps the individual to understand the shared message and minimises the risk of misunderstandings that could occur if it was just a message through mail or telephone. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals react and understand a message. Therefore to ensure good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that are participating in a conversation.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Annotated Bibliography''' ==<br />
'''Managing successful programmes 2011 edition''' is a British standard for programme management where this reference is used in the part of the article where communication in programme and project management is defined. The standard has a framework on how to manage programmes successfully in all kind of projects to deliver the best outcome. [[https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84]]<br />
<br />
<br />
== '''Reference''' ==<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T22:09:22Z<p>Farah.A: /* Abstract */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often a result of poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for the lack of communication skills between all parties within a project. <br />
A study conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that a third of the time a project fails, it is due to poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important components in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, it highlights the importance of what good communication can do for a project, and which outcomes can occur if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolonging the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication within a project there must be an agreement between all participating parties. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast<br />
<br />
== Big Idea ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver''' <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' <br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compered to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way and not a one-way communication theory. <br />
We are booth senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there is five axioms that is defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" (Bateson & Jackson qtd. in Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967, p. 4)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund'''<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their cultural, ethnic, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receives the message in an effective way, within the effective time. An agreement can be set upon which system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel where all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that is used between the stakeholders. The early a problem or a misunderstanding is solved, the less the consequence or maybe no consequence it will have on a project. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be <br />
<br />
Project communications plan, where following is defined <br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - Identify audience for the project <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – Determine massaging type <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – Delivery method <br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – Determine frequency of schedule <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – Message source''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure.<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/File:Sk%C3%A6rmbillede_2021-02-21_kl._15.48.28.pngFile:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 15.48.28.png2021-02-28T21:18:33Z<p>Farah.A: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/File:Sk%C3%A6rmbillede_2021-02-21_kl._23.08.10.pngFile:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 23.08.10.png2021-02-28T21:17:03Z<p>Farah.A: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-28T21:16:38Z<p>Farah.A: /* Big Idea */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for lack of communication skills between all the parties in a project. <br />
A research conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that one-third of the time a project fails, it is due to the poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important parts in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, this highlights the importance of what a good communication can do in a project, and which effects it can have if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of the projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolong the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication in a project there must be an agreement between all the parties that is participated in the project. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Big Idea ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver''' <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|600px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' <br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png|450px|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compered to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way and not a one-way communication theory. <br />
We are booth senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there is five axioms that is defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" (Bateson & Jackson qtd. in Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967, p. 4)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund'''<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their cultural, ethnic, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receives the message in an effective way, within the effective time. An agreement can be set upon which system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel where all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that is used between the stakeholders. The early a problem or a misunderstanding is solved, the less the consequence or maybe no consequence it will have on a project. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be <br />
<br />
