Application of Dependency Structure Matrix in Time Scheduling - Revision history

Tkokotas at 13:31, 19 November 2018

2018-11-19T13:31:48Z

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			''Developed by Martin Fredberg''


	In planning management with regards to time scheduling there are several ways to get an overview of the number of activities in a timeline like the [[Gantt Chart]] or using the [[Critical Path Method]] (CPM) to estimate the time used and needed for activities dependent on each other. But CPM is limited in the way that it only looks at sequential activities, though it is possible for a design case to have both dependent activities as well as interdependent activities. It means that the information flow is not necessarily linear but can be cyclic. This gives rise to situations where some activity is initiated but still needs information from a later activity. The structure of these activities through time can be sorted in a Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM), which marks all the interdependencies in a square matrix. The matrix can both be used for visualization and optimization of information flows. This article will discuss the application of DSM for use in a time scheduling situation of project management. Beforehand an introduction to DSM is given. This includes some of the common ways to rearrange or change the matrix to reduce loops of information flow or to let non-dependent activities run in parallel. Also the practical process of establishing the matrix in a given project will be highlighted.		In planning management with regards to time scheduling there are several ways to get an overview of the number of activities in a timeline like the [[Gantt Chart]] or using the [[Critical Path Method]] (CPM) to estimate the time used and needed for activities dependent on each other. But CPM is limited in the way that it only looks at sequential activities, though it is possible for a design case to have both dependent activities as well as interdependent activities. It means that the information flow is not necessarily linear but can be cyclic. This gives rise to situations where some activity is initiated but still needs information from a later activity. The structure of these activities through time can be sorted in a Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM), which marks all the interdependencies in a square matrix. The matrix can both be used for visualization and optimization of information flows. This article will discuss the application of DSM for use in a time scheduling situation of project management. Beforehand an introduction to DSM is given. This includes some of the common ways to rearrange or change the matrix to reduce loops of information flow or to let non-dependent activities run in parallel. Also the practical process of establishing the matrix in a given project will be highlighted.

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Annotated Bibliography

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Annotated Bibliography

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	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

	* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="Austin">AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>		* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'', 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="Austin">AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'', 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>
	** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''		** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''

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	* Charlesraj, V P C, Maheswari, J U, Kalidindi, S N and Varghese, K ~~(2004)~~ Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix. ''~~In'': Khosrowshahi, F (Ed.), ''20th Annual ARCOM Conference'', 1-3 September 2004, Heriot Watt University.~~ Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8.<ref name="KnowledgeManagement">Charlesraj, V P C, Maheswari, J U, Kalidindi, S N and Varghese, K ~~(2004)~~ Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix. ''~~In'': Khosrowshahi, F (Ed.), ''20th Annual ARCOM Conference'', 1-3 September 2004, Heriot Watt University.~~ Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8.</ref>		* Charlesraj, V. P. C., Maheswari, J. U., Kalidindi, S. N. and Varghese, K. "Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix". ''Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8, 2004.<ref name="KnowledgeManagement">Charlesraj, V. P. C., Maheswari, J. U., Kalidindi, S. N. and Varghese, K. "Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix". ''Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8, 2004.</ref>
	** ''This article describes the methodology of using DSM. Here the normal project duration and the estimation of rework duration are incorporated. But to give accurate calculations these have to be based on subjective, expert and historical knowledge. This leads to the use of knowledge management in construction to acquire, store and utilize knowledge for e.g. strategic planning.''		** ''This article describes the methodology of using DSM. Here the normal project duration and the estimation of rework duration are incorporated. But to give accurate calculations these have to be based on subjective, expert and historical knowledge. This leads to the use of knowledge management in construction to acquire, store and utilize knowledge for e.g. strategic planning.''

	* Flanagan, T., Scott, T.J. and Dojen, R., "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework", 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society ~~2008~~, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.<ref name="ReduceRework">Flanagan, T., Scott, T.J. and Dojen, R., "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework", 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society ~~2008~~, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.</ref>
			* Flanagan, T., Scott, T. J. and Dojen, R. "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework". 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.<ref name="ReduceRework">Flanagan, T., Scott, T. J. and Dojen, R. "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework". 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.</ref>
	** ''The article describes how rework is a major problem with regards to duration and cost of a project. This then leads to the use of DSM and SD (System Dynamics) in combination to model the impact of rework. Both methods are described in their advantages and their limitations.''		** ''The article describes how rework is a major problem with regards to duration and cost of a project. This then leads to the use of DSM and SD (System Dynamics) in combination to model the impact of rework. Both methods are described in their advantages and their limitations.''

