Causes and effects of stress in project management - Revision history

S183504 at 14:53, 20 March 2022

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	''Developed by Casper Stenbæk – Spring 2022''		''Developed by Casper Stenbæk – Spring 2022''

	~~Todo:~~
	* Fix references

	Workplace stress is increasingly common in workers, leading to higher turnover rates and increased absenteeism<ref name="NIOSH"> [''STRESS… At Work''] The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/default.html </ref>. Although the causes of stress are numerous and varied, their effect on the human body is always physiologically the same (namely, the process of the General Adaption Syndrome), with prolonged stress leading to a depletion of the body’s natural chemical arsenal, resulting in lower energy levels, higher risk of illness, among other things. To combat stress, it is often useful to play to the body’s strengths, either by improving its rest and relaxation, or by reducing the amount of stress endured.		Workplace stress is increasingly common in workers, leading to higher turnover rates and increased absenteeism<ref name="NIOSH"> [''STRESS… At Work''] The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/99-101/default.html </ref>. Although the causes of stress are numerous and varied, their effect on the human body is always physiologically the same (namely, the process of the General Adaption Syndrome), with prolonged stress leading to a depletion of the body’s natural chemical arsenal, resulting in lower energy levels, higher risk of illness, among other things. To combat stress, it is often useful to play to the body’s strengths, either by improving its rest and relaxation, or by reducing the amount of stress endured.

S183504 at 14:52, 20 March 2022

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	''Developed by Casper Stenbæk – ~~Work In Progress~~''		''Developed by Casper Stenbæk – Spring 2022''

	Todo:		Todo:

S183504: /* Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources */

2022-03-20T14:49:19Z

Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources

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	'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.		'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.

	'''Selye, Hans. (1951) ''“The General Adaption Syndrome”''. '''<ref name="GAS" />		'''Selye, Hans. (1951) ''“The General Adaption Syndrome”''. '''<ref name="GAS" /> The seminal paper from the man who has been named "The father of modern stress research". This paper lays out the idea of how the physiological processes of stress on the human body (and organisms in general) function. This paper is quite technical in its terminology as it is an academic paper, but it is often cited in more easy-to-digest articles.

	== References ==		== References ==

S183504: /* Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources */

2022-03-20T14:44:40Z

Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources

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	'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.		'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.

	'''~~I. S. Schonfeld et al~~. ''~~“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”~~''. '''<ref name="GAS" />		'''Selye, Hans. (1951) ''“The General Adaption Syndrome”''. '''<ref name="GAS" />

	== References ==		== References ==

S183504: /* Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources */

2022-03-20T14:43:47Z

Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources

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	'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.		'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.

	'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref~~>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company <~~/~~ref~~> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.		'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref name="GAS" />

	== References ==		== References ==

S183504: /* The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) */

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The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

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	=== The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) ===		=== The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) ===
	The General Adaption Syndrome, developed by Hans Selye in the 1950s<ref>[The General-Adaptation-Syndrome.] ''Selye, Hans. (1951)''. Annual review of medicine. 2. 327-42.10.1146/annurev.me.02.020151.001551.</ref> is the medical term for what a living organism, such as a human, does when exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. This syndrome explains the changes in the body’s chemistry that happen over the process of responding to the stress.		The General Adaption Syndrome, developed by Hans Selye in the 1950s<ref name="GAS">[The General-Adaptation-Syndrome.] ''Selye, Hans. (1951)''. Annual review of medicine. 2. 327-42.10.1146/annurev.me.02.020151.001551.</ref> is the medical term for what a living organism, such as a human, does when exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative. This syndrome explains the changes in the body’s chemistry that happen over the process of responding to the stress.
	GAS has three distinct phases, an initial phase where the sympathetic nervous system (Fight-or-flight system) activates, a following phase where the organism makes efforts to cope with the stress, and a third and final stage of either exhaustion or recovery which happens when the organism fails or succeeds in overcoming the stressor and either depletes its physiological resources or recovers the spent energy over a resting period.		GAS has three distinct phases, an initial phase where the sympathetic nervous system (Fight-or-flight system) activates, a following phase where the organism makes efforts to cope with the stress, and a third and final stage of either exhaustion or recovery which happens when the organism fails or succeeds in overcoming the stressor and either depletes its physiological resources or recovers the spent energy over a resting period.
	==== Alarm phase ====		==== Alarm phase ====