Project communications plan, where following is defined <br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - Identify audience for the project <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – Determine massaging type <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – Delivery method <br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – Determine frequency of schedule <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – Message source''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure.<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/File:Sk%C3%A6rmbillede_2021-02-21_kl._21.38.28.pngFile:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 21.38.28.png2021-02-28T20:38:48Z<p>Farah.A: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-24T16:45:24Z<p>Farah.A: /* Big Idea */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for lack of communication skills between all the parties in a project. <br />
A research conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that one-third of the time a project fails, it is due to the poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important parts in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, this highlights the importance of what a good communication can do in a project, and which effects it can have if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of the projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolong the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication in a project there must be an agreement between all the parties that is participated in the project. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Big Idea ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver''' <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' <br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compered to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way and not a one-way communication theory. <br />
We are booth senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there is five axioms that is defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" (Bateson & Jackson qtd. in Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967, p. 4)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund'''<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their cultural, ethnic, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receives the message in an effective way, within the effective time. An agreement can be set upon which system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel where all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that is used between the stakeholders. The early a problem or a misunderstanding is solved, the less the consequence or maybe no consequence it will have on a project. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be <br />
<br />
Project communications plan, where following is defined <br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - Identify audience for the project <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – Determine massaging type <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – Delivery method <br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – Determine frequency of schedule <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – Message source''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure.<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/File:Sk%C3%A6rmbillede_2021-02-21_kl._18.23.46.pngFile:Skærmbillede 2021-02-21 kl. 18.23.46.png2021-02-24T16:43:10Z<p>Farah.A: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-24T16:42:45Z<p>Farah.A: /* Big Idea */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for lack of communication skills between all the parties in a project. <br />
A research conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that one-third of the time a project fails, it is due to the poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important parts in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, this highlights the importance of what a good communication can do in a project, and which effects it can have if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of the projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolong the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication in a project there must be an agreement between all the parties that is participated in the project. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Big Idea ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver''' <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' <br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compered to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way and not a one-way communication theory. <br />
We are booth senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there is five axioms that is defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" (Bateson & Jackson qtd. in Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967, p. 4)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund'''<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their cultural, ethnic, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receives the message in an effective way, within the effective time. An agreement can be set upon which system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel where all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that is used between the stakeholders. The early a problem or a misunderstanding is solved, the less the consequence or maybe no consequence it will have on a project. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be <br />
<br />
Project communications plan, where following is defined <br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - Identify audience for the project <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – Determine massaging type <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – Delivery method <br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – Determine frequency of schedule <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – Message source''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure.<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/File:Sk%C3%A6rmbillede_2021-02-18_kl._17.03.32.pngFile:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png2021-02-24T16:41:35Z<p>Farah.A: Farah.A uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png&quot;</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-23T11:25:41Z<p>Farah.A: /* Big Idea */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for lack of communication skills between all the parties in a project. <br />
