View source for Project Success - How do you attain it?

Developed by Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan Anshur - s185115.
== Abstract ==

When it comes to project management, evaluating the success of a project is a critical piece of the puzzle. To determine if a project was successful, it is necessary to examine both the outcomes and the processes involved in the project. Here are some key factors to keep in mind:

1. Balancing the Iron Triangle refers to the three elements - scope, time, and cost - which must be managed and balanced in harmony to achieve project success<ref name="PMI"> Project Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 6th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc.</ref>. 

2. Understanding Project Success vs. Project Management Success: Project success is about meeting the project's goals and objectives, while project management success is about how well the processes involved in the project were executed and delivered. It is important to remember that success in project management does not guarantee overall project success - stakeholders also need to be satisfied<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>. 

3. Conformance and Performance: Conformance checks if the project sticks to standards and requirements given by a client, while performance evaluates the efficiency and effectiveness of the project's execution and delivery. A project may be in compliance but still not meet expectations if it does not perform well.

4. Efficiency and Effectiveness: Efficiency looks at the relationship between inputs and outputs in a project, while effectiveness determines if the project meets its intended goals. A project may be efficient but not effective if it does not meet its objectives.

By considering these factors, project managers can make informed and well-based decisions that lead to successful project outcomes. Balancing the Iron Triangle, differentiating between project and project management success, evaluating both conformance and performance and striving for efficiency and effectiveness can help increase the chances of success to the highest that it has ever been.

== Big Idea ==
Effective project management requires evaluating project success, which involves assessing both the outcomes and processes involved in a project. This article aims to provide project managers with key factors to consider when evaluating project success. By examining the following factors, project managers can make informed decisions that lead to successful project outcomes:

'''Iron Triangle'''

The Iron Triangle is a tool or framework used in project management to understand the interdependencies between scope, time, and cost, which are considered the three most critical elements in any project. The Iron Triangle assumes that changes in one element will impact the others, making it essential to balance and manage them effectively to achieve project success. Scope refers to the project's specific goals, deliverables, and features. Time relates to the project's duration, including start and end dates, milestones, and deadlines. Cost refers to the budget or financial resources allocated to the project, including labor, materials, and other expenses<ref name="Mindtool"> MindTools. (2021). The Iron Triangle of Project Management. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/aa9j1zc/the-iron-triangle-of-project-management</ref>.

The Iron Triangle aims to help project managers understand the trade-offs and constraints they face when managing a project. For example, if the scope of the project expands, it is likely to increase both time and cost, while reducing the scope is likely to shorten the timeline and reduce costs. By understanding the relationships between these elements, project managers can make informed decisions that balance and optimize the Iron Triangle to achieve project success. To visualize how the interdependencies between scope, time, and cost for the Iron Triangle, see Figure 1<ref name="Mindtool"> MindTools. (2021). The Iron Triangle of Project Management. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/aa9j1zc/the-iron-triangle-of-project-management</ref>. 

[[File:IronTrianglee.png|500px|thumb|right|Figure 1: The interdependencies between scope, time and cost of the Iron Triangle visualized.(Inspiration from MindTool).]]

Furthermore, the Iron Triangle is valuable for communicating with stakeholders, such as clients or executives, about project progress and trade-offs. By presenting the interdependencies of the Iron Triangle, project managers can show stakeholders the impact of changes in one element on the others and explain the potential consequences of changes to the project scope, time, or cost. In practice, managing the Iron Triangle requires continuous monitoring and adjustment throughout the project lifecycle. For instance, if a change in scope is proposed, project managers must consider the impact on time and cost and assess whether the change is worth the additional resources required. Similarly, project managers may need to re-evaluate the project scope or cost if a delay occurs to ensure that the project remains on track.

While the Iron Triangle provides a useful framework for understanding project management, it is important to remember that the Iron Triangle does not solely determine project success. Other factors, such as stakeholder satisfaction, quality of deliverables, and overall impact, must also be considered when evaluating project success. Nonetheless, by managing and balancing the Iron Triangle effectively, project managers can increase the likelihood of achieving project success within time, cost, and scope constraints.

