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== Abstract ==
Prioritising work tasks as an individual or a team is crucial for ensuring success and avoiding stress. One popular method for doing this is the Eisenhower Decision Matrix. 
Former president of the USA, Dwight D. Eisenhower, once said: "''What is important is seldom urgent, and what is urgent is seldom important.''<ref name="sung"> '''Bratterud, H., Burgess, M., Fasy, B.T., Millman, D.L., Oster, T., Sung, E.''' (2020). ''The Sung Diagram: Revitalizing the Eisenhower Matrix.'' In: Pietarinen, AV., Chapman, P., Bosveld-de Smet, L., Giardino, V., Corter, J., Linker, S. (eds) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Diagrams 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12169. Springer, Cham. https://doi-org.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/10.1007/978-3-030-54249-8_43 </ref>
These are the words behind the concept of the Eisenhower Decision Matrix. Later on, Stephen Covey made the method popular in relation to time and task management by including the method in his book, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.<ref name="7habits"> '''Covey, Stephen R.''' (2013). ''The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change'', 25th anniversary edn. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-3961-2 </ref>

The concept of the Eisenhower Decision Matrix is to prioritise tasks based on their urgency and importance, by categorising them into four quadrants: "Q1: Urgent and Important," "Q2: Important but Not Urgent," "Q3: Urgent but Not Important," and "Q4: Not Urgent nor Important." <ref name="study"> '''Jyothi, N.S., Parkavi, A.''' (2016) ''A study on task management system.'' In: International Conference on Research Advances in Integrated Navigation Systems. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAINS.2016.7764421 </ref>
By analysing tasks in this manner, teams and individuals can concentrate their energy on the most important and urgent tasks while delegating or postponing the less important ones. In a normal workday this can be done very easily by simply numbering the tasks on your to-do list according to the quadrants in the matrix, and then starting by doing the tasks numbered 1, then delegating the tasks numbered 3 and planning/doing tasks numbered 2. As for the tasks which are numbered 4, they should be done at last or simply deleted.

The Eisenhower Decision Matrix is a useful tool for project managers and team members, as it provides a clear framework for determining task priority and making informed decisions about allocating time and resources.

== Prioritisation of tasks (Big Idea) ==
=== Time and task management ===
Time and task management are essential skills that help individuals and organizations effectively prioritize and use their time to achieve their goals.<ref name="study" /> Effective time management involves planning and organizing tasks, setting goals and deadlines, and prioritizing activities to make the most of the available time. Task management, on the other hand, involves breaking down larger projects or goals into smaller, more manageable tasks and efficiently managing these tasks to ensure timely completion of the project.

Time and task management are critical in both personal and professional settings, as they help individuals manage their workload, reduce stress, and improve productivity. Effective time and task management skills can lead to better work-life balance, increased motivation, and improved overall well-being.

Time and task management are becoming more and more crucial in today's fast-paced society when we are continuously confronted with distractions and conflicting demands for our attention. With the right strategies and tools, individuals and organizations can optimize their time and accomplish more, all while maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

=== Urgency vs. Importance ===
There are two terms that need to be defined and discussed, before the discussion of the Eisenhower Decision Matrix can begin: Urgency and importance. These two terms define any activity. Urgency means that the activity needs immediate attention and insists on action. <ref name="7habits" /> Urgent matters psychologically press on us and insist on action. However these matters are often popular with others, pleasant, easy and fun to do. But they are very seldom important.

On the contrary, importance is related to the outcome.<ref name="7habits" /> Important matters contribute to your highest priority goals and values. Often, more initiative and proactivity are needed for these important but non-urgent matters. For things to happen, we must take action and take advantage of the opportunity. We are easily distracted into attending to the urgent matters instead, if we do not have the end in mind, or have a clear understanding of what is important or what outcome we wish for.

=== The Eisenhower Decision Matrix ===
[[File:EDM_1.png|thumb|500px|The Eisenhower Decision Matrix (own figure, inspirations from <ref name="7habits" />]]
[[File:EDM_filled.png|thumb|350px|Examples of activities for each quadrant in the Eisenhower Decision Matrix (own figure, inspirations from <ref name="7habits" />]]
Before starting prioritising tasks, one should have a clear goal in mind, either a personal goal or an organizational goal.<ref name="study" /> This is crucial to be able to evaluate the task's importance.

