View source for (Re)Introducing Project Management in a SAFe world

This wiki focusses on (Re)Introducing Project Program and Portfolio Management to firms that have introduced SAFe but do not have a functioning PMO.
This article is intended for both SAFe practitioners and Project, Program and Portfolio Managers and the Executives that lead them.

==Background==

Traditionally Software development has utilized Project, Program and Portfolio Management to support delivery. However with the creation of more effective small scale software development new approaches like Scrum (late 1980's / early 1990's), Extreme programming (1996), DevOps (late 1990's) the Agile manifesto (2001) and Design Thinking (2000's) made there way into Software development. 

Methods such as SAFe, DAD and LeSS emerged in response to the demand from companies to be able to scale the advantages these practices gave the companies that used them. From the mid 2010's these practices were regularly featured in popular business literature such as Forbes and Harvard Business Review.<ref name ="HBR">https://hbr.org/2016/05/embracing-agile , https://hbr.org/2018/05/agile-at-scale, May 2018 </ref> <ref name ="forbes">'https://www.forbes.com/sites/lbsbusinessstrategyreview/2020/03/28/the-new-boardroom-imperative-from-agility-to-resilience/?sh=66e52fbc3867, Forbes March 2029'.</ref>


Then with the introduction of the Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe), into development organizations (released 2011), the most popular Enterprise scale Agile model in the world <ref name ="C-Prime"/> effectively advocated removing Project Managers from development organizations.

The early SAFe versions advocacy of a new organization with new roles took traditional project, program and portfolio manager responsibilities and moved them into the new SAFe's roles such as Product Owners, Scrum Masters, RTE, Epic and Business Owners. Coming from its roots in team scrum the model initially.    

This led many organizations to "throw out the baby with the bathwater" as they implemented SAFe as the model did not account for the value that project, program and portfolio management roles & their practices Without recognizing the in the  incorporated or clearly articulated in these early versions of SAFe. 
During the period 2011-2017 Project management as a separate formal practice within many software development Organizations literally had no place in those organizations that deployed SAFe as written.  This is important because as of 2017 the SAFe methodology was used by 45% <ref name ="C-Prime"/> of those firms using an Agile methodology at scale. Many of these firms have had to contend with a number of issues that this caused up until the acceptance of Project Management through its "(Re)introduction" in the form of an Agile Project Management Office (APMO) in the 2017 release of SAFe version 4,5. This new version implicitly accepted the role PMO's (and by extension Project Managers) play in strategy formation, Project and Program execution as well as owning and disseminating best practices (in this case represented in the SAFe model by the "Lean Centre of Excellence"). 
In this article we look at the issues that have arisen in many firms during their SAFe implementations and how implementing an APMO solves these issues.
The article is intended for practitioners who are working in or with organizations that have deployed early versions of SAFe as part of the support for establishing an APMO along the lines now advocated by SAFe. It is also relevant or those organizations that are implementing SAFe but have not had an effective PMO in place before  
Note: Due to the relatively new and evolving nature of SAFe there is limited empirical data around specific “Implementation issues in Large Scale Agile transformations”  <ref name ="lackevidence">'[Dikert et al. 2016; Alsaqaf et al. 2019;Uludag et al. 2018].</ref>.  As a consequence this article is more reliant more on Anecdotes, Personal Experience and other literature in this space.

== Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) ==



According to the extensive "Scaling Agile Report 2017" by C-Prime .<ref name ="C-Prime">C-Prime, ''https://www.cprime.com/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2017/09/cPrime-Scaling-Agile-Survey-17-Digital.pdf'', (NC-Prime, 2017), p14.</ref> SAFe is the most popular Scaling Agile methodology by far. It is more than twice as popular as its nearest competitor Scrum of Scrums (or Scrum @ Scale) and more than 3 times as the 3rd most popular choice "Custom" (representing an in house patchwork of approaches)

[[File:cprime.PNG|frameless|500px]]

=== What is SAFe? ===

'''According to ScaledAgileFramework.com<ref name ="SAFe"> ''https://www.scaledagileframework.com/about/</ref>:'''

Quoting Dean Leffingwell (the creator and chief methodologist of SAFe) <ref name ="SAFe"/>