A research conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that one-third of the time a project fails, it is due to the poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important parts in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, this highlights the importance of what a good communication can do in a project, and which effects it can have if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of the projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolong the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication in a project there must be an agreement between all the parties that is participated in the project. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Big Idea ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver''' <br />
<br />
[[File:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png|500px|thumb|Figure 1: xxx<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' <br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compered to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way and not a one-way communication theory. <br />
We are booth senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there is five axioms that is defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" (Bateson & Jackson qtd. in Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967, p. 4)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund'''<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their cultural, ethnic, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receives the message in an effective way, within the effective time. An agreement can be set upon which system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel where all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that is used between the stakeholders. The early a problem or a misunderstanding is solved, the less the consequence or maybe no consequence it will have on a project. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be <br />
<br />
Project communications plan, where following is defined <br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - Identify audience for the project <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – Determine massaging type <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – Delivery method <br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – Determine frequency of schedule <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – Message source''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure.<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/File:Sk%C3%A6rmbillede_2021-02-18_kl._17.03.32.pngFile:Skærmbillede 2021-02-18 kl. 17.03.32.png2021-02-23T11:22:04Z<p>Farah.A: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-21T23:05:40Z<p>Farah.A: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for lack of communication skills between all the parties in a project. <br />
A research conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that one-third of the time a project fails, it is due to the poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important parts in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, this highlights the importance of what a good communication can do in a project, and which effects it can have if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of the projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolong the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication in a project there must be an agreement between all the parties that is participated in the project. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Big Idea ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' <br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compered to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way and not a one-way communication theory. <br />
We are booth senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there is five axioms that is defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" (Bateson & Jackson qtd. in Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967, p. 4)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund'''<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their cultural, ethnic, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receives the message in an effective way, within the effective time. An agreement can be set upon which system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel where all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that is used between the stakeholders. The early a problem or a misunderstanding is solved, the less the consequence or maybe no consequence it will have on a project. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be <br />
<br />
Project communications plan, where following is defined <br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - Identify audience for the project <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – Determine massaging type <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – Delivery method <br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – Determine frequency of schedule <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – Message source''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-21T22:57:09Z<p>Farah.A: /* Abstract */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for lack of communication skills between all the parties in a project. <br />
A research conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that one-third of the time a project fails, it is due to the poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important parts in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, this highlights the importance of what a good communication can do in a project, and which effects it can have if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of the projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolong the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication in a project there must be an agreement between all the parties that is participated in the project. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
<br />
• Communication channels<br />
<br />
• Programs <br />
<br />
• Organisational chart <br />
<br />
• Time schedule <br />
<br />
• Total coast <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Big Idea ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Communication is the most important part in life. Everything is based upon that, whether its human beings or animals, we need to communicate in a way to understand each other. Communities are built upon communication, which the word itself comes from communication. <br />
However, all essence needs to communicate to understand each other due to the fact that you can’t read a person’s mind or know what they want. <br />