'''Project Success vs. Project Management Success'''

Project success and project management success are two fundamental concepts in the world of project management. Project success refers to accomplishing a project's goals and objectives, such as delivering within the deadline, staying within the budget, and satisfying stakeholders. In contrast, project management success measures the effectiveness of the project management team in executing the project, focusing on adherence to industry best practices and standards. However, achieving project management success is different from achieving project success. Therefore, project managers should prioritize project success by clearly understanding the project's objectives and working closely with stakeholders to establish and refine the project's scope. Moreover, effective communication is essential throughout the project. Risk management plays a critical role in achieving project success by identifying potential risks and developing strategies to manage or prevent them<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

To assess project success, project managers must regularly assess project progress against the defined objectives, utilizing regular reports, performance metrics, and stakeholder feedback. By doing so, project managers can adjust the project as necessary to ensure that it remains on track and that everyone remains focused on achieving the objectives. Ultimately, the key to project success is balancing project success with project management success, with a focus on effective communication, risk management, and continuous monitoring and evaluation.

'''Conformance and Performance'''

Conformance and performance are two critical factors that are evaluated in project management. Conformance refers to the project's compliance with the standards, specifications, and requirements set by the client or stakeholders. It evaluates whether the project was delivered according to the agreed-upon criteria, such as meeting quality standards, using approved materials, or following specific regulations<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

On the other hand, performance is an evaluation of the efficiency and effectiveness of the project's execution and delivery. Performance looks at the outcome of the project in terms of meeting its intended objectives, goals, and outcomes. Performance evaluation is critical to assessing the project's deliverables' quality, identifying improvement areas, and ensuring customer satisfaction. Both conformance and performance are important measures of project success. While conformance ensures that the project is executed within the agreed-upon standards, performance evaluation looks at the project's impact and whether it meets the needs and expectations of the stakeholders. In project management, balancing conformance and performance is critical. A project may comply with the standards and regulations but may still fall short of meeting stakeholder expectations. Similarly, a project may deliver the intended outcomes, but if it does not meet the required standards, it may lead to future problems. Project managers need to balance the two factors to ensure that the project meets both the technical and stakeholder requirements<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

'''Efficiency and effectiveness'''

Efficiency and effectiveness are two essential concepts in project management that measure the success of a project. Both are critical in achieving the goals and objectives of a project. Efficiency focuses on how well a project uses its resources to complete a task, while effectiveness measures the extent to which it meets its intended objectives. Efficiency can be measured by calculating the ratio of outputs to inputs, meaning how much value the project delivers for the resources invested. In contrast, effectiveness measures whether the project meets its objectives or not, regardless of how efficiently it does so<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

For instance, if a project team completes a task using the minimum amount of resources required, it can be considered efficient. However, if the completed task does not meet the project's objectives, it is not effective. Similarly, a project can be effective but not efficient if it meets its objectives but requires an excessive amount of resources to do so. Thus, balancing efficiency and effectiveness is crucial to achieve project success. By optimizing the use of resources, time, and cost, project managers can ensure that their projects are both efficient and effective, leading to successful outcomes<ref name="EvsE"> Efficiency vs. effectiveness: The opposing forces behind successful marketing management. In 22nd Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Conference, Milan, Italy (pp. 7-9). Retrieved from https://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4729.pdf</ref>.

== Application ==
'''Iron Triangle'''

The Iron Triangle is a project management tool that helps to balance the constraints of time, cost, and scope. While the concept of the Iron Triangle is simple, its application can be challenging. It requires careful planning, communication, and flexibility to meet all three constraints. To use the Iron Triangle effectively, defining the project's goals and objectives, including the scope, timeline, and budget is essential. This will help establish clear expectations and ensure all stakeholders are aligned. It is also crucial to continuously monitor progress and adjust plans as needed while keeping in mind the impact of other constraints<ref name="Mindtool"> MindTools. (2021). The Iron Triangle of Project Management. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/aa9j1zc/the-iron-triangle-of-project-management</ref>.