“SAFe® for Lean Enterprises is a knowledge base of proven, integrated principles, practices, and competencies for achieving business agility using Lean, Agile, and DevOps.” “It “…is built around the Seven Core Competencies of the Lean Enterprise that are critical to achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage in an increasingly digital age”

ScaledAgileFramework.com illustrates the overall framework below. It makes this framework and support material available to all along with an extensive library of resources that can be used for free to support implementing and running SAFe in practice

[[File:scaledagile.PNG|frameless|500px]]

====The seven core competencies:====

From the Sacledagileframework.com<ref name ="SAFe"/>

"'''Lean-Agile Leadership''' – Advancing and applying Lean-Agile leadership skills that drive and sustain organizational change by empowering individuals and teams to reach their highest potential 

'''Team and Technical Agility''' – Driving team Agile behaviors as well as sound technical practices including Built-in Quality, Behavior-Driven Development (BDD), Agile testing, Test-Driven Development (TDD), and more 

'''Agile Product Delivery''' – Building high-performing teams-of-teams that use design thinking and customer-centricity to provide a continuous flow of valuable products using DevOps, the 

'''Continuous Delivery Pipeline''', and Release on Demand Enterprise Solution Delivery – Building and sustaining the world’s largest software applications, networks, and cyber-physical solutions 

'''Lean Portfolio Management''' – Executing portfolio vision and strategy formulation, chartering portfolios, creating the Vision, Lean budgets and Guardrails, as well as portfolio prioritization, and road mapping 

'''Organizational Agility''' – Aligning strategy and execution by applying Lean and systems thinking approaches to strategy and investment funding, Agile portfolio operations, and governance 

'''Continuous Learning Culture''' – Continually increasing knowledge, competence, and performance by becoming a learning organization committed to relentless improvement and innovation"

====Levels & Objectives====
SAFe's model aims to create an optimized "continuous delivery pipeline" via one or many Agile Release Trains (ARTs). There are 4 levels of SAFe suggested - "Essential", "Large Solution", "Portfolio" and a "Full" SAFe. All of ARTs should deliver improvements in delivery efficiency but at the Portfolio and Full levels the suggested organization changes to focus organization around the delivery of value with a more strategic portfolio emphasis  relevant to larger companies that may have significant numbers of people working in a wide range of different business areas or providing a wide range of services

====Introduction of Project, Program and Portfolio management====
From SAFe 4,5 onwards we start to see the introduction of formal portfolio management processes as historically defined . First with Lean Budgets and then more features in each version until SAFe V5.0 which effectively introduces full portfolio management and portfolio optimization capabilities in the traditional project management sense with Portfolio Kanbans and Backlogs, Lean Budgets and project & program budget "Guardrails". By also introducing an APMO working with the Lean Center of Excellence it seems the model has created P3O's definition of program or portfolio offices

====Roles and responsibilities====
Developer and tester roles remain very similarly defined to the past but have new practices such as daily stand-ups, regular demo's & retrospectives but the roles responsibilities remain broadly the same but SAFe defines new roles in its organizations such as Scrum Master, Product Owner, Product Manager, Release Train Engineer and Solution Train Engineer, System Engineer & Solution Architects. This means may of the higher level expert and managerial positions change change substantially - having different relationships, responsibilities and reporting lines than.

=== What are the benefits of SAFE? ===


As advertised on ScaleAgileFramewrok.com:

20 – 50% increase in productivity 

25 – 75% improvements in quality 

30 – 75% faster time-to-market 

10 – 50% increase in employee engagement and job satisfaction

Results like these sound very impressive. While Quality improvements and Employee engagement and satisfaction can be pretty straightforward to report and compare, productivity and time to market are much harder to compare directly before and after an agile transformation. Increases in productivity are often very difficult to quantify when the basis changes  (I.e from hours to stories) how do you compare these apples and oranges? Likewise with Time to market - if estimation comparisons are flawed so is time to market  

That said - and working back from quality metrics with some basic assumption (like the bugs that didn't need fixing after release are now available for new development) it seems clear that organizations gain significant efficiency improvements through SAFe


My personal experience at a Mid Sized software firm in 2016/7 where introducing cross functional team scrum to a traditionally Waterfall team raised delivery from 70-80% of estimated scope per delivery period to 104% within 12 months of introducing cross functional team Scrum working practices.  In this case I mention we had the rare situation of 3 Agile teams having the old waterfall estimation process running before and after the teams went Agile as part of the main organizations processes so the figures are not subject to comparison errors. This experience would seem to support the kind of figures SAFe advertise.

