A modern re-think of Fayolism - Revision history

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	== Summary ==		== Summary ==

	As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy ~~[[Defense (military)\|defense]]~~ activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \|date=25 May 2006 \|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|}}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.		As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defence activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \|date=25 May 2006 \|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|}}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.

	'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, Fayolism <ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96. ISBN 0415369770.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.		'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, Fayolism <ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96. ISBN 0415369770.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.

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	=== Books, translated ===		=== Books, translated ===
	* In 1930, ''Industrial and General Administration''. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.		* In 1930, ''Industrial and General Administration''. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
	* {{cite book \|last=Fayol \|first=Henri \|author-link= \|date=1949 \|title=General and Industrial Management \|url=https://archive.org/details/generalindustria0000fayo_m9r8 \|location=London \|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons \|page= \|isbn: 9781614274599}}

	=== Articles, translated, a selection ===		=== Articles, translated, a selection ===

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	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>
	* Fayol, H. (1917). Administration industrielle et générale: prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, contrôle (in French). Dunod. Retrieved 2022-10-12.		# Fayol, H. (1917). Administration industrielle et générale: prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, contrôle (in French). Dunod. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
	* Brunsson, K. (2008). Some Effects of Fayolism. International Studies Of Management & Organization. 38 (1). pp. 30–47.		# Brunsson, K. (2008). Some Effects of Fayolism. International Studies Of Management & Organization. 38 (1). pp. 30–47.
	* Kumar, Senthil, 2016/01/01, Modern Organisations and Fayolism, Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship.		# Kumar, Senthil, 2016/01/01, Modern Organisations and Fayolism, Journal of Global Business and Social Entrepreneurship.
	* Fayol, H. (1917). Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle (in French), Paris, H. Dunod et E. Pinat.		# Fayol, H. (1917). Administration industrielle et générale; prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, controle (in French), Paris, H. Dunod et E. Pinat.
	* Jacqueline M. (2011). Fayol-Standing the test of time. British Journal of Administrative Management. (74). pp. 32–33.		# Jacqueline M. (2011). Fayol-Standing the test of time. British Journal of Administrative Management. (74). pp. 32–33.
	* Narayanan, V.K. and Nath, R. (1993), Organization theory: a strategic approach, Irwin, p. 29.		# Narayanan, V.K. and Nath, R. (1993), Organization theory: a strategic approach, Irwin, p. 29.
	* Pryor, J.L. and Guthrie, C. (2010). The private life of Henri Fayol and his motivation to build a management science. Journal of Management History.		# Pryor, J.L. and Guthrie, C. (2010). The private life of Henri Fayol and his motivation to build a management science. Journal of Management History.
	* Pugh, D.S. and Hickson, D.H. (2007). Great Writers on Organizations. The Third Omnibus Edition, p.144.		# Pugh, D.S. and Hickson, D.H. (2007). Great Writers on Organizations. The Third Omnibus Edition, p.144.
	* Rodrigues, C.A. (2001). Fayol’s 14 principles of management then and now: a framework for managing today’s organisations effectively. Management Decision, 30(10), 880 – 889.		# Rodrigues, C.A. (2001). Fayol’s 14 principles of management then and now: a framework for managing today’s organisations effectively. Management Decision, 30(10), 880 – 889.
	* Vlett, V. (2014). 14 Principles of management (Fayol). Retrieved from: www.toolshero.com.		# Vlett, V. (2014). 14 Principles of management (Fayol). Retrieved from: www.toolshero.com.
	* Witzel, M. (2003). Fifty figures in management. Routledge.		# Aditya Sharma, Best Ways To Establish WFH Self-Discipline Among Remote Employees, accessed 19 February 2023, <https://www.turing.com/resources/how-to-work-on-self-discipline-of-remote-employees>.
	* Aditya Sharma, Best Ways To Establish WFH Self-Discipline Among Remote Employees, accessed 19 February 2023, <https://www.turing.com/resources/how-to-work-on-self-discipline-of-remote-employees>.		# Sampson Quain (2018), The Advantages of Fayol's Principles of Management. Retrieved from: www.smallbusiness.chron.com.
	* Sampson Quain (2018), The Advantages of Fayol's Principles of Management. Retrieved from: www.smallbusiness.chron.com.		# Kevin Courtney, 2022, How the workplace has changed in the past 20 years, accessed 19 February 2023, <https://www.irishtimes.com/special-reports/great-place-to-work/how-the-workplace-has-changed-in-the-past-20-years-1.4816412>.
	* Kevin Courtney, 2022, How the workplace has changed in the past 20 years, accessed 19 February 2023, <https://www.irishtimes.com/special-reports/great-place-to-work/how-the-workplace-has-changed-in-the-past-20-years-1.4816412>.		# Eurofound (2016), Changes in remuneration and reward systems, Publications, Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
	* Eurofound (2016), Changes in remuneration and reward systems, Publications, Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.		# Mørch, Allan; 2022, July 27; How the decentralized workplace boosts your workplace cul-ture; https://www.askcody.com/blog/decentralized-workplace-for-better-technology-adoption.
	* Mørch, Allan; 2022, July 27; How the decentralized workplace boosts your workplace cul-ture; https://www.askcody.com/blog/decentralized-workplace-for-better-technology-adoption.		# Andrew Campbell, Sven Kunisch, and Günter Müller-Stewens; 2011, June 1; To centralize or not to centralize? McKinsey Quarterly.
	* Andrew Campbell, Sven Kunisch, and Günter Müller-Stewens; 2011, June 1; To centralize or not to centralize? McKinsey Quarterly.		# Achinivu Godwin. “Application of the Henri Fayol’s Principles of Management to Startups.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), vol. 19, no. 10, 2017, pp. 78–85.
	* Achinivu Godwin. “Application of the Henri Fayol’s Principles of Management to Startups.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), vol. 19, no. 10, 2017, pp. 78–85.		# Principles of Management by Henry Fayol - Learn Accounting: Notes .... https://www.accountingnotes.net/management/principles-of-management/principles-of-management-by-henry-fayol/17673
	* Principles of Management by Henry Fayol - Learn Accounting: Notes .... https://www.accountingnotes.net/management/principles-of-management/principles-of-management-by-henry-fayol/17673		# Project management. (2023, May 2). Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management
	* Project management. (2023, May 2). Wikipedia Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management		# Henri Fayol. (2023, March 20). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol
	* Henri Fayol. (2023, March 20). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