Communications can be defined in various forms, mostly by body language, signals and oration. <br />
Although we need communication to understand one another, there will be sometimes where it’s the opposite, that we misunderstand one another. <br />
This article will highlight how we as human beings interact with each other. <br />
Application <br />
<br />
To obtain an understanding of how communications is defined, three models will be analysed.<br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Transmission model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Interaction model''' <br />
<br />
• '''Transaction model'''<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model – Shannon and Weaver''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' – Shannon and Weaver model of communication was introduced in 1948 by American mathematician, electronic engineer Claude Elwood Shannon and scientist Warren Weaver in the article’’ A Mathematical Theory of Communication’’ published in ‘’Bell Labs Technical Journal’’. They were working in the telephone industry and came up with the simple model in 1940’s, that covers a linear conversation. This model was ‘’ an eye-opener’’ for communication theory models, that later on developed and models were introduced. <br />
<br />
<br />
The model is designed with a main focus of information that can be defined as the sending and receiving of a particular message to create shared meaning. Typically used for nonverbal technology, a one-way model. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Information source, a sender''''' – Person A sends an information, a message.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Transmitter, encoder''''''' – The information encodes into a message, it could be into a language.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Channel, Noise''''' – The message transmits through a channel. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Reception, Decoder''''' – The message is now decoded to the receiver. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''''Destination, Receiver''''' – Person B receives the message. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Interaction model – Paul Watzlawick''' <br />
<br />
Paul Watzlawick was an Austrian psychologist who had PhD degree in philosophy, studied psychotherapy in Switzerland at the Carl Jung Institute, and was also a professor at Standford University. With his background and knowledge, he and some other of his colleagues introduced this theory with the statement of ‘’ You cannot not communicate’’ <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
This model is based on interactional communication. Compered to the Shannon and Weaver model where the meaning is in words, this model focus on the meaning in people. In other words, the shared meaning is through people and not words. People are senders and receivers at the same time. It’s a two-way and not a one-way communication theory. <br />
We are booth senders and receivers simultaneously. <br />
<br />
To understand the interaction theory model, there is five axioms that is defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''1. ‘’One cannot not communicate’’''' – A person will always communicate somehow, whether it’s nonverbal or verbal, there will be some signals and body language that will be expressed. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''2. ‘’The content and relationship levels of communication, metacommunication’’'''– Depending on which social scene you are in, the interpretation of the communication can vary. People will construe your message differently based on the relationship you have to one another. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''3. ‘’Punctuation of the sequence of events’’''' – Each participant will punctuate each sequence differently in an interaction, according to their own experience and personality. In a communicative event "every item in the sequence is simultaneously stimulus, response, and reinforcement" (Bateson & Jackson qtd. in Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967, p. 4)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''4. ‘’Digital and analogical communication’’ –''' Verbal and nonverbal communication can be interpreted in various ways. It’s not what you say, but it’s how you say it, that the receiver will interpret the message. Digital communication is most likely to be the word that is used in a context without expressing the sequence of the message, whereas analogical communication has both the context and the expression. Analogical communication has both verbal and nonverbal message in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''5. ‘’Symmetrical and complementary interaction’’ –''' This axiom defines the relationship between the communicators. Symmetrical interaction is when everyone is equal in their power status. This can be the relationship between two colleagues, brothers and sisters and so on. Complementary interaction is the opposite to symmetrical, where the power of status is different, there is a hierarchy. It could be the relationship between an employee and the manager, student and a teacher, father and son and so on. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transactional model – Dean Barnlund'''<br />
Dean Barlund was an American communication educator who in the 1970’s created the Transactional model of communication. The model defines the individuals that are simultaneously involved in sending and receiving a message, it’s a two-way model. Interpersonal communication is the main focus, where more individuals are involved in an event. Each person decodes a message according to their cultural, ethnic, experience and educational background. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Dean Barnlunds five principle'''<br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
1. Communication is not a thing, it’s a process <br />
<br />
2. Communication is not linear, its circular <br />
<br />
3. Communication is complex <br />
<br />
4. Communication is irreversible <br />
<br />
5. Communication involves the total personality''' <br />
<br />
<br />
Transactional model would be common to use in a project where there is interpersonal communication. <br />
When it comes to communication in a project where several parties are involved on international basis, there would occur some misunderstandings. This will occur because the way a human being interprets the message depending on many factors, such as experience and background. <br />