== Issues raised with SAFe  ==

===Project Management as a practice is challenged ===

For a number of different reasons Project Management as a practice is challenged  during an Agile transformation

====Culture Change within the development organization====
In ADKAR (Prosci’s ADKAR model for best practice for Change Management) <ref name ="adkar"> https://www.prosci.com/adkar/adkar-model/</ref>. The A stands for Awareness of the need for change, absorbing this best practice the SAFe implementation model suggests creating “A burning platform”" <ref name ="safeImpmodel"> https://www.scaledagileframework.com/implementation-roadmap/</ref>. as part of motivating people towards the change. This “Burning platform”  creates a momentum away from old waterfall practices and the roles and responsibilities of the past and seeks to motivate people towards the new Organizational model. Where the SAFe implementation creates this motivation and the model excludes project management it is only natural that those practicing SAFe will reject Project Management

====Culture of the wider Agile Community====
The Agile community coming out of Scrum and finding itself newly empowered with extra roles and responsibilities and its practices being recognized and scaled up into management layers is permeated with a sentiment that old school project management is not relevant any more. For example:  "When it comes to agile project management roles, most agile processes - Scrum in particular - do not include a project manager. Agile “project manager” roles and responsibilities are shared among others on the project, namely the team, Scrum Master and product owner" <ref name ="pmaway"> https://www.mountaingoatsoftware.com/agile/agile-project-management </ref>. Although these are natural responses in this context the agile communities history and background in devleopment shows here by ignoring or discounting all of the other befits of project management. By dismissing project management as a practice the culture also discredits their more senior colleagues in Program and Portfolio management  even though that is the area in the SAFe model furthest away from SAF’e scrum roots and the most immature parts of the model. Dean Leffingwell the creator of SAFe while introducing the APMO even tries to differentiate it from traditional PMO’s implying that old PMO’s were in some way not of equal value 

====Change in responsibilities in the organization====
The responsibilities from most development organizations business as usual roles such as Team and department managers, tech leads and team leads can easily become Srum Masters, RTE’s or Architects. The majority of roles in a company fall into these categories but project management does not.

===='''Consultants become the change agents for SAFe implementations'''====
Traditionally most companies would look to their own PMO to source Program Management resources for initiatives of this size and would still retain ownership and accountability even where consultants or third parties were bought in to manage the execution. But while implementing SAFe most companies seek external SAFe consultancy support to act as early  “Lean Agile Change Agents  (before the organization establishes its lean center of Excellence).  Even where Project managers start these programs with all of the traditional tools like long term multi workstream projects and plans the ownership of the execution tends to move to the Consultants. As soon as the transformation starts long term planning is replaced by Kanban boards and backlogs. The chnage projects original Governance and organization are disrupted. As are the roles of everyone involved in the change from scrum masters to Business owners.  In this landscape it is common for control of the Project management to slip. Early successes with culture change as represented by new and higher levels of employee engagement and satisfaction INSERT CITATION demonstrate the value of the new working practices validating decisions to

===General criticisms of SAFe ===

I practice most organizations find work arounds to solve these issues as they mature, but as common problems experienced during implementation and early adoption they could be either incorporated more explicitly into the model or resolved by addressing them formally as part of the implementation.  