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	=== Books, translated ===		=== Books, translated ===
	* In 1930, ''Industrial and General Administration''. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.		* In 1930, ''Industrial and General Administration''. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
	* {{cite book \|last=Fayol \|first=Henri \|date=1949 \|title=General and Industrial Management \|url=https://archive.org/details/generalindustria0000fayo_m9r8 \|location=London \|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons}}		* {{cite book \|last=Fayol \|first=Henri \|author-link= \|date=1949 \|title=General and Industrial Management \|url=https://archive.org/details/generalindustria0000fayo_m9r8 \|location=London \|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons \|page= \|isbn: 9781614274599}}

	=== Articles, translated, a selection ===		=== Articles, translated, a selection ===

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	=== Books, translated ===		=== Books, translated ===
	* In 1930, ''Industrial and General Administration''. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.		* In 1930, ''Industrial and General Administration''. Translated by J.A. Coubrough, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
	* {{cite book \|~~last1~~=Fayol \|~~first1~~=Henri \|title=General and Industrial Management ~~\|date=1949 \|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons \|location=London~~ \|url=https://archive.org/details/generalindustria0000fayo_m9r8}}		* {{cite book \|last=Fayol \|first=Henri \|date=1949 \|title=General and Industrial Management \|url=https://archive.org/details/generalindustria0000fayo_m9r8 \|location=London \|publisher=Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons}}

	=== Articles, translated, a selection ===		=== Articles, translated, a selection ===

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	As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \|date=25 May 2006 \|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|}}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.		As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \|date=25 May 2006 \|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|}}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.

	'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, Fayolism <ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. ~~96–101~~. ISBN 0415369770.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.		'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, Fayolism <ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96. ISBN 0415369770.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.

	Apart from his five managerial functions, Fayol developed another 14 principles to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. However, as times change, people have begun to interpret these principles quite differently from how they were interpreted during Fayol's time. Through this article, I aim to investigate how Fayolism is changing, given the changing nature of the workplace and the breakdown of traditional roles. Are we now embarking upon a radically different path?		Apart from his five managerial functions, Fayol developed another 14 principles to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. However, as times change, people have begun to interpret these principles quite differently from how they were interpreted during Fayol's time. Through this article, I aim to investigate how Fayolism is changing, given the changing nature of the workplace and the breakdown of traditional roles. Are we now embarking upon a radically different path?