<br />
<br />
To avoid misunderstandings and to ensure successful communications, four core elements can be defined. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Stakeholder identification and analysis'''<br />
The audience needs to be identified to ensure they get the right message. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Message clarity and consistency''' <br />
Ensure a clear and relevant message to gain the trust. Everyone interprets the message in their own way, and there for it’s important that the message is clear. <br />
<br />
<br />
• '''Effective system of message delivery'''<br />
Ensure the stakeholders receives the message in an effective way, within the effective time. An agreement can be set upon which system the communication channel has to be processed through. It can be a channel where all parties are familiar with, to provide a clear understanding of the messages. <br />
<br />
<br />
'''• Feedback collection system''' <br />
Feedback for the effectiveness of the communications process. It’s important to evaluate and to have some feedback for the systems that is used between the stakeholders. The early a problem or a misunderstanding is solved, the less the consequence or maybe no consequence it will have on a project. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Engaging stakeholders regularly in the process of the project will lead to a successful project. An excellent tool for the engagement can be <br />
<br />
Project communications plan, where following is defined <br />
<br />
<br />
'''<br />
• '''WHO?''' - Identify audience for the project <br />
<br />
• '''WHAT?''' – Determine massaging type <br />
<br />
• '''HOW?''' – Delivery method <br />
<br />
• '''WHEN?''' – Determine frequency of schedule <br />
<br />
• '''OWNER?''' – Message source''' <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When everyone in the project are knowledgeable about the chosen components in a plan, it is easier to communicate and understand the message. <br />
This will ease the process in the project and provides a successful organising structure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Limitations ==<br />
<br />
<br />
When it comes to communication three communication models have been analysed to give a better understand of how people communicate to prevent communication failure. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Transmission model''' which is the one-way model of communication and one of the first communication models, which is mostly used for sending/sharing a massage and doesn’t not explain the understanding and the emotions in the message compared to the other communications models. It’s a linear communication model. <br />
<br />
'''Interaction model''' which is a two-way communication model is used to define how individuals communicate with a sender and receiver, where emotions and experience form the understand of how the message will be interpreted. It’s a circular conversation and not a linear conversation. It can be a conversation between two people, where they communicate about a subject. Non-verbal and verbal communication is defined in this model. Disadvantage of this communication form is, if the participants is from the same hierarchy, and wants to take a decision, in for instance a project, and both have different decisions without compromising. <br />
<br />
'''Transaction model''' which is a dynamic, a two-way communication model and a circular model, is defined where the participants in the models are mentioned as, ’communicators’’. It’s used for interpersonal conversations. The message in this model is not only formed by the individual based on their experience and background, but also from their cultural, ethnicity, behaviour and experience. This model is used where serval people are communicating in an event, such as in a meeting. Simultaneous message sending, where the communicators have a shared fields experience. The disadvantage of this model is when all the communicators are communicating at the same time in a meeting, then the person who is presenting will not be able to present the message of the presentation. <br />
<br />
<br />
Overall when analysing the communication models, it provides an understanding of how individuals reacts and understands a message. Therefor to ensure a good communication, everything has to be clear to all parties that is participated in a conversation. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
https://www.academia.edu/11210000/The_public_and_private_Dean_Barnlund<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBs6G8P4NB8 <br />
The Human Communication process 2018 p. 8-10<br />
<br />
<br />
https://www.restonnow.com/2017/06/02/five-step-process-adopted-for-ra-capital-project-communication-plan/ <br />
Communication plan <br />
<br />
Diagram for interactional model <br />
https://slcc.instructure.com/courses/398556/pages/communication-concepts?module_item_id=5206842 <br />
<br />
page 67 https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/dtudk/reader.action?docID=4462753&ppg=84</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Articles_Spring_Term_2021Articles Spring Term 20212021-02-14T21:19:46Z<p>Farah.A: /* Overview of 2021 Wiki Collections */</p>
<hr />
<div>=Overview of 2021 Wiki Collections=<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+Spring Term 2021 Wiki Collections<br />
|Group name<br />
|First name<br />
|Surname<br />
|Student number<br />
|[[Article name]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|TAs Example<br />
|Thomas<br />
|Giannoulopoulos<br />
|s192419<br />
|[[APPM Example 2021]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 12<br />
|Christian<br />
|Frøsig<br />
|s175044<br />
|[[Belbin's 9 team roles]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 1<br />
|Oliver<br />
|K. Vittrup<br />
|s163754<br />
|[[Top-down vs bottom-up estimations]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|Jeyad<br />
|M. Baig<br />
|s153585<br />
|[[Task Management - 3 Levels of Planning Methods]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 17<br />
|Quoc-Khanh Rose-Marie Therese<br />
|Madsen<br />
|s123462<br />
|[[Applying Tuckman’s model for team development]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|Haoxiang<br />
|Sang<br />
|s192258<br />
|[[Cost control with statistic tools]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 31<br />
|He<br />
|Fan<br />
|s192195<br />