	* Maheswari, J U, Varghese, K ~~(2005)~~ A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects, ISARC ~~2005~~ - September 11-14, Ferrara (Italy).<ref name="FormationAddition">Maheswari, J U, Varghese, K ~~(2005)~~ A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects ISARC ~~2005~~ - September 11-14, Ferrara (Italy).</ref>
			* Maheswari, J. U., Varghese, K. "A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects". ISARC - September 11-14, 2005, Ferrara (Italy).<ref name="FormationAddition">Maheswari, J. U., Varghese, K. "A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects". ISARC - September 11-14, 2005, Ferrara (Italy).</ref>
	** ''This article describes the problems that can arise when forming the DSM. It proposes a different method for establishing the DSM in an interdisciplinary project using WBS (Work Breakdown Structure).''		** ''This article describes the problems that can arise when forming the DSM. It proposes a different method for establishing the DSM in an interdisciplinary project using WBS (Work Breakdown Structure).''

	* Jonsson, M T ~~(2015)~~ Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science Vol II, October 21-23, San Francisco, USA.<ref name="PowerPlantExample">Jonsson, M T ~~(2015)~~ Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science Vol II, October 21-23, San Francisco, USA.</ref>
			* Jonsson, M. T. "Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization". ''Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science'', Vol 2, October 21-23, 2015, San Francisco, USA.<ref name="PowerPlantExample">Jonsson, M. T. "Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization". ''Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science'', Vol 2, October 21-23, 2015, San Francisco, USA.</ref>
	** ''This article gives an explanation to the use of tears and illustrates the DSM method with a practical example of scheduling power plant maintenance together with an optimization tool.''		** ''This article gives an explanation to the use of tears and illustrates the DSM method with a practical example of scheduling power plant maintenance together with an optimization tool.''


	* http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html<ref name="DSMBasics">http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html</ref>		* http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html<ref name="DSMBasics">http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html</ref>
	** ''This web site with its sub-pages gives an all-round perspective on the application of DSM. Especially the matrix operations and the formation of the matrix are well described.''		** ''This web site with its sub-pages gives an all-round perspective on the application of DSM. Especially the matrix operations and the formation of the matrix are well described.''

	* Maheswari, J U , Varghese, K ~~(2005)~~ Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix, International Journal of Project Management, ~~Volume~~ 23, Issue 3, April, Pages 223-230.<ref name="TimeScheduling">Maheswari, J U , Varghese, K ~~(2005)~~ Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix, International Journal of Project Management, ~~Volume~~ 23, Issue 3, April, Pages 223-230.</ref>
			* Maheswari, J. U. , Varghese, K. "Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix". ''International Journal of Project Management'', Vol. 23, Issue 3, April, 2005, Pages 223-230.<ref name="TimeScheduling">Maheswari, J. U. , Varghese, K. "Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix". ''International Journal of Project Management'', Vol. 23, Issue 3, April, 2005, Pages 223-230.</ref>
	** ''The article explains the use of DSM in time scheduling. It describes how communication time is a big part of project tasks and that task durations can be reduced by introducing an overlapping where communication is exchanged. This overlapping is modelled by use of DSM's.''		** ''The article explains the use of DSM in time scheduling. It describes how communication time is a big part of project tasks and that task durations can be reduced by introducing an overlapping where communication is exchanged. This overlapping is modelled by use of DSM's.''

	* Winch, Graham M~~, Wiley-Blackwell,~~ 2010, ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition'', pp. 300.<ref name="Winch">Winch, Graham M~~, Wiley-Blackwell,~~ 2010, ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition'', pp. 300.</ref>
			* Winch, Graham M. (2010). ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition''. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 300.<ref name="Winch">Winch, Graham M. (2010). ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition''. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 300.</ref>
	** ''This section of the book gives a short review of the key points of DSM. It includes how it works but also why it is useful and what limitations the method has.''		** ''This section of the book gives a short review of the key points of DSM. It includes how it works but also why it is useful and what limitations the method has.''

