View source for Process Management of Prefabricated Housing

==Abstract==
[[File:Prefab_450x300.jpg|border|1px|thumb|left|alt text|frame|''Factory parts' assembly of a prefabricated house'']] The article focuses on Prefabricated Housing Process explaining all the innovations and benefits, which this production method has brought into the estate market. In the past years, the most common method of building housing was the on-site method. The construction process starts with a project, which is developed by professionals and requires a certain amount of time to be completed. Once the final project is obtained and approved, is it possible to start with the building phase. The process required the set up of a construction site, which costs time and a large amount of money. The following phase is the construction operated on site, which is exposed to various risks that can be generated by the site environment, or from unpredictable events. The manpower cost is higher, because it must be highly specialized, and it has to adapt its knowledge depending on the site and the project to be implemented. Another significant economic impact on the buildings cost is generated by the transport of materials and the mechanical vehicles, needed in the construction process. With the advance of technology and the expansion of knowledge, many companies have finalized to the conclusion that the process of houses prefabrication  is  more efficient than the on-site construction. 

The Prefabricated Process is a high performance  method, that highly increases the efficiency in building production. During the process of Prefabricated home, the design is done in collaboration between different partners, who have to develop their products using factory prefabrication methods. This is a total new concept in the building design. Despite the fact that researches and new instruments have been applied in this emerging industry, most of them need to be further improved.
The various experiences developed over the years show that,  It is a process where the different design teams (for example: structural engineers, architect, Building Services engineers, etc.) work closely in order to adapt the prefabrication process to a whole building. The design aspects are developed to raise quality and performance as possible. The Prefabrication Process increase in efficiency, both in economic and temporal terms. For all these reasons,  is it possible to say that, the building business is moving to new frontiers, namely: Prefabrication.

==Process Management== 
The main concept is based on prefabrication process of building parts, but imagining them as small parts, which would later form a larger element. Each of these individual parts must be designed and built in the factory. When the all process is completed,  the finished product, will be an whole house, which has been assembled with the same production process that is used today in the automotive industry. Starting from this concept, this article explains how to apply to the industry of prefabricated houses, the production managing system used in automated factories. This is a hard concept, both to understand and to improve, because is not common in the building industry. Despite the various complications that can arise, producing prefabricated houses with the same industrial process used in the automotive industry, this is an example of innovative vision. There are already numerous prefabricated projects on the market, carried out by important industries in the sector. These companies are responsible for providing the customer with a complete home, built according to needs and requests. Therefore, for each individual project, the company will have to adapt its production each time according to the guidelines received. This article explains the idea based on allowing companies to mass-produce their own prefabricated houses. Once completed a comprehensive and exhaustive portfolio, customers will have to adapt their requests, depending on the products provided by the company. In the case analyzed, the final product will be the finished home, ready to use. Customers will be allowed to customize their home, according to their needs, choosing between the different parts. The company does not need to adapt their tools for each building, so it could use every time the same  production line. This method create a  double advantage for both the customer and the company.

Considering the Danish construction industry as example, a range of figures have called attention for improvement of competitiveness. In contemplating various initiatives to develop the industry’s practices, increased industrialization is currently receiving considerable attention throw efficiency to the potential benefit of both customers and the stakeholders carrying out construction work. Industrialization can find expression in among other things the factory-like production of system products to be implemented in buildings. These products have a certain appeal because they employ modular architectures which enable suppliers to achieve production wise advantages while also offering customers some variety and customization through individual configuration of the elements forming the products. This ongoing effort suggests that supplying system products to the construction industry and implementing them in building construction projects is not a straightforward matter; it may be associated with considerable managerial and practical challenges. A system product is a multi-technological complex part of a building, developed as a completed modular and variable product. The system is developed in a separate product development process based on the principles of integrated product "development for life cycle", which means preparation of its marketing, delivery process and servicing.
"The system product is developed for mass customization and it is developed with a room for variation within which it can be configured and individualized for each construction work." <ref>[Mikkelsen et al. 2005: 20; Pine et al. 1995: 105] ''Managing system products: A case study of prefabricated building parts''</ref>.
Examples of system products are integrated façade solutions, garrets, prefabricated kitchens, bathrooms and multi functional ceiling solutions. This definition builds on an understanding of “modularity” as the development of modules employing some common characteristics which can be varied in order to meet customers’ needs. The decomposition of products and the standardization of components’<ref>[Sanchez 2000: 614] ''Management Studies of the Building Process''</ref> interfaces is what theoretically enables modularity to ensure such individual solutions . Integrated product development means that developers make decisions which have consequences in the rest of the product’s life cycle. They therefore attempt to create a product which is appropriate in configuration, use and maintenance. Finally, the term “mass customization”, expresses an intent similar to modularity, namely to develop a product programme which matches different customers’ different needs and doing it in a cost-effective way by ensuring some common features in construction, production and installation.