|[[Work Break-down Structure]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 19<br />
|Ángel<br />
|Castro del Olmo<br />
|s193246<br />
|[[Stakeholder Engagement and Sustainability in Maritime Spatial Planning]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|Abdullah Shams<br />
|Turkmani<br />
|s153337<br />
|[[ICT Agreement]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 17<br />
|Jacopo<br />
|Renzi<br />
|s210445<br />
|[[Double Diamond in Project Management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 35<br />
|Helga Sigríður<br />
|Magnúsdóttir<br />
|s202027<br />
|[[Network Planning]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|Cæcilie<br />
|Kortbæk<br />
|163873<br />
|[[Double diamond]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 18<br />
|Frithjof Johannes<br />
|Thiem<br />
|s202972<br />
|[[DevOps]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|Emilie<br />
|Winther Schmidt<br />
|163884<br />
|[[Iron Triangle]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|Anna<br />
|Fredgaard<br />
|s163887<br />
|[[Active Listening Technique]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|Ruben<br />
|Raes<br />
|s202029<br />
|[[Iron Triangle of Project Management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|Claudia<br />
|Balcells<br />
|s202939<br />
|[[APPPM Issue Tree]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|Brynja<br />
|Gudmundsdottir<br />
|s202030<br />
|[[FAST goals]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|Andrea<br />
|Pin Morales<br />
|s205567<br />
|[[The Business Case]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|Lena Maria<br />
|Thyen<br />
|s202969<br />
|[[The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|Úlfar<br />
|Viktorsson<br />
|s202022<br />
|[[The 4 Disciplines of Execution]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|Moritz<br />
|Rindermann<br />
|s202976<br />
|[[Tuckmans model for Team Development]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 29<br />
|Heiðdís Ósk<br />
|Pétursdóttir<br />
|s202025<br />
|[[Efficiency and Effectiveness]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|Xabier<br />
|Martínez de Zabarte<br />
|s210323<br />
|[[Scrumban]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|Aldís Braga<br />
|Eiríksdóttir<br />
|s202045<br />
|[[Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|Jan Otis<br />
| Ernst<br />
|s210433<br />
|[[RACI Matrix]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Julie<br />
| Finne-Ipsen<br />
|s153987<br />
|[[Kahneman - Two Thinking Systems]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|Maria Eileen<br />
| Hubbuck<br />
|s210444<br />
|[[Risk Management-Identification]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|Alina<br />
| Barun<br />
|s202514<br />
|[[Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|Felix Vinzenz<br />
|Wütherich<br />
|s202968<br />
|[[Emotional Intelligence and Leadership]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|Ariadna<br />
|Ramos<br />
|s191852<br />
|[[The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 27<br />
|Jakob<br />
|Grønvald<br />
|s164346<br />
|[[Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs, Motivation in the workplace]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 16<br />
|Martina<br />
|Rampazzo<br />
|s202895<br />
|[[Earned value management (EVM)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 2<br />
|John<br />
|Fritz<br />
|s202967<br />
|[[Learning plan]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 24<br />
|Henning<br />
|Duwe<br />
|s210450<br />
|[[SWOT Analysis]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 14<br />
|Søren Emil<br />
|Kjær<br />
|s201528<br />
|[[GANTT]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 23<br />
|Mathilde Kremmer<br />
|Broberg<br />
|s175074<br />
|[[Corrective and Preventive Actions (CAPA)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 14<br />
|Rune Lykke<br />
|Høg<br />
|s165012<br />
|[[The use of the A3 management process]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 35<br />
|Tinna Hrönn<br />
|Unudóttir<br />
|s202032<br />
|[[Constructive communication]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 17<br />
|Eva Rún<br />
|Arnarsdóttir<br />
|s203214<br />
|[[Biases in Project Management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 24<br />
|Astrid<br />
|Skovhus<br />
|s164499<br />
|[[Getting Things Done (GTD)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 7<br />
|Phillip<br />
|Dyrberg<br />
|s164503<br />
|[[Double diamond: A design process model]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 14<br />
|Amanda Emilie<br />
|Søborg Berthelsen<br />
|s154707<br />
|[[The Johari Window]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 23<br />
|Nicolai Mossing<br />
|Madsen<br />
|s164515<br />
|[[SMART Goals (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-bound)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 27<br />
|Marie-Louise Wolfsberg<br />
|Schmidt<br />
|s164417<br />
|[[The Affect Heuristic]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 4<br />
|Erika Marie<br />
|Strøm<br />
|s203224<br />
|[[Parkinson’s Law]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 16<br />
|Beatrice<br />
|Ranzato<br />
|s202887<br />
|[[X-Matrix Hoshin Kanri]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 9<br />
|Helene Waldmann<br />
|Jørgensen<br />
|s173891<br />
|[[Lag & Lead]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 4<br />
|Zahra<br />
|Al-Mosawi<br />
|s193938<br />
|[[Project Communications Management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 14<br />
|William Axel Linderoth<br />
|Michaelen<br />
|s153275<br />
|[[Design-Build]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 31<br />
|Jesús <br />
|Gracia Yoldi<br />
|s210111<br />
|[[Kanban in APPPM]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 35<br />
|Katrín Erla <br />
|Bergsveinsdóttir<br />
|s202026<br />
|[[Contingency plans]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 1<br />
|Cecilie Marie Raagaard <br />
|Christensen<br />
|s160832<br />
|[[Work breakdown structure (WBS)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 19<br />
|Ali Jamal<br />
|Jomeh<br />
|s173741<br />
|[[SMART goals: A project management tool]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 15<br />
|Tobias <br />
|Hyldmo<br />
|s206658<br />
|[[High performing teams]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 5<br />
|Samah<br />
|Said<br />