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Annotated Bibliography

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	* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="Austin">AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>		* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="Austin">AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>
	** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''		** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''

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Annotated Bibliography

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	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

	* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>		* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="Austin">AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>
	** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''		** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''

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	* ~~'''~~AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.~~'''~~<ref name="AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182. </ref>		* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>
	** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''		** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''

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Annotated Bibliography

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	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

	* AUSTIN, S.A.~~, 2000.~~ Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process. Construction Management and Economics, 18(2), pp. 173-182.<ref name="~~Austin">~~ AUSTIN, S.A.~~, 2000.~~ Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process. Construction Management and Economics, 18(2), pp. 173-182. </ref>		* '''AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.'''<ref name="AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'' 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182. </ref>
	** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''		** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''


	* Charlesraj, V P C, Maheswari, J U, Kalidindi, S N and Varghese, K (2004) Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix. ''In'': Khosrowshahi, F (Ed.), ''20th Annual ARCOM Conference'', 1-3 September 2004, Heriot Watt University. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8.<ref name="KnowledgeManagement">Charlesraj, V P C, Maheswari, J U, Kalidindi, S N and Varghese, K (2004) Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix. ''In'': Khosrowshahi, F (Ed.), ''20th Annual ARCOM Conference'', 1-3 September 2004, Heriot Watt University. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8.</ref>		* Charlesraj, V P C, Maheswari, J U, Kalidindi, S N and Varghese, K (2004) Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix. ''In'': Khosrowshahi, F (Ed.), ''20th Annual ARCOM Conference'', 1-3 September 2004, Heriot Watt University. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8.<ref name="KnowledgeManagement">Charlesraj, V P C, Maheswari, J U, Kalidindi, S N and Varghese, K (2004) Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix. ''In'': Khosrowshahi, F (Ed.), ''20th Annual ARCOM Conference'', 1-3 September 2004, Heriot Watt University. Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8.</ref>

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How to Read the Matrix

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	[[File:TaskCycle.PNG\|350px\|thumb\|right\| '''Figure 3''': A representation of a task cycle leading to information exchange iteration.<ref name="DSMFigure">https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/engineering-systems-division/esd-36-system-project-management-fall-2012/lecture-notes/MITESD_36F12_Lec04.pdf</ref> ]]		[[File:TaskCycle.PNG\|350px\|thumb\|right\| '''Figure 3''': A representation of a task cycle leading to information exchange iteration.<ref name="DSMFigure">https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/engineering-systems-division/esd-36-system-project-management-fall-2012/lecture-notes/MITESD_36F12_Lec04.pdf</ref> ]]

	There are two ways of reading the matrix, the IR/FAD and IC/FBD convention.<ref name="DSMBasics"></ref> The first one is the one typically used for scheduling activities in construction. This states that the rows list all the requirements or inputs that a certain task needs to have to begin. The columns on the other hand list all the outputs from the activity. This means that all the interdependencies can be stated for the whole project in a single matrix.		There are two ways of reading the matrix, the IR/FAD and IC/FBD convention.<ref name="DSMBasics"></ref> The first one is the one typically used for scheduling activities in construction. This states that the rows list all the requirements or inputs that a certain task needs to have to begin. The columns on the other hand list all the outputs from the activity. This means that all the interdependencies can be stated for the whole project in a single matrix. The method of reading a DSM can be seen in '''figure 2'''.

	In the other convention, the way of looking at the rows and columns is reversed effectively meaning that the matrix is transposed. Thus, all the observations in the following are based on the IR/FAD convention but can easily be converted to the IC/FBD convention by reversing the rows and columns. Especially the elements in the upper triangle of the matrix are important. In the IC/FBD convention these elements are therefore in the bottom triangle.		In the other convention, the way of looking at the rows and columns is reversed effectively meaning that the matrix is transposed. Thus, all the observations in the following are based on the IR/FAD convention but can easily be converted to the IC/FBD convention by reversing the rows and columns. Especially the elements in the upper triangle of the matrix are important. In the IC/FBD convention these elements are therefore in the bottom triangle.