==Example: ScandiByg==
<ref>[https://www.scandibyg.dk/om-scandi-byg/] ''Scandibyg''</ref>
"ScandiByg" is the danish market leader in the field of industrially manufactured construction. The company is specialists in the development, production and construction of modular buildings. 
Scandybig has over 40 years of product development, their expertise enables to design solutions that match the individual customer's wishes and requirements for a building project. 
The company's primary business area is construction of housing, offices, and institutions with prefabricated element, for professional private and public customers.

==Advantages and Applications==

'''provide guidance on how to use the tool, concept or theory and when it is applicable ?'''

Theoretical advantages <ref>[(Garud & Kumaraswamy 1995; Sanchez 2000; 2001; 2002A; Sanchez & Mahoney1996)] ''Construction Management Depth Analysis''</ref> of pursuing modular product architectures have already been elaborated extensively, and they have been documented <ref>[Baldwin & Clark 1997; Langlois & Robertson 1992] ''Portfolio Management in construction''</ref> in specific product contexts, particularly in the area of personal computers . 
The advantages of modularity include the achievement of scale economies while meeting various tastes and needs, a reduced need of managerial coordination, facilitation of innovation and development to meet changing market conditions as well as clarification of organizational knowledge. Research on modularity also includes a continuous investigation of the further potentials and limits associated with modular product architectures. This trend has led researchers to explore the relations between modularity and a variety of managerial concerns <ref>[(Brusoni & Prencipe 2001) and (Lau & Yam 2005)]''Rethinking Construction Project Management''</ref>  such as organizational knowledge, coordination , supply chains and the ability to develop or alter product components <ref>[Chesbrough 2003; Galvin &
Morkel 2001; Staudenmayer et al. 2005] ''Process Management of building parts''</ref> and architectures. As diverse as the focus of this research is, together, it provides the insight that modular product architectures raise considerations for more than the elements they are intended to design and that the wider implications are not always directly proportional to modular product architectures. The topic of modularity as a strategic and practical tool is, however, not fully exhausted; particularly, the managerial challenges related to presenting and implementing modular product architectures as sub-systems of much larger and varying systems, like for instance entire buildings. In construction work, a balance between systematization and standardization on the one hand and architectural variety and innovation on the other always needs to be defined because “standardization is a key concept in modularization“ <ref>[Lund 2005: 71-72] ''Managing system products: A case study of prefabricated building parts''</ref> . 