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	As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \|date=25 May 2006 \|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|}}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.		As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \|date=25 May 2006 \|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|}}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.

	'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, [[Fayolism]] <ref ~~name="Witz03"~~>[[Morgen ~~Witzel]]~~ (2003). ''Fifty ~~key figures~~ in ~~management''~~. ~~Routledge, 2003~~. {{ISBN~~\|0-415-36977-0}}, p.96~~.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.		'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, Fayolism <ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.

	Apart from his five managerial functions, Fayol developed another 14 principles to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. However, as times change, people have begun to interpret these principles quite differently from how they were interpreted during Fayol's time. Through this article, I aim to investigate how Fayolism is changing, given the changing nature of the workplace and the breakdown of traditional roles. Are we now embarking upon a radically different path?		Apart from his five managerial functions, Fayol developed another 14 principles to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. However, as times change, people have begun to interpret these principles quite differently from how they were interpreted during Fayol's time. Through this article, I aim to investigate how Fayolism is changing, given the changing nature of the workplace and the breakdown of traditional roles. Are we now embarking upon a radically different path?
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	== References ==		== References ==
	<references/>		<references/>
	* Cleland, David; Gareis, Roland (May 25, 2006). "1: The evolution of project management". Global Project Management Handbook. ISBN 0071460454.
	* BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf
	* Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.
	* Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.
	* Graduate programs, Julius Baer Group©, 2021.
	* Fayol, H. (1917). Administration industrielle et générale: prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, contrôle (in French). Dunod. Retrieved 2022-10-12.		* Fayol, H. (1917). Administration industrielle et générale: prévoyance, organisation, commandement, coordination, contrôle (in French). Dunod. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
	* Brunsson, K. (2008). Some Effects of Fayolism. International Studies Of Management & Organization. 38 (1). pp. 30–47.		* Brunsson, K. (2008). Some Effects of Fayolism. International Studies Of Management & Organization. 38 (1). pp. 30–47.

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	On a different note, multitasking poses challenges in terms of reporting. Consider the organisational structures prevalent in modern companies, where employees are often required to report to functional heads and project managers. This is quite different from Fayol's times (Brunson, 2008). There was a time when the cubicle ruled the roost at the workplace. However, over the past two decades, it has given way to more open office layouts to allow for greater interaction and create a more relaxed, collegial atmosphere. There was another good reason for doing away with the cubicle: with company structures becoming less hierarchical, more linear and more collaborative, there was no need for workers and management to be segregated – the message was this, everyone, even the boss, was accessible at any time.		On a different note, multitasking poses challenges in terms of reporting. Consider the organisational structures prevalent in modern companies, where employees are often required to report to functional heads and project managers. This is quite different from Fayol's times (Brunson, 2008). There was a time when the cubicle ruled the roost at the workplace. However, over the past two decades, it has given way to more open office layouts to allow for greater interaction and create a more relaxed, collegial atmosphere. There was another good reason for doing away with the cubicle: with company structures becoming less hierarchical, more linear and more collaborative, there was no need for workers and management to be segregated – the message was this, everyone, even the boss, was accessible at any time.

	2.'''Subordination of individual interest to general interest'''		2. '''Subordination of individual interest to general interest'''
	In many places, like Japan and Germany, employment was traditionally considered a lifetime affair. The employee would only seek an alternative only if his incumbent company went out of business. Loyalty was then considered critical, and the employees often sacrificed their interests to uphold the organisation's interest. However, the present generation of employees and employers consider the idea of loyalty as behind the times. This is evident from the mass layoffs of 2023. It is as N.R. Narayana Murthy, Infosys Co-founder and the 'Father of the Indian IT Sector' says, "Love your job, but never fall in love with your company".		In many places, like Japan and Germany, employment was traditionally considered a lifetime affair. The employee would only seek an alternative only if his incumbent company went out of business. Loyalty was then considered critical, and the employees often sacrificed their interests to uphold the organisation's interest. However, the present generation of employees and employers consider the idea of loyalty as behind the times. This is evident from the mass layoffs of 2023. It is as N.R. Narayana Murthy, Infosys Co-founder and the 'Father of the Indian IT Sector' says, "Love your job, but never fall in love with your company".