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What is a DSM

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	==What is a DSM==		==What is a DSM==

	The Dependency Structure Matrix is a matrix consisting of all the project tasks listed as both rows and columns. This means that the matrix is an NxN square matrix where N is the number of activities. The diagonal of the matrix lists the elements themselves and the off-diagonal elements lists the dependencies by either an ‘X’ mark or number. The non-dependent elements are listed with a ‘0’ or it is left out. It is crucial for the use of the activity based matrix that all the tasks are listed in progressing order from the first in the upper left to the last in the bottom right. An example of a DSM can be seen in '''figure 1'''.		The Dependency Structure Matrix is a matrix consisting of all the project tasks listed as both rows and columns. This means that the matrix is an NxN square matrix where N is the number of activities. The diagonal of the matrix lists the elements themselves and the off-diagonal elements lists the dependencies by either an ‘X’ mark or number. The non-dependent elements are listed with a ‘0’ or it is left out. It is crucial for the use of the activity based matrix that all the tasks are listed in progressing order from the first in the upper left to the last in the bottom right. An example of a DSM can be seen in '''figure 1'''. The purpose of using a DSM is to sketch the information flow between all the activities and thus giving a visual representation of the project. Also it is used to optimize the sequence of the activities to reduce the amount of interdependencies as well as iteration time.

	There are two types of DSM. There is the binary DSM which has dependencies marked with an 'X'. These can only sketch out the dependencies and is most useful for preliminary analysis. The other type is a numerical DSM which marks all the dependencies with a number which describes the strength of the dependency. This means that different types of information flows can be modeled this way.		There are two types of DSM. There is the binary DSM which has dependencies marked with an 'X'. These can only sketch out the dependencies and is most useful for preliminary analysis. The other type is a numerical DSM which marks all the dependencies with a number which describes the strength of the dependency. This means that different types of information flows can be modeled this way.

	The purpose of using a DSM is to sketch the information flow between all the activities and thus giving a visual representation of the project. Also it is used to optimize the sequence of the activities to reduce the amount of interdependencies as well as iteration time.

	[[File:DSM.PNG\|600px\|thumb\|center\| '''Figure 1''': An example of a simple DSM. a) The DSM in original form b) The matrix after partitioning.<ref name="Austin"></ref>]]		[[File:DSM.PNG\|600px\|thumb\|center\| '''Figure 1''': An example of a simple DSM. a) The DSM in original form b) The matrix after partitioning.<ref name="Austin"></ref>]]

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	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

	* AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'', 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.<ref name="Austin">AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'', 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>		* '''AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'', 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182.'''<ref name="Austin">AUSTIN, S. A. "Analytical Design Planning Technique (ADePT): a dependency structure matrix tool to schedule the building design process". ''Construction Management and Economics'', 18(2), 2000, pp. 173-182." </ref>
	** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''		** ''The article gives a general overview of all the aspects of DSM in an activity based design. This includes both the introduction of the importance, the way the matrix works as well as the application of the matrix.''


	* Charlesraj, V. P. C., Maheswari, J. U., Kalidindi, S. N. and Varghese, K. "Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix". ''Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8, 2004.<ref name="KnowledgeManagement">Charlesraj, V. P. C., Maheswari, J. U., Kalidindi, S. N. and Varghese, K. "Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix". ''Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8, 2004.</ref>		* '''Charlesraj, V. P. C., Maheswari, J. U., Kalidindi, S. N. and Varghese, K. "Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix". ''Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8, 2004.'''<ref name="KnowledgeManagement">Charlesraj, V. P. C., Maheswari, J. U., Kalidindi, S. N. and Varghese, K. "Knowledge management for planning construction projects using dependency structure matrix". ''Association of Researchers in Construction Management, Vol. 2, 831-8, 2004.</ref>
	** ''This article describes the methodology of using DSM. Here the normal project duration and the estimation of rework duration are incorporated. But to give accurate calculations these have to be based on subjective, expert and historical knowledge. This leads to the use of knowledge management in construction to acquire, store and utilize knowledge for e.g. strategic planning.''		** ''This article describes the methodology of using DSM. Here the normal project duration and the estimation of rework duration are incorporated. But to give accurate calculations these have to be based on subjective, expert and historical knowledge. This leads to the use of knowledge management in construction to acquire, store and utilize knowledge for e.g. strategic planning.''


	* Flanagan, T., Scott, T. J. and Dojen, R. "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework". 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.<ref name="ReduceRework">Flanagan, T., Scott, T. J. and Dojen, R. "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework". 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.</ref>		* '''Flanagan, T., Scott, T. J. and Dojen, R. "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework". 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.'''<ref name="ReduceRework">Flanagan, T., Scott, T. J. and Dojen, R. "Leveraging Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) and System Dynamics in Combination to Reduce Project Rework". 26th International Conference of The System Dynamics Society, 20-24 July 2008, Athens, Greece, Paper No. 369.</ref>
	** ''The article describes how rework is a major problem with regards to duration and cost of a project. This then leads to the use of DSM and SD (System Dynamics) in combination to model the impact of rework. Both methods are described in their advantages and their limitations.''		** ''The article describes how rework is a major problem with regards to duration and cost of a project. This then leads to the use of DSM and SD (System Dynamics) in combination to model the impact of rework. Both methods are described in their advantages and their limitations.''