The Iron Triangle can be applied to various projects, from construction and manufacturing to software development and marketing. Any project with a set timeline, budget, and scope can benefit from using the Iron Triangle. However, it is important to note that the Iron Triangle is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and project managers should be flexible in its application based on each project's unique needs and challenges. 
Overall, the Iron Triangle is a powerful tool that can help project managers balance competing priorities and ensure project success. With careful planning, communication, and flexibility, project managers can effectively use the Iron Triangle to deliver projects on time, within budget, and with the desired scope<ref name="PMI"> Project Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 6th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc.</ref>.

'''Project Success vs. Project Management Success'''

In practice, project managers can use the concepts of project success and project management success to guide their decision-making and actions. It's important to note that project success and project management success are not mutually exclusive, and both should be considered when evaluating the success of a project. To apply these concepts effectively, project managers should first focus on defining clear project goals and objectives, as well as developing a project plan that outlines the resources, timelines, and processes required to achieve those goals. Throughout the project, it's important to monitor and evaluate progress against the defined goals and objectives, utilizing regular reporting, performance metrics, and stakeholder feedback to make adjustments and ensure the project stays on track<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

Effective communication with all project stakeholders is essential to ensuring everyone understands the project goals and objectives and is aligned on the project plan and timelines. Project managers should also prioritize risk management throughout the project, identifying potential risks and developing strategies to mitigate or avoid them.

By practically applying the concepts of project success and project management success, project managers can improve their chances of delivering successful projects that meet the defined goals and objectives while also adhering to best practices and project management standards.

'''Conformance and Performance'''

In order to apply the conformance vs. performance concept effectively, it is essential first to understand the goals and objectives of the project or organization. Conformance may be the primary focus if the main goal is to meet industry standards or comply with regulations. In this case, it is important to establish clear metrics and benchmarks to measure conformance to these standards. On the other hand, if the goal is to achieve superior performance or innovation, then performance may be the primary focus. In this case, it is crucial to focus on identifying opportunities for improvement and taking calculated risks to achieve better results.

One of the key challenges in applying the conformance vs. performance concept is finding the right balance between the two. It is often not feasible or desirable to pursue both goals equally. Instead, it is vital to determine which goal is more critical to achieving overall success and prioritize accordingly. Effective communication and collaboration among stakeholders is also crucial for applying this concept. This ensures that everyone is aligned on the goals and objectives and the approach to achieving them<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

Ultimately, the conformance vs. performance concept can be applied to a wide range of projects and organizations. Project managers and leaders can make informed decisions and achieve success by understanding the appropriate context and finding the right balance between conformance and performance.

'''Efficiency and effectiveness'''

[[File:EfficiencyvsEffectiveness_MO.png|500px|thumb|right|Figure 2: The different profitability options of Efficiency vs. Effectiveness. (Own version of figure)<ref name="EvsE"> Efficiency vs. effectiveness: The opposing forces behind successful marketing management. In 22nd Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Conference, Milan, Italy (pp. 7-9). Retrieved from https://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4729.pdf</ref>]]

Efficiency and effectiveness are crucial concepts in project management. Applying these concepts in project management can help teams achieve their objectives while optimizing the use of resources. To apply efficiency and effectiveness in project management, it is essential first to identify the key objectives and goals of the project. Once these are defined, teams can prioritize tasks and allocate resources based on their importance to the project's success. This ensures that the most critical aspects of the project are completed first, maximizing the chances of success.

Effective communication is also key to achieving efficiency and effectiveness in project management. Team members must be aware of their roles and responsibilities, as well as the project's overall goals. Clear communication channels help ensure everyone is on the same page and can work together towards achieving the project's objectives<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>. Regular monitoring and evaluation of progress are also important in applying efficiency and effectiveness in project management. Teams must continuously assess their performance and identify areas for improvement. This allows them to make adjustments and optimize their processes, ensuring they work as efficiently and effectively as possible.

