Effective Communication in Project Management - Revision history

Tkokotas at 15:46, 18 December 2018

2018-12-18T15:46:39Z

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			''Developed by Alessandro Palmerini''


	''The word communication will be used here in a very broad sense to include all of the procedures by which one mind may affect another. This, of course involves not only written and oral speech, but also music, pictorial arts, the theatre, the ballet and in fact all human behaviour. In some connections it may be desirable to use a still broader definition of communication, namely, one which would include the procedures by means of which one mechanism (say automatic equipment to track an airplane and to compute its probable future positions) affects another mechanism (say a guided missile chasing this airplane).''		''The word communication will be used here in a very broad sense to include all of the procedures by which one mind may affect another. This, of course involves not only written and oral speech, but also music, pictorial arts, the theatre, the ballet and in fact all human behaviour. In some connections it may be desirable to use a still broader definition of communication, namely, one which would include the procedures by means of which one mechanism (say automatic equipment to track an airplane and to compute its probable future positions) affects another mechanism (say a guided missile chasing this airplane).''

Alex161 at 19:58, 28 September 2015

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	•Stimulates discussion		•Stimulates discussion

	The first step is to get clarity and ~~consensus~~ on what the problem is to get a focused problem statement. A problem might be stated originally as ‘customers complain of poor service‘. After discussion, this might be refined to ‘Poor resolution of technical queries on evenings and weekends’. This tighter statement helps focus the task of getting to the root cause of the problem. This problem statement is put at the ‘head’ of the fish, along with the fish’s backbone:		The first step is to get clarity and assumption on what the problem is to get a focused problem statement. A problem might be stated originally as ‘customers complain of poor service‘. After discussion, this might be refined to ‘Poor resolution of technical queries on evenings and weekends’. This tighter statement helps focus the task of getting to the root cause of the problem. This problem statement is put at the ‘head’ of the fish, along with the fish’s backbone:

	[[image:FISHBON.png\| thumb\| \|'''Figure 1:''' Fishbon diagram.]]		[[image:FISHBON.png\| thumb\| \|'''Figure 1:''' Fishbon diagram.]]
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	•Categories of causes:		•Categories of causes:

	~~oFor~~ a production/manufacturing process, these usually are People,		o For a production/manufacturing process, these usually are People,
	Materials, Machinery/Equipment, Methods, Environment and		Materials, Machinery/Equipment, Methods, Environment and
	Measurement.		Measurement.

	~~oFor~~ a service process, they are often People, Policies, Procedures (the flow		o For a service process, they are often People, Policies, Procedures (the flow
	of the process), Location (Equipment/Space) and Measurement.		of the process), Location (Equipment/Space) and Measurement.

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	== Example of ~~Push~~ Communication in a real life case ==		== Example of Pull Communication in a real life case ==
	=== World Community Grid; Fighting against Cancer ===		=== World Community Grid; Fighting against Cancer ===

Alex161 at 17:38, 28 September 2015

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	Warren W. Weaver		Warren W. Weaver
	<ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/weaver/communication.html		<ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/weaver/communication.html



			'This paper is written in three main sections, where the author write the first and the third while the second section is an interpretation of mathematical papers by Dr. Claude E. Shannon of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The topic of the paper explain the problems of communication in three levels'</ref>


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	An example has been taken into account to look through how members of teamwork can communicate each others to achieve the same goal and how people can share information in a larger scale.		An example has been taken into account to look through how members of teamwork can communicate each others to achieve the same goal and how people can share information in a larger scale.


	'This paper is written in three main sections, where the author write the first and the third while the second section is an interpretation of mathematical papers by Dr. Claude E. Shannon of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The topic of the paper explain the problems of communication in three levels'</ref>

Alex161 at 17:37, 28 September 2015

2015-09-28T17:37:11Z

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	Warren W. Weaver		Warren W. Weaver
	<ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/weaver/communication.html		<ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/weaver/communication.html


			This article aims to show some methods of communication and how effective communication can lead to a successful project, in particular setting the goal to show how these types of communication help readers understanding the importance of communication in project teamworks.
			An example has been taken into account to look through how members of teamwork can communicate each others to achieve the same goal and how people can share information in a larger scale.