	* Maheswari, J. U., Varghese, K. "A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects". ISARC - September 11-14, 2005, Ferrara (Italy).<ref name="FormationAddition">Maheswari, J. U., Varghese, K. "A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects". ISARC - September 11-14, 2005, Ferrara (Italy).</ref>		* '''Maheswari, J. U., Varghese, K. "A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects". ISARC - September 11-14, 2005, Ferrara (Italy).'''<ref name="FormationAddition">Maheswari, J. U., Varghese, K. "A Structured Approach to Form Dependency Structure Matrix for Construction Projects". ISARC - September 11-14, 2005, Ferrara (Italy).</ref>
	** ''This article describes the problems that can arise when forming the DSM. It proposes a different method for establishing the DSM in an interdisciplinary project using WBS (Work Breakdown Structure).''		** ''This article describes the problems that can arise when forming the DSM. It proposes a different method for establishing the DSM in an interdisciplinary project using WBS (Work Breakdown Structure).''


	* Jonsson, M. T. "Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization". ''Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science'', Vol 2, October 21-23, 2015, San Francisco, USA.<ref name="PowerPlantExample">Jonsson, M. T. "Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization". ''Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science'', Vol 2, October 21-23, 2015, San Francisco, USA.</ref>		* '''Jonsson, M. T. "Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization". ''Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science'', Vol 2, October 21-23, 2015, San Francisco, USA.'''<ref name="PowerPlantExample">Jonsson, M. T. "Power Plant Maintenance Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix and Evolutionary Optimization". ''Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science'', Vol 2, October 21-23, 2015, San Francisco, USA.</ref>
	** ''This article gives an explanation to the use of tears and illustrates the DSM method with a practical example of scheduling power plant maintenance together with an optimization tool.''		** ''This article gives an explanation to the use of tears and illustrates the DSM method with a practical example of scheduling power plant maintenance together with an optimization tool.''


	* http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html<ref name="DSMBasics">http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html</ref>		* '''http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html'''<ref name="DSMBasics">http://www.dsmweb.org/en/understand-dsm/technical-dsm-tutorial.html</ref>
	** ''This web site with its sub-pages gives an all-round perspective on the application of DSM. Especially the matrix operations and the formation of the matrix are well described.''		** ''This web site with its sub-pages gives an all-round perspective on the application of DSM. Especially the matrix operations and the formation of the matrix are well described.''


	* Maheswari, J. U. , Varghese, K. "Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix". ''International Journal of Project Management'', Vol. 23, Issue 3, April, 2005, Pages 223-230.<ref name="TimeScheduling">Maheswari, J. U. , Varghese, K. "Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix". ''International Journal of Project Management'', Vol. 23, Issue 3, April, 2005, Pages 223-230.</ref>		* '''Maheswari, J. U. , Varghese, K. "Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix". ''International Journal of Project Management'', Vol. 23, Issue 3, April, 2005, Pages 223-230.'''<ref name="TimeScheduling">Maheswari, J. U. , Varghese, K. "Project Scheduling using Dependency Structure Matrix". ''International Journal of Project Management'', Vol. 23, Issue 3, April, 2005, Pages 223-230.</ref>
	** ''The article explains the use of DSM in time scheduling. It describes how communication time is a big part of project tasks and that task durations can be reduced by introducing an overlapping where communication is exchanged. This overlapping is modelled by use of DSM's.''		** ''The article explains the use of DSM in time scheduling. It describes how communication time is a big part of project tasks and that task durations can be reduced by introducing an overlapping where communication is exchanged. This overlapping is modelled by use of DSM's.''


	* Winch, Graham M. (2010). ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition''. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 300.<ref name="Winch">Winch, Graham M. (2010). ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition''. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 300.</ref>		* '''Winch, Graham M. (2010). ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition''. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 300.'''<ref name="Winch">Winch, Graham M. (2010). ''Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition''. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 300.</ref>
	** ''This section of the book gives a short review of the key points of DSM. It includes how it works but also why it is useful and what limitations the method has.''		** ''This section of the book gives a short review of the key points of DSM. It includes how it works but also why it is useful and what limitations the method has.''