	3.'''Stability of tenure of personnel'''		3. '''Stability of tenure of personnel'''
	Both retrenchment and job hopping have become part and parcel of today's employment landscape. People are committed to their profession rather than the organisation, so employee turnover is relatively higher. Earlier, people moved for just reasons of compensation. However, their reasons have become multidimensional, often because of company culture or because your life has changed significantly. Organisations have become cost-conscious and wish to retain employees only partially. Even government departments have begun to employ workers on a contract basis to avoid the costs related to increment, EPF and pension. There is no long-term commitment on either side.		Both retrenchment and job hopping have become part and parcel of today's employment landscape. People are committed to their profession rather than the organisation, so employee turnover is relatively higher. Earlier, people moved for just reasons of compensation. However, their reasons have become multidimensional, often because of company culture or because your life has changed significantly. Organisations have become cost-conscious and wish to retain employees only partially. Even government departments have begun to employ workers on a contract basis to avoid the costs related to increment, EPF and pension. There is no long-term commitment on either side.

	4.'''Remuneration'''		4. '''Remuneration'''
	Terms of employment have changed too, with permanent, pensionable jobs becoming a rarity and the gig economy and contract working becoming the norm.		Terms of employment have changed too, with permanent, pensionable jobs becoming a rarity and the gig economy and contract working becoming the norm.

	5.'''Discipline'''		5. '''Discipline'''
	In recent years, technology has made people less tied to their desks. With staff working remotely, employees have gained advantages in flexibility, security, and efficiency. Along with these benefits, employees no longer have to wake up at fixed times, prepare properly, and follow routines set at work. This might look antithetical to the factory discipline prevalent in Industrial Revolution Britain and France. The thing to keep in mind here is that you must use something other than this old discipline method in a remote work environment. Therefore, it is up to oneself to work on WFH self-discipline. However, if the past two years have shown anything, it has reassured bosses that remote and hybrid working will not impact their bottom line – in fact, it could vastly improve it.		In recent years, technology has made people less tied to their desks. With staff working remotely, employees have gained advantages in flexibility, security, and efficiency. Along with these benefits, employees no longer have to wake up at fixed times, prepare properly, and follow routines set at work. This might look antithetical to the factory discipline prevalent in Industrial Revolution Britain and France. The thing to keep in mind here is that you must use something other than this old discipline method in a remote work environment. Therefore, it is up to oneself to work on WFH self-discipline. However, if the past two years have shown anything, it has reassured bosses that remote and hybrid working will not impact their bottom line – in fact, it could vastly improve it.

	6.'''Centralisation'''		6. '''Centralisation'''
	For a long time, a hierarchical or centralised organisational structure has been the norm. However, more and more organisations are starting to value more egalitarian organisational landscapes that give more freedom to the employee. This is particularly important since business operations have gone global, and decisions must be made quickly. With the proliferation of startups, non-traditional work arrangements, and accelerators, de-centralisation is becoming more common, even within traditional corporate settings. Such a step helps isolate problems as well as successes. It leads to a positive workplace culture, as employees are empowered to implement ideas and make changes faster that can benefit the company.		For a long time, a hierarchical or centralised organisational structure has been the norm. However, more and more organisations are starting to value more egalitarian organisational landscapes that give more freedom to the employee. This is particularly important since business operations have gone global, and decisions must be made quickly. With the proliferation of startups, non-traditional work arrangements, and accelerators, de-centralisation is becoming more common, even within traditional corporate settings. Such a step helps isolate problems as well as successes. It leads to a positive workplace culture, as employees are empowered to implement ideas and make changes faster that can benefit the company.

	7.'''Initiative'''		7. '''Initiative'''
	Under this principle, Fayol envisaged management providing from time-to-time creative ideas, skills, and more convenient methods to accomplish tasks. However, as observed by (Robinson, 2005), managers these days cannot take the initiative as they are often preoccupied with other related and unrelated commitments. Nevertheless, in the contemporary age, the staff itself has become an idea house, hence the bedrock of modern organisations. It has been observed in Western countries that group problem-solving systems are patronised against dependence on top-level management as a problem-solving point (Magjuka, 1991 & 1992). However, there must always be processes, procedures and policies to guide employees to ensure successful implementation and prevent abuse of the privilege (Okpara, 2015).		Under this principle, Fayol envisaged management providing from time-to-time creative ideas, skills, and more convenient methods to accomplish tasks. However, as observed by (Robinson, 2005), managers these days cannot take the initiative as they are often preoccupied with other related and unrelated commitments. Nevertheless, in the contemporary age, the staff itself has become an idea house, hence the bedrock of modern organisations. It has been observed in Western countries that group problem-solving systems are patronised against dependence on top-level management as a problem-solving point (Magjuka, 1991 & 1992). However, there must always be processes, procedures and policies to guide employees to ensure successful implementation and prevent abuse of the privilege (Okpara, 2015).