[[File:TheBenefitsOfPrefabFeature.jpg|border|400px|thumb|right|alt text|frame|''Steps involved in the whole prefabrication process of a building: 1. Production - 2. Storage - 3. Delivery - 4. Assembly'']]
Practical advantages of using prefabrication are mainly related with economic benefits. companies can save large amounts of money by applying a ''mass production process'', avoiding changing in the production methods of every single project.  This methodology is atypical in the construction industry, but it could rise various improvements. 
Modular homes have many advantages including:
*'''Strong structure:''' modules that make up a building are more durable than those built traditionally. Prefabricated houses not only have to meet design requirements, but also withstand transport loads.
*'''Shorter construction time:''' a small modular house can be built in less than two months at the factory. The reason is automation, greater repeat-ability, greater teamwork. Assembly on the construction site is usually a few days.
*'''Higher quality of the building:''' very detailed projects can be designed. The increase in design time and costs, are amortized by the fact that a single project, can be replicated many modular homes in series. At the same time, is it possible to obtain modular houses which have every detail elaborated. Also, a definitely higher health and safety level in the factory will increase quality of work.
*'''Implementation increase:''' shorter investment time means lower costs for any investor. There is no need to rent social rooms for employees who work on site. 
*'''Contractor’s benefits:''' modular homes also benefit contractor, stakeholder and their employees. Employees who build a house in a factory do not have to waste time on long travels to construction area. They do not have to work in cold or in rain conditions. Employees have more comfortable working conditions in factory and they can also spend more time with family and friends. As a result, companies obtain satisfied employees which means a more productive industry .
*'''Price:''' modular homes are cheaper than traditional ones. The low cost is because industrial processes, reduce significantly the costs of management related with the building site and all the other additional costs, correlated with on-site construction.

==Limitations==
Using the process management in the prefabrication of buildings, thinking at them like a final factory product, is not an easy goal to achieve. System products from prefabrication factories meet several well-known problems, when they are applied in the construction industry. As a relatively recent phenomenon, it is not clear whether the construction industry only presents conditions propitious for implementation of prefabricated parts, or if there are also conflicting factors complicating the business of supplying system products. ''“The issue of industrializing the construction market, through use of prefabricated system products, is closely related to that of modular product architectures, understood as initiatives to break down products or processes into smaller, interchangeable units as a means of achieving efficiency without ignoring customers’ varying needs” (Baldwin & Clark 1997; Sanchez 2004).'' 

Moreover, there are many difficulties related mainly with the production process. This happens, because building prefabrication causes problems related to logistics and transport of the final product.
Furthermore, prefabricated houses are affected by some disadvantage <ref>[https://c-r-l.com/content-hub/article/modular-construction/] '' CRL - Advantages and Disadvantages of Modular Construction''</ref> , including:
*'''Lifespan:''' the most common modular homes are timber frame constructed. Analyzing the lifespan of building materials is it possible to understand that brick houses are more durable than the wooden frame ones. However brand-new modular houses have the identical lifespan as in brick houses.
*'''Heat accumulation:''' timber houses are much lighter than masonry houses, so they do not keep warm and cool down quickly. This is a big drawback. Most central heating installations operate during the day and are switched off at night. In the event of any interruption in the heating operation, the house will get really cold. Prefabricated houses with timber frame technology does not accumulate heat gains from the day. This means that modular homes require very thick insulation to avoid high heat losses.
*'''Fire resistance:''' the walls and ceilings of timber made modular houses have only one hour fire resistance. In brick houses, usually two hours. In addition, wood is a combustible material. Concrete and brick are non-flammable. 
*'''Construction limitations:''' this is not a big drawback, because it is possible to combine several modules together to form one large space. Sometimes when it is necessary to have bigger rooms, it may be more cost-effective to make prefabricated walls only.
*'''living:''' people exchange such advantages as delivery time, quality, reasonable price, less risk of theft. Many people, however, are reluctant to live in a prefabricated house. This happens because there are still many doubts about this type of housing.

==Annotated bibliography==

*'''Managing system products: A case study of prefabricated
building parts''' Is a paper written in collaboration between CBS (Copenaghen Business School) and the Center for Management Studies of the building Process
*'''Construction Management Depth Analysis: Construction Sequence, Cost, and Schedule Impacts ''' Final Thesis Report of Prefabricated Exterior Panels, written by Andrew Martin and supervised by DR. Chris Magent (Harrisburg University). The focus is on Construction Sequence, Cost, and Schedule Impacts.
*'''Rethinking prefabricated Construction Management using the VP-based IKEA model in Hong Kong''' Article submitted for consideration in the Construction
Management and Economics [Construction Management and Economics (2011)]
*'''Critical review of the research on the management of
prefabricated construction''' Summary on the research development in the
management of prefabricated construction (MPC)

==References==
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