View source for Work Breakdown Structure in Construction Management

Ever since the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) was first introduced to Project Management by NASA <ref name=''nasa''> ''NASA Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Handbook (2010)'' </ref>, it has been used in in many different fields of engineering. The Work Breakdown is found to be a very useful tool as projects grow more and more advanced. Projects with huge budgets such as with the Apollo space program, having multiple tasks needed to be complete in order to send humans to the moon. This requires a model that breaks down a goal in to smaller manageable task. This gives a picture of which tasks needs to be done but also an idea of what the cost of the project will be.

This article aims to explain the use of WBS in Construction Management through practical examples from the major Metro Cityring project in Copenhagen city. 

* The basics behind a WBS: This chapter will describe the theory behind the WBS.

* Dividing a major project into smaller pieces: This chapter will be a practical application of the WBS, using the Metro Cityring as an example to explain the first steps of WBS.

* Getting an estimation of cost: Here the defined tasked from the previous chapter will be added a cost in which an approximate cost can be found.

* Limitations: No theory without limitations. These will of course be addressed. 

== The basics behind and the reason to do a work breakdown structure ==

The work breakdown structure is a commonly used tools by project managers all over the world. This is due to the increased complexity of projects with increasing number of stakeholders. According to <ref name=''prince2''> ''Managing successful projects with PRINCE2, 2009 edition manual. (2009). Managing Successful Projects With Prince2, 2009 Edition Manual. TSO (The Stationary Office).'' </ref> the breakdown structure is an important part of planning, as it clearly identifies the plan’s products and reducing risk of important aspects being missed. It improves the communication as the products dependencies become clear and highlighting where and which stakeholders should work together. Also a very important point is that it can help prepare “work packages” for suppliers. This makes it easier for stakeholders tendering the project to prepare a bid for the various jobs. Especially in construction management is the last point useful as construction involves many different groups of workforce, e.g. carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, electricians and so on. 
The creation of a work breakdown structure follows a well defined scope [[Scoping]]. This means having determined the overall goal where after the final goal can be divided into smaller activities. These activities can then be divided into even more smaller tasks and so on. A practical explanation will come in the following chapters. 
The input needed in order to construct a work breakdown structure is defined in the ISO21500 standards <ref name=''ISO21500''> ''DS/ISO 21500, 2013. Guidance on project management, 2nd edition.'' </ref> as in the following tables:

[[File:Wbs_iso1.jpg|center|thumb|caption|Figure 1: ''The required input for a WBS according to ISO21500 standards. Figure taken from [[ISO]]''|600px]]

This gives a so called product-orientated grouping of project work elements which defines the scope <ref name=''wbs''> Rajani Devi, T., & Shobha Reddy, V. (2014). Work Breakdown Structure of the Project.'' </ref> .Having this hierarchy of activities gives the project manager a clear picture of each jobs that needs to be completed in order to reach the final goal. This is a very useful tool as starting a project can be very difficult in terms of knowing what is needed to complete a goal. This especially in construction management as the projects are often large and complex and with many different stakeholders and parties involved. Therefore, a project manager will not know all the smaller processes, and not knowing what workforce is needed for each activity before breaking down the project. 
When doing the work breakdown structure, PRINCE2 suggests the following:
*	Involve a team of people representing a wide range of interests and with different skills involved in the plans output. In construction management this could be involving a bricklayer when constructing a wall, as getting his input on what is needed for that task can prove very useful.
*	Identify products by running a structured brainstorm session.
*	Reach a final commonly agreed structure among the team, such that there are no disputes afterwards of the breakdowns form.
*	Describe the expected state of each delivered product as it helps to pass the product on to the next activity. This meaning when delivering a wall, is the wall just supposed to be delivered in raw bricks, or is it the final wall to be delivered with plaster, wallpaper, paint etc.
*	Different shapes and colors can be used to for deliverables, activities and tasks. Also colors can be applied to tasks to show which group is responsible for each. An example could be that every product delivered by a carpenter gets a red box, bricklayer a green box and so forth.
*	If the project is broken into several stages the stages can be extracted to its own breakdown structure, where a more detailed plan can be made. This is done in order to keep the work breakdown structure somewhat neat and still give the needed overview.
The hierarchy of a work breakdown structure start as mentioned with a predefined goal, followed by a number of deliverables, activities and tasks. The goal is self-explanatory as this is the final product you want to end up with. The deliverables what is needed to be handed over to the client in order to call the project finished. Activities which processes is needed to achieve the deliverables. And finally which tasks/jobs are needed to complete each activities. 
Once the activities needed to achieve the main goal are identified the project manager can use the WBS to:
*	Determine the important milestones of a project.
*	Assign project managers for each activity/task.
*	Useful support tool to control the project.
*	Put an estimation of cost to each activity, making it easier to lay down a budget [LINK HOW TO DO PROJECTS PAGE 122].
*	Risks can be identified when understanding the work that needs to be done.
The work breakdown structure usually follows a hierarchy block structures as seen on Figure 2. 

[[File:Wbs_hierarchy.png|center|thumb|caption|Figure 2: ''An illustration the hierarchy of a WBS model. Figure taken from [[WBS]]''|200px]]

== Breaking a project into chunks ==

To begin with the project manager defines the main deliverables of the project. Taking the Metro Cityring into an example, the main goal and first level of the work breakdown structure would be to complete a fully operational metro line. The next level would be to define the deliverables needed to achieve this goal. In this case a completed tunnel with functional trains, completed stations with all architectural finishes and also a re-instated surface level after the excavations. On the third level each of these three deliverables are then broken into activities needed to achieve the deliverables, where after those activities are broken further down into tasks. As the level of tasks the hierarchy order of the work breakdown structure stops, as at this point the time, resources, cost and risks can be identified. This way of breaking down the work into level is taken as an inspiration from NASA page 4.

[[File:Wbs_metro.jpg|center|thumb|caption|Figure 3: ''Illustration of an example of a WBS from the Metro Cityring project''|600px]]

A good question to this approach and procedure would then be, when the “breaking down” stops. As mentioned in [[The basics behind and the reason to do a WBS]] at some point the tasks has to be extracted out of the work breakdown model and used as a goal itself in a new model. WBS suggests that this is a common practice to do when a task exceeds a duration of one day. This obviously makes a lot of new breakdowns, but again this is to keep the original model neat.

== Estimating cost and identify risks ==


== Limitations ==

== Annotations ==

''NASA Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Handbook (2010)''

As NASA were the first to develop the concept of a work breakdown structure, their have a great deal of experience is working out one. Therefor a very useful article regarding WBS.


''Managing successful projects with PRINCE2, 2009.'' 

The British standards of project management provides a solid ground basics and describes many common tools used within project management.


''DS/ISO 21500, 2013. Guidance on project management''

The Danish and international standards of project management. Like the PRINCE2 it provides many tools used. However, this from a more wider international point of view.


''Rajani Devi, T., & Shobha Reddy, V. (2014). Work Breakdown Structure of the Project.''

A very easy to read article describing the concept of work breakdown structure.

== References ==

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