The Eisenhower Decision Matrix (EDM) is a 2x2 matrix in which all tasks can be arranged by urgency and importance. The purpose of the EDM is to get an overview of all the tasks and to see how the tasks should be prioritised. The EDM consists of four quadrants, which now will be further described.


'''Q1: Urgent and Important -''' Tasks in quadrant 1 are both urgent and important. These tasks require immediate attention as well as they have a huge impact on your personal or organizational goal. Therefore, these tasks are often defined as crises or problems. <ref name="7habits" />

'''Q2: Important but Not Urgent -''' Tasks in quadrant 2 are important but not urgent. These are the tasks that contribute to your personal or organizational goal, but are not urgent since they can be done on a later point in time. <ref name="7habits" />

'''Q3: Urgent but Not Important -''' Tasks in quadrant 3 are urgent but not important. Since these tasks are urgent, they may appear to be in Q1, however their urgency is frequently determined by other peoples’ expectations and priorities, and will not contribute to your goals, therefore they are not important. <ref name="7habits" />

'''Q4: Not Urgent nor Important -''' Tasks in quadrant 4 are not urgent neither important. These are often categorized as distractions.

Examples of activities belonging to each quadrant can be seen in Figure XX.

Highly effective people ought to spend most of their time in Q2, because these are the tasks that contribute to their goal in their personal or professional life and will have a positive effect on them. <ref name="7habits" />  On the contrary, they should spend less or none of their time in Q3 and Q4, because these tasks are simply not important.

=== How each quadrant affects individuals ===
The time spent in each quadrant should be controlled and balanced in order to stay mentally healthy and effective. This also means if someone spends too much time in certain quadrants, it can lead to an ineffective lifestyle or maybe even a mental breakdown. 

People who use the majority of their time and energy in Q1 will often experience stress, crisis management, and burnout. <ref name="7habits" /> The thing is that Q1 can consume a person in a way, so if you focus on Q1 it continues to grow, until you do not have any time left for the other quadrants.

Other people tend to focus on Q3, thinking it is Q1, like mentioned before. People spending all their time in Q3 will often feel out of control and like they only have short-term focus, crisis management, and feeling out of control. <ref name="7habits" />

Then there are some people who spend their time almost only in Q3 and Q4. These people live irresponsible lives since they never or rarely focus on important tasks. The effects may for instance lead to unemployment. <ref name="7habits" />

== Application ==
[[File:EDM_application.png|thumb|350px|The actions to take and in which order (own figure, inspirations from <ref name="7habits" />]]

It may seem like a lot of work to include this decision matrix in one’s everyday decision-making routine, however ones you know the Eisenhower Decision Matrix, it is very easy to incorporate it in a busy schedule. One would benefit from starting the day with putting the tasks in the EDM to get an overview before getting on to completing tasks.

To use the EDM, you start by writing all your tasks on a list. Next you give every task a number, referring to which quadrant in the EDM the task belongs to. When this has been done, then you are ready to start scheduling, delegating, deleting, and completing tasks, in agreement with their placement in the EDM. In this process you should start at the end; quadrant 4, because deleting tasks is quickly done. Next is quadrant 3, since these are urgent tasks that need to de delegating and delt with as soon as possible. There next is quadrant 1, seeing as these are the urgent and important tasks, which you need to complete right away. Lastly it is quadrant 2, being the most important but not urgent tasks, which should be scheduled.

== Limitations ==
* Discuss the illusion of urgency <ref name="illusion"> '''Kennedy, D.R., Porter, A.L.''' (2022). ''The Illusion of Urgency.'' In: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, vol 86. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8914 </ref>
* This matrix only considers two factors: urgency and importance.
* Compare with the Sung diagram <ref name="sung" />


== Annotated bibliography ==
'''Stephen R. Covey''' (2013). ''The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change''

In this book, Covey explains how the Eisenhower Decision Matrix(EDM) can be used, and how it can affect people's effectiveness and accomplishments.

'''D.R Kennedy, A.L. Porter''' (2022). ''The Illusion of Urgency''

This article describes how the illusion of urgency can affect people's perception of urgency, and thereby also their prioritisation of tasks.

'''Hannah Bratterud et al.''' (2020). ''The Sung Diagram: Revitalizing the Eisenhower Matrix''

This paper addresses the limitation of the EDM and proposes an extension to the matrix, which provides a third factor in the decision matrix. Having these three factors should in some scenarios clarify some misleading suggestions that the EDM would otherwise make.


== References ==
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