S183504: /* Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources */

2022-03-20T14:42:37Z

Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources

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	== Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources ==		== Annotated Bibliography and Trustworthiness of Sources ==
	''' The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), CDC. ''”STRESS… At Work”''. ''' <ref name="NIOSH" /> This article/paper by the American NIOSH provides a good overview of occupational stress as well as providing case studies from select companies and their strategies for managing stress.		''' The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), CDC. ''”STRESS… At Work”''. ''' <ref name="NIOSH" /> This article/paper by the American NIOSH provides a good overview of occupational stress as well as providing case studies from select companies and their strategies for managing stress.

			'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.

	'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.		'''I. S. Schonfeld et al. ''“Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health”''. '''<ref>[''Occupational Health Psychology: Work, Stress, and Health''] Irvin S. Schonfeld, PhD and Chu-Hsiang Chang, PhD, 2017, Springer Publishing Company </ref> Comprehensive book explaining occupational stress in great detail. This book explains the history of stress, as well as the research methodologies used, but what is most useful is probably going to be chapters 3 and 10, which explain the impact of working condition on mental health, and the interventions for improved mental health respectively. Additionally, chapters 5, 6, 8, and 9 are recommended for greater insight into specific parts of occupational stress.

S183504: /* Exhaustion/Recovery Phase */

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Exhaustion/Recovery Phase

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	EXAMPLE (Recovery): If the employee manages to finish his work, or the stressor is otherwise removed (completed by someone else, no longer necessary to avoid loss of job, etc.) then the employee can begin the recovery process, where the body replenishes the resources spent in handling the stress. This is done in periods where there are no active stressors for the body to handle, and the normal processes of digesting food and conserving energy are possible (e.g., going to a comfortable and safe environment such as home).		EXAMPLE (Recovery): If the employee manages to finish his work, or the stressor is otherwise removed (completed by someone else, no longer necessary to avoid loss of job, etc.) then the employee can begin the recovery process, where the body replenishes the resources spent in handling the stress. This is done in periods where there are no active stressors for the body to handle, and the normal processes of digesting food and conserving energy are possible (e.g., going to a comfortable and safe environment such as home).


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S183504: /* Exhaustion/Recovery Phase */

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Exhaustion/Recovery Phase

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	EXAMPLE (Recovery): If the employee manages to finish his work, or the stressor is otherwise removed (completed by someone else, no longer necessary to avoid loss of job, etc.) then the employee can begin the recovery process, where the body replenishes the resources spent in handling the stress. This is done in periods where there are no active stressors for the body to handle, and the normal processes of digesting food and conserving energy are possible (e.g., going to a comfortable and safe environment such as home).		EXAMPLE (Recovery): If the employee manages to finish his work, or the stressor is otherwise removed (completed by someone else, no longer necessary to avoid loss of job, etc.) then the employee can begin the recovery process, where the body replenishes the resources spent in handling the stress. This is done in periods where there are no active stressors for the body to handle, and the normal processes of digesting food and conserving energy are possible (e.g., going to a comfortable and safe environment such as home).

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	=== Physical and psychological effects of prolonged stress ===		=== Physical and psychological effects of prolonged stress ===

S183504: /* Internal (Personal (affects select individuals)) */

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Internal (Personal (affects select individuals))

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	=== Personal differences (limitations) ===		=== Personal differences (limitations) ===
	While the factors mentioned above are generally present for all employees, the degree to which the factors affects the individual differs greatly from person to person. As a PM, this can be frustrating, as some of the measures taken to prevent or intervene during stressful situations may not have the desired effect.		While the factors mentioned above are generally present for all employees, the degree to which the factors affects the individual differs greatly from person to person. As a PM, this can be frustrating, as some of the measures taken to prevent or intervene during stressful situations may not have the desired effect.