Delegated Authority & Budgets
Historical versions of SAFe moved many traditional project and program manager responsibilities to lower levels in the organization. For example Product Owners might be given scope and therefore de-facto budget responsibility for delivery. Profitability for deals can easily be eroded where product owners manage scope and client satisfaction without regard to the bigger picture. This problem is particularly pronounced at the Epic level when multiple teams and ART’s are involved. Each team and ART aims to do the best job they can and the potential for additional work to gold plate and futureproof solutions can lead to new unnecessary scope/costs


Dependency management
In the absence of standards for prioritization and value agreed across Teams and ART’s deliveries - in particular larger "Epics" - can have issues synchronizing work. Even in teams with standards for agreeing value and having shared estimation basis, it is common that one team 1s blocking issue is not prioritized by  team 2 due to higher value work in their backlog or the imperative to stick to their own sprints commitments. This can lead to delays and lost productivity that a traditional project manager would have resolved 
Dependency management processes across teams and ART’s need to be very advanced and flexible to optimize delivery. This is hard to do in practice.  Otherwise delegated authority to make these decisions needs to be delegated sufficiently to optimize for whole deliverable performance. 




-	Hard to prioritize large and difficult things

SAFe implementations introduce lots of new working practices such as Business Kanbans 


==== SAFe Implementation methodology ====

== Creating a new SAFe APMO  ==


===Motivation for (Re)Introducing an (A)PMO ===
Market Research from CA Technologies suggests that "Agility Masters" (defined as the top 18% of respondents in terms of maturity of Agile and DevOps practices) are:

1) 3,2 times more likely to strongly agree that portfolio management has a key role to play in organizations 

2) 4.1 times more likely to agree the company has the right Vision and strategy <ref name ="intagpract"> https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/how-agile-and-devops-enable-digital-readiness-and-transformation /Page 12</ref>.


This suggests that larger companies that have implemented SAFe benefit from having a strong PMO that supports strategy formation and execution.

Many of the issues reported by thise in SAFe implenentations do have solutions in terms of practices in SAFe as can be seen in this INSERT COMMUNICATION ISSUES RESEARCH

=== How to create a SAFe APMO ===

P3O maturity assessment
Practical steps

==== Assessment ====

==== Aproaches ====

==== Objectives ====

==Issues with Implementing a PMO==

- Cultural resistance
- Organizational maturity and ability to absorb change

=== Beyond SAF'e V5.0's APMO ===
Current SAFe model 4.5 addresses many issues by providing a flexible new function - the APMO but it does not address all of the issues raised in XXXX.

For instance: 
By not clarifying the scope of the manate of the new LACE/APMO it does not clarify as the scope  necessarily have a mandate to address issues with Communities of practice not rolling out best practices efficiently

==Annotated Bibliography==
Select 4 and what they contribute to the article - why are they relevant. Circa 100 words per item


https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/how-agile-and-devops-enable-digital-readiness-and-transformation
Research on the state of Adoption of Agile principles,  DevOps and interestingly on the impacts of Agile practices on the wider organization. Agility and business performance opinions and statistics.  


Integrating agile practices with portfolio
management allows IT teams to provide
better visibility to stakeholders Page 12, 50% strongly agree & 22% agree <ref name ="intagpract"> https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/how-agile-and-devops-enable-digital-readiness-and-transformation</ref>.

==Quotes==

Article on Medium.com
- On of the 15 reasons to choose SAFe over waterfall was give as "2. Enhancing the Role of Project and Program Managers". <ref name ="MEDIUM">https://medium.com/scaled-agile-framework/15-reasons-why-safe-is-essential-for-agile-teams-494ddd264518</ref>

As Dean Leffingwell himself says in his 2010 book "Agile Software Requirements"<ref name ="ASR">Dean Leffingwell, Agile Software Requirements, (Wesley, 2010),</ref> "Project Managers should be re-tasked as Agile Project Managers." This thought published before the release of SAFe appears to have taken some time to emerge in the SAFe framework

== Suggestions for further reading ==



Scaledagileframework
https://www.scaledagileframework.com/

The Agile Manifesto:
https://agilemanifesto.org/

Agile Alliance:
https://www.agilealliance.org/resources

Disciplined Agile
https://www.pmi.org/disciplined-agile/start-here

HotPMO:
https://www.hotpmo.com/




© SAFe and Scaled Agile Framework are registered trademarks of Scaled Agile, Inc

<references />


 [[Category:''Scaled Agile Framework)'']]  [[Category:''SAFe'']]  [[Category:''Implmenting Agile'']]