There is a fine line when looking at efficiency and effectiveness. A high efficiency and a low effectiveness results in a temporary growth that will wane in time. A low efficiency and high effectiveness will result in unprofitable growth, whereas sustainable profitability for a project can be achieved when the effectiveness and efficiency are both high; check Figure 2(<ref name="EvsE"> Efficiency vs. effectiveness: The opposing forces behind successful marketing management. In 22nd Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Conference, Milan, Italy (pp. 7-9). Retrieved from https://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4729.pdf</ref>) for visual representation. 

In summary, applying the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness in project management requires a clear understanding of project objectives, effective communication, and regular monitoring and evaluation of progress. By utilizing these concepts, project teams can optimize their use of resources and maximize the chances of project success.

== Limitations ==

'''Iron Triangle'''

The Iron Triangle model is widely used in project management to balance project constraints of scope, time, and cost. However, it is crucial to recognize that the Iron Triangle has limitations.

One key limitation is that it does not consider other important factors that can affect project success, such as quality, stakeholder satisfaction, and team morale. Focusing solely on scope, time, and cost can lead to a narrow perspective on project success and neglect other critical aspects that can determine the overall success of a project. Additionally, the Iron Triangle assumes that the project goals and requirements are fixed, which may not always be the case in dynamic and complex projects<ref name="Mindtool"> MindTools. (2021). The Iron Triangle of Project Management. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/aa9j1zc/the-iron-triangle-of-project-management</ref>.

Another limitation of the Iron Triangle is that it assumes that these three factors are independent of each other, meaning that changing one constraint will not affect the others. However, in reality, the constraints are often interdependent, and changing one can have a ripple effect on the others. For example, reducing the project timeline may increase the cost or impact the project scope.
Despite its limitations, the Iron Triangle remains a valuable tool for project managers to help balance the competing constraints of scope, time, and cost. However, it should not be used in isolation, and project managers should also consider other factors that can affect project success and adapt the model to fit the unique context of their projects<ref name="PMI"> Project Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 6th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc.</ref>.

'''Project Success vs. Project Management Success'''

One limitation of the Project Success vs. Project Management Success concept is that it can lead to a narrow focus on project management and overlook other important factors that contribute to project success, such as stakeholder engagement, risk management, and strategic alignment. While effective project management is undoubtedly important, it is not the only factor determining project success.

One more limitation is that the concept assumes a linear relationship between project management success and project success, which may not always hold true. The relationship between these two factors can be complex and influenced by various internal and external factors, such as organizational culture, team dynamics, and market conditions<ref name="Factors">Durmic, Nermina. (2020). Factors Influencing Project Success: A Qualitative Research. TEM Journal. 1011-1020. 10.18421/TEM93-24.</ref>.
Also, the concept may not apply to all types of projects, such as those in highly innovative or disruptive industries where traditional project management approaches may not be effective. In such cases, a more flexible and adaptive approach may be required to achieve project success.

Addressing the aforementioned limitations, it is important to critically reflect on the context in which the concept is being applied and to consider the broader factors that contribute to project success. Additionally, the concept should be used with other project management tools and frameworks rather than as a standalone approach<ref name="Factors">Durmic, Nermina. (2020). Factors Influencing Project Success: A Qualitative Research. TEM Journal. 1011-1020. 10.18421/TEM93-24.</ref>.

At the end of the day, while the Project Success vs Project Management Success concept can be a useful tool for project managers, it is important to recognize its limitations and to approach its application with a critical and nuanced perspective.

'''Conformance and Performance'''

The Conformance vs. Performance concept in project management is not without limitations. While it provides valuable insights into the trade-off between compliance with standards and meeting project objectives, it is important to recognize that it is not a panacea for project management challenges.
One of the limitations of this concept is that it may not apply to all types of projects. For example, projects in highly regulated industries, such as healthcare or aerospace, may have legal requirements that mandate strict compliance with standards. In these cases, the focus on conformance may be more critical than on performance<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

An additional limitation is that the concept assumes that project managers have control over all aspects of a project. However, in reality, factors beyond their control may affect the project's success. For example, changes in market conditions, unexpected events, or external factors may impact the project outcomes.
Similarly, the concept may only be suitable for some stakeholders. Some stakeholders may prioritize compliance with standards over performance, while others may prioritize performance over compliance. Therefore, project managers must be aware of stakeholder expectations and balance their interests accordingly.