|s203228<br />
|[[Business Process Excellence (BPEX)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 3<br />
|Emilie<br />
|Torp<br />
|s153320<br />
|[[Goal Hierarchy]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 3<br />
|Victor Nørregaard<br />
|Schwærter<br />
|s164745<br />
|[[Milestone Planning]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 9<br />
|Jacob<br />
|Ammitsøe<br />
|s173849<br />
|[[Self-Awareness]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 18<br />
|Anna<br />
|Bjørn Reland<br />
|s154556<br />
|[[Choosing the appropriate medium (oral – written – hybrids)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 10<br />
|Wail<br />
|Atrari<br />
|s170706<br />
|[[The Double Diamond Tool: Prevent budget overruns and delays in your projects]]<br />
|-<br />
|Group 10<br />
|Helená Evin<br />
|Cinar<br />
|s164741<br />
|[[SWOT Analysis Management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 10<br />
|Mohammad<br />
|Abou Hassan<br />
|s160101<br />
|[[Implementing SWOT]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 10<br />
|Ahmet<br />
|Akgül<br />
|s152597<br />
|[[Smart goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely)]]<br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|Group 2<br />
|Amalie<br />
|N. Müller<br />
|s173675<br />
|[[Big five personality traits (OCEAN model)]]<br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|Group 29<br />
|Pétursdóttir<br />
|Stefanía Ósk<br />
|s202044<br />
|[[Situational leadership - Hersey and Blanchard]]<br />
|- <br />
|- <br />
|Group 10<br />
|Abdulahi<br />
|Hayle Hassan<br />
|s164691<br />
|[[Stakeholder management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 27<br />
|Louise<br />
|Landschoff<br />
|s165111<br />
|[[SCRUM - A Project Management Framework]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 10<br />
|Sara<br />
|Alabiidi<br />
|s164650<br />
|[[The Blake-Mouton Managerial Grid]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 4<br />
|Felix<br />
|Dressel<br />
|s202965<br />
|[[SPALTEN]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 11<br />
|Sandra<br />
|Nielsen<br />
|s153370<br />
|[[Conflict ladder]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 11<br />
|Lise Munch<br />
|Nordheim<br />
|s200400<br />
|[[McGregor's X & Y theory]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 2<br />
|Simon<br />
|Knutsson<br />
|s202041<br />
|[[Earned Value Management (EVM)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 12<br />
|Christoffer<br />
|Askgaard<br />
|s165098<br />
|[[Design the team you need to succeed using Belbin's team roles]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 24<br />
|Gaute Bø<br />
|Aaløkken<br />
|s202065<br />
|[[Diversity in teams]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 2<br />
|Lukas<br />
|Tanzer<br />
|s200120<br />
|[[Continuous Improvement]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 7<br />
|Sofie<br />
|Lundsteen<br />
|s170285<br />
|[[Team roles at work]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 14<br />
|Josefine<br />
|M. Schuler<br />
|s154055<br />
|[[Applying the Hawthorne studies to project management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 3<br />
|Amalie Nordstrøm<br />
|Nielsen<br />
|s153272<br />
|[[The seven characteristic principles]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 14<br />
|Louise Damborg<br />
|Frederiksen<br />
|s185238<br />
|[[Bias in a Team Setting]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 1<br />
|Georg Holger<br />
|Waage<br />
|s163819<br />
|[[Fishbone Diagram]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 28<br />
|Özgenur<br />
|Baştuğ<br />
|s203033<br />
|[[Variation Orders in Construction Projects]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 9<br />
|Mads<br />
|Møhlenberg<br />
|s173879<br />
|[[A hybrid consisting of Agile and Stage Gate]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 29<br />
|Svanhvít Birta<br />
|Guðmundsdóttir<br />
|s203174<br />
|[[Project Milestones]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 23<br />
|Bente<br />
|Meidahl Münsberg<br />
|s175068<br />
|[[Gantt Charts]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 27<br />
|Frederik<br />
|Carlsson <br />
|s164345<br />
|[[FAST Goals]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 11<br />
|Tobias<br />
|Rydahl <br />
|s200471<br />
|[[Using DISC assessment for project team management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 7<br />
|Mads <br />
|Støjfer-Hønberg<br />
|s174303<br />
|[[SCRUM - An Agile Project Management Framework]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 21<br />
|Matthieu <br />
|Buy<br />
|s202925<br />
|[[The Five-Factor Model (OCEAN)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 18<br />
|Astrid Helene<br />
|Erecius<br />
|s171013<br />
|[[Choosing communication media for negotiation]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 44<br />
|Zainab<br />
|Jalal<br />
|s165491<br />
|[[Work Breakdown Structure in project management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 2<br />
|Anna Felicia Mai<br />
|Lindström<br />
|s202046<br />
|[[Project Status Reporting]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 28<br />
|Alberto<br />
|Melloni<br />
|s202894<br />
|[[Pre-mortem analysis]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 29<br />
|Thore Uwe<br />
|Aye<br />
|s202746<br />
|[[Quality Gates in Project Management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 9<br />
|Lydia<br />
|Tsintzou<br />
|s193745<br />
|[[SWOT Analysis Guide]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 28<br />
|Kendra Ana<br />
|Rodríguez López<br />
|s200182<br />
|[[Choosing by Advantages Decision-Making System]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 23<br />
|Rasmus<br />
|Engberg<br />
|s164513<br />
|[[RDM]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 4<br />
|Christine<br />
|Fryland<br />
|s153875<br />
|[[Theory X-Y]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 28<br />
|Manas P.<br />
|Dalvi<br />
|s210143<br />
|[[Effective Tools for Multiple Project Management]]<br />
-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 12<br />
|Joakim<br />
|Vollertzen<br />
|s163947<br />
|[[Extreme Project Management (XPM)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 19<br />
|Shubham<br />
|Ingole<br />
|s200092<br />
|[[Stakeholder Management Strategies]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 31<br />