Alex161 at 17:23, 28 September 2015

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	Psychosocial outcomes refer to how individuals involved in an implementation effort “feel” about the implementation process. To date, psychosocial outcomes have not been adequately addressed to determine their impact on successful project implementation. The psychosocial outcomes generated from a completed project can have a powerful impact on the attitudes and activities of project team members in future projects. If the process was enjoyable and devoid of interpersonal and technical problems, it is likely that team members will approach future projects with a more positive frame of mind, as compared to instances in which they were involved in projects fraught with dimculties.		Psychosocial outcomes refer to how individuals involved in an implementation effort “feel” about the implementation process. To date, psychosocial outcomes have not been adequately addressed to determine their impact on successful project implementation. The psychosocial outcomes generated from a completed project can have a powerful impact on the attitudes and activities of project team members in future projects. If the process was enjoyable and devoid of interpersonal and technical problems, it is likely that team members will approach future projects with a more positive frame of mind, as compared to instances in which they were involved in projects fraught with dimculties.
	~~In this research, successful~~ implementation of new programs is assessed by two components: task outcomes and psychosocial outcomes. Task outcomes refer to factors involved in the actual implementation of the project (time, schedule and performance) and its subsequent usage or performance. Psychosocial outcomes refer to whether or not the implementation process was considered to be worthwhile, satisfying and productive. ~~This discussion yielded the final hypotheses of the study~~.		Successful implementation of new programs is assessed by two components: task outcomes and psychosocial outcomes. Task outcomes refer to factors involved in the actual implementation of the project (time, schedule and performance) and its subsequent usage or performance. Psychosocial outcomes refer to whether or not the implementation process was considered to be worthwhile, satisfying and productive.In this case two Hypothesis can result.
	~~H3a:~~ The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of task outcomes.		-The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of task outcomes.
	~~H3b:~~ The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of psychosocial outcomes. <ref name="Cross-functional">,Pinto, Mary Beth ; Pinto, Jeffrey K. (1990) , ''Project Team Communication and Cross-Functional Cooperation in new Program Development'',Journal of Product Innovation Management- 1990, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp.200-212 'This article written by Pinto Mary and Jeffrey explain the importance of communication for the successful development of new projects and how it affect the cross-functional cooperation between project workteams;In the article it is explained also the difference between formal and informal modes and reason for communication; Finally there is a research example.' </ref>		-The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of psychosocial outcomes. <ref name="Cross-functional">,Pinto, Mary Beth ; Pinto, Jeffrey K. (1990) , ''Project Team Communication and Cross-Functional Cooperation in new Program Development'',Journal of Product Innovation Management- 1990, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp.200-212 'This article written by Pinto Mary and Jeffrey explain the importance of communication for the successful development of new projects and how it affect the cross-functional cooperation between project workteams;In the article it is explained also the difference between formal and informal modes and reason for communication; Finally there is a research example.' </ref>

Alex161 at 16:06, 28 September 2015

2015-09-28T16:06:19Z

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	In this article are reported some methods of communication but to understand how and why communication is important within the projects, the following research it is exposed; Specifically, this research examined a behavioral variable: project team communication and its relationship to cross-functional cooperation.		In this article are reported some methods of communication but to understand how and why communication is important within the projects, the following research it is exposed; Specifically, this research examined a behavioral variable: project team communication and its relationship to cross-functional cooperation.

	The need for cross-functional cooperation stems from the complex functional interdependencies within organizations. Organizations consist of several interrelated functional units. In attempting to develop and implement new programs, one functional area may not have direct authority over other departments. Cooperation is necessary to link interdependent functions together and assure their contribution to the overall goals of the organization; How is suggested, greater interdependence requires a greater cooperation effort ( Thompson <ref name="Organization">Thompson, J.D., ''Organizations in Action'',New York: McGraw- Hill, 1967</ref>). Problems associated with cross-functional cooperation result from not only the interdependence of work process and technology, but from conflicts over authority and jurisdiction among different units.		The need for cross-functional cooperation stems from the complex functional interdependencies within organizations. Organizations consist of several interrelated functional units. In attempting to develop and implement new programs, one functional area may not have direct authority over other departments. Cooperation is necessary to link interdependent functions together and assure their contribution to the overall goals of the organization; How is suggested, greater interdependence requires a greater cooperation effort ( Thompson <ref name="Organization">Thompson, J.D., ''Organizations in Action'',New York: McGraw- Hill, 1967 'This reference is used only for one specific sentense '</ref>). Problems associated with cross-functional cooperation result from not only the interdependence of work process and technology, but from conflicts over authority and jurisdiction among different units.
	Cross-functional cooperation is important in the implementation of marketing decisions because cooperation has been shown to promote productivity by helping individuals perform more effectively. people in cooperation tend to understand and be influenced by each others’ interest and ideas, seek and give information, communicate about tasks, more readily assist each other and rely on division of labor (Laughlin <ref name="Ability">Laughlin, P.R., ''Ability and group problem solving'',Ptiurnuf of Research and Development in Education it:li4-120 (1978). </ref>).		Cross-functional cooperation is important in the implementation of marketing decisions because cooperation has been shown to promote productivity by helping individuals perform more effectively. people in cooperation tend to understand and be influenced by each others’ interest and ideas, seek and give information, communicate about tasks, more readily assist each other and rely on division of labor (Laughlin <ref name="Ability">Laughlin, P.R., ''Ability and group problem solving'',Ptiurnuf of Research and Development in Education it:li4-120 (1978). 'This reference is used only for one specific sentense '</ref>).