	8.'''Division of work'''		8. '''Division of work'''
	The operations of present-day organisations are different from how mining operations were carried out a hundred years ago. During the industrialisation revolution era, workers were expected to gain expertise in a trade by repeating the same work over and over again. It was assumed they gained expertise through experience and would take less time to accomplish the same job.		The operations of present-day organisations are different from how mining operations were carried out a hundred years ago. During the industrialisation revolution era, workers were expected to gain expertise in a trade by repeating the same work over and over again. It was assumed they gained expertise through experience and would take less time to accomplish the same job.
	However, the global economy is no longer in that era, and many nations are orienting themselves towards a services-based economy. In a service-based economy, multitasking becomes an essential qualification. Banks are a classic example of this. Graduate programs at some banks <ref>Graduate programs, Julius Baer Group©, 2021.</ref> start with rotations in various departments of related fields. This is done with the hope that students gain a deep understanding of the company, build a network, and are involved in finding a final placement.		However, the global economy is no longer in that era, and many nations are orienting themselves towards a services-based economy. In a service-based economy, multitasking becomes an essential qualification. Banks are a classic example of this. Graduate programs at some banks <ref>Graduate programs, Julius Baer Group©, 2021.</ref> start with rotations in various departments of related fields. This is done with the hope that students gain a deep understanding of the company, build a network, and are involved in finding a final placement.

S226673 at 19:43, 9 May 2023

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:43, 9 May 2023
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	== Summary ==		== Summary ==

	As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \| title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|~~\|date=25 May 2006~~ }}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.		As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \|date=25 May 2006 \|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|}}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.

	'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, [[Fayolism]] <ref name="Witz03">[[Morgen Witzel]] (2003). ''Fifty key figures in management''. Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN\|0-415-36977-0}}, p.96.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.		'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, [[Fayolism]] <ref name="Witz03">[[Morgen Witzel]] (2003). ''Fifty key figures in management''. Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN\|0-415-36977-0}}, p.96.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.

S226673 at 19:40, 9 May 2023

2023-05-09T19:40:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:40, 9 May 2023
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	== Summary ==		== Summary ==

	As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|~~last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland~~ \|date=25 May 2006 }}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.		As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application, including civil construction, engineering, and heavy [[Defense (military)\|defense]] activity.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Cleland \|first1=David \|last2=Gareis \|first2=Roland \| title=Global Project Management Handbook\|chapter=1: The evolution of project management\|isbn=0071460454\|\|date=25 May 2006 }}</ref> Snyder and Kline (1987) note that the modern project management era started in 1958 with the development of CPM/PERT.<ref>BRIEF HISTORY OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT - George Washington University. https://home.gwu.edu/~kwak/PM_History.pdf.</ref> Morris (1987) argues that project management originated from the chemical industry just before World War II. However, some literature points the origin of project management to Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,<ref>Stevens, Martin (2002). Project Management Pathways. p. xxii. ISBN 190349401X.</ref> also famous for his namesake, the Gantt chart, and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five managerial functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.<ref>Witzel, Morgen (2003). Fifty Key Figures in Management. pp. 96–101. ISBN 0415369770.</ref> Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management.

	'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, [[Fayolism]] <ref name="Witz03">[[Morgen Witzel]] (2003). ''Fifty key figures in management''. Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN\|0-415-36977-0}}, p.96.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.		'''Henri Fayol''' (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French philosopher and management theorist. The Industrial Revolution in France inspired Fayol to create a theory which improved project management and created a more efficient workforce. As part of his theory, [[Fayolism]] <ref name="Witz03">[[Morgen Witzel]] (2003). ''Fifty key figures in management''. Routledge, 2003. {{ISBN\|0-415-36977-0}}, p.96.</ref>, he also encouraged the administration to use forecasting and planning to minimise workplace misunderstandings. Fayolism was flexible and could be applied to industrial settings, the home, and the government. To increase empathetic relationships at work, Fayol encouraged management and workers to replace workplace memos with verbal forms of communication.