|Alvaro<br />
|Bello<br />
|s210447<br />
|[[Forecasting and estimation techniques]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 09<br />
|Dorothea<br />
|Georgiadou<br />
|s200230<br />
|[[Risk Register analysis]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 09<br />
|Maria Konstantina<br />
|Papaioannou<br />
|s195550<br />
|[[Fishbone diagram analysis]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 21<br />
|Kelvin<br />
|Scott-Fordsmand<br />
|s174312<br />
|[[RiskRegister]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 18<br />
|Christoffer Friis<br />
|Hansen<br />
|s164569<br />
|[[Identifying risk]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 1<br />
|Giulia <br />
|Zanelli<br />
|s205701<br />
|[[Earned Value Management - EVM]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 29<br />
|Tinna <br />
|Dofradottir<br />
|s203177<br />
|[[Adaptive Project Framework]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 23<br />
|Jonatan Larsen<br />
|Edry<br />
|s165499<br />
|[[The iron triangle as an analytical tool]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 4<br />
|Mikkel Walther<br />
|Hellesen<br />
|s203227<br />
|[[System Readiness Level Index]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 5<br />
|Yamila Denise<br />
|Aviles<br />
|s203409<br />
|[[Agile Release Train]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 5<br />
|Kallina<br />
|Karamitsiou<br />
|s202249<br />
|[[Kahneman's dual-system thinking]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 19<br />
|Prasad<br />
|Jagtap<br />
|s200109<br />
|[[Communication Management using Service Blueprint]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 3<br />
|Johan Holger <br />
|Rasmussen<br />
|s210512<br />
|[[Daniel Kahneman's two systems of thinking]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 18<br />
|Sigrún Björk <br />
|Sævarsdóttir<br />
|s200165<br />
|[[The Scrum framework]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 1<br />
|Francesca<br />
|Pieraccini<br />
|s206673<br />
|[[Double Diamond model]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 15<br />
|Dionysios<br />
|Dasopoulos<br />
|s202916<br />
|[[Tuckman's Model for Sustainable Team Development]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 15<br />
|Joern<br />
|Appelt<br />
|s202854<br />
|[[Intrinsic Motivation]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 23<br />
|Oliver<br />
|Karlsson<br />
|s165080<br />
|[[Double Diamond Model]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 5<br />
|Victor<br />
|Soler Fuertes<br />
|s206040<br />
|[[OKR - Objectives and Key Results]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 31<br />
|João<br />
|Ferreira<br />
|s202867<br />
|[[Psychological safety as a key factor to quality and productivity of Organizations]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 31<br />
|Timo<br />
|Scheitinger<br />
|s202966<br />
|[[The big five (OCEAN)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 15<br />
|Maria-Lito<br />
|Glykioti<br />
|s151256<br />
|[[The role of Emotional Intelligence in Project Management]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 15<br />
|Hafeez<br />
|Ahmadi<br />
|s164137<br />
|[[ISM Principles of Change]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 21<br />
|Magnus Riis<br />
|Gregersen<br />
|s214321<br />
|[[Gantt Chart Scheduling]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 18<br />
|Marie Elly Ulricke<br />
|Kristensen<br />
|s144408<br />
|[[Motivation through Theory X&Y from a Project Management perspective]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 18<br />
|Christopher <br />
|Burgdorf<br />
|s154689<br />
|[[Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART)]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 5<br />
|Ishak<br />
|Zaaimia<br />
|s164631<br />
|[[Parkinson's Law]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 11<br />
|Sara Ballegaard<br />
|Laursen<br />
|s193723<br />
|[[Organizational Socialization]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 19<br />
|Ali Waleed<br />
|Abbas<br />
|s172841<br />
|[[Fishbone diagram for root cause analysis]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 17<br />
|Cecilia<br />
|Thuy Duyen Nguyen-Cong<br />
|s184300<br />
|[[The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen R. Covey]]<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|Group 44<br />
|Farah<br />
|Sabri<br />
|s164740<br />
|[[Lack of communication in project management]]</div>Farah.Ahttp://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Lack_of_communication_in_project_managementLack of communication in project management2021-02-14T21:18:08Z<p>Farah.A: Created page with " == Abstract == Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate..."</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Abstract ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Failure of projects are often resulting in poor communication between the project management and stakeholders. The purpose of this article is to investigate the contributory cause for lack of communication skills between all the parties in a project. <br />
A research conducted by Project Management institution (PMI) shows that one-third of the time a project fails, it is due to the poor communication. This means that the topic is often overlooked and not prioritised like other important parts in a successful project. <br />
Using communication theory analysis, this highlights the importance of what a good communication can do in a project, and which effects it can have if communication fails. <br />
There are many aspects on how communication fails in a project. <br />
Project managers and stakeholders needs to engage in the ongoing process in each step, to ensure that all the parties agree upon each benchmark. By doing so this will minimise the risk of major failures in the late stages of the projects, where there will be a chance to correct the mistake without necessarily adding more money to the project or prolong the final submission of the project. <br />
<br />
<br />
To improve the communication in a project there must be an agreement between all the parties that is participated in the project. The following agreement could be on international projects. <br />
<br />
• Language that is used for the project <br />
• Communication channels<br />
• Programs <br />
• Organisational chart <br />
• Time schedule <br />
• Total coast</div>Farah.A