In summary, while the Conformance vs. Performance concept offers valuable insights into project management, it is vital to recognize its limitations. Project managers should critically evaluate the concept's applicability to their specific project context and consider the needs and expectations of different stakeholders.

'''Efficiency and effectiveness'''

Efficiency and effectiveness are concepts often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings in project management. Efficiency refers to how well resources are utilized to achieve a specific outcome, while effectiveness refers to how well the outcome meets the project's goals and objectives. While both concepts are important in project management, there are limitations to their application<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

One limitation of focusing solely on efficiency is that it can lead to a narrow focus on minimizing costs or completing tasks quickly without considering the impact on the project's overall success. This can result in a lack of attention to quality, stakeholder satisfaction, or other important project factors. Similarly, focusing solely on effectiveness can result in disregarding the efficient use of resources, leading to cost overruns or delays.

To overcome this limitation, it is essential to strike a balance between efficiency and effectiveness. This requires careful planning and monitoring of project progress to ensure that resources are used efficiently while achieving the project's goals and objectives. It also involves regularly assessing the project's progress and adjusting plans and strategies as needed to ensure that the project stays on track<ref name="PMSAPSC">Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.</ref>.

Besides, applying efficiency and effectiveness in project management is not always straightforward, and the project's context and environment can influence how the concepts can be applied. For example, efficiency may be prioritized over effectiveness in projects with small budgets, while effectiveness may be more important in projects with a high degree of stakeholder involvement.
To sum up, efficiency and effectiveness are essential concepts in project management, but their application has limitations. It is vital to strike a balance between the two and consider the project's context and environment when deciding how to allocate resources and measure success.

== Annotated Bibliography ==

1. Project Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 6th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc.

This book is a recognized standard for project management worldwide. This rendition introduces new knowledge and processes that promote the importance of agile methodologies, project benefits management and strategic alignment. PMBOK Guide provides a framework for project management that covers the life cycle of an entire project comprehensively. Among those are description of different processes, techniques and tools that are important and vital for managing project success. 

2. Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons.

This book is a comprehensive approach to project management that touches on the systems approach to the management, planning, scheduling and control of a project. Detailed descriptions of management processes, techniques and tools that are of great import for project success are also included in Kerzner's book. There is also important insight into the importance of aligning project management with business strategy, management of risk, stakeholders, and resources and how you handle these effectively and efficiently.

3. MindTools. (2021). The Iron Triangle of Project Management. Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/aa9j1zc/the-iron-triangle-of-project-management

The article from MindTools provides an overall view of the Iron Triangle of project management, which further delves deeper into the relationship between time, scope and cost. This article enhances the importance of balancing the three factors provided to achieve success in the project. It goes on to discuss trade-offs that are necessary to manage changes in the time, scope and cost. On top of this, the mentioned article gives tips for managing the Iron Triangle, and emphasizes the need for communication to be effective with stakeholders throughout the project's life cycle.

4. Efficiency vs. effectiveness: The opposing forces behind successful marketing management. In 22nd Industrial Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Conference, Milan, Italy (pp. 7-9). Retrieved from https://www.impgroup.org/uploads/papers/4729.pdf

An academic paper that talks about the opposing forces of efficiency and effectiveness in management. The author argues that finding the correct balance between the aforementioned factors is crucial for success in this field, as having too much of one or the other can have a trade-off not viable for a project that intends to last for a longer period of time.

5. Durmic, Nermina. (2020). Factors Influencing Project Success: A Qualitative Research. TEM Journal. 1011-1020. 10.18421/TEM93-24.

In a 2020 article, Durmic explores the factors that influence project success through qualitative research. The author identifies several key factors, including communication, stakeholder involvement, and project planning. The findings suggest that paying attention to these factors can improve project outcomes.

== References ==

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