	[[ File:Project-Team-Communication-Plan-Template.jpg \| thumb\| \|'''Figure 5:''' Example of Team Project Communication Plan]]		[[ File:Project-Team-Communication-Plan-Template.jpg \| thumb\| \|'''Figure 5:''' Example of Team Project Communication Plan]]

Alex161 at 16:02, 28 September 2015

2015-09-28T16:02:33Z

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	In this research, successful implementation of new programs is assessed by two components: task outcomes and psychosocial outcomes. Task outcomes refer to factors involved in the actual implementation of the project (time, schedule and performance) and its subsequent usage or performance. Psychosocial outcomes refer to whether or not the implementation process was considered to be worthwhile, satisfying and productive. This discussion yielded the final hypotheses of the study.		In this research, successful implementation of new programs is assessed by two components: task outcomes and psychosocial outcomes. Task outcomes refer to factors involved in the actual implementation of the project (time, schedule and performance) and its subsequent usage or performance. Psychosocial outcomes refer to whether or not the implementation process was considered to be worthwhile, satisfying and productive. This discussion yielded the final hypotheses of the study.
	H3a: The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of task outcomes.		H3a: The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of task outcomes.
	H3b: The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of psychosocial outcomes. <ref name="Cross-functional">,Pinto, Mary Beth ; Pinto, Jeffrey K. (1990) , ''Project Team Communication and Cross-Functional Cooperation in new Program Development'',Journal of Product Innovation Management- 1990, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp.200-212 </ref>		H3b: The greater the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved among project team members, the higher the evaluation of psychosocial outcomes. <ref name="Cross-functional">,Pinto, Mary Beth ; Pinto, Jeffrey K. (1990) , ''Project Team Communication and Cross-Functional Cooperation in new Program Development'',Journal of Product Innovation Management- 1990, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp.200-212 'This article written by Pinto Mary and Jeffrey explain the importance of communication for the successful development of new projects and how it affect the cross-functional cooperation between project workteams;In the article it is explained also the difference between formal and informal modes and reason for communication; Finally there is a research example.' </ref>


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	Mapping Cancer Markers aims to improve and personalize cancer treatment. The project has three goals: first, to identify markers that can be used to detect cancer earlier; second, to identify high-risk cancer patients; and third, to find markers that can predict treatment response.		Mapping Cancer Markers aims to improve and personalize cancer treatment. The project has three goals: first, to identify markers that can be used to detect cancer earlier; second, to identify high-risk cancer patients; and third, to find markers that can predict treatment response.

	Mapping Cancer Markers will also enable researchers to develop even more efficient and effective computational methods for discovering relevant patterns of markers. This could help make the use of markers in personalized medicine more practical and more broadly applicable to other cancers and other complex diseases. <ref name="Cancer"> ''World Community Grid; Help Defeat Cancer: Project Overview'',IBM , http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/hdc/overview.do https://secure.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/mcm1/details.do</ref>		Mapping Cancer Markers will also enable researchers to develop even more efficient and effective computational methods for discovering relevant patterns of markers. This could help make the use of markers in personalized medicine more practical and more broadly applicable to other cancers and other complex diseases. <ref name="Cancer"> ''World Community Grid; Help Defeat Cancer: Project Overview'',IBM , http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/hdc/overview.do https://secure.worldcommunitygrid.org/research/mcm1/details.do 'This is the website where it could be possible to find details of World Community grid that is the example of the article.It is expressed how the World Community Grid works, how it allow to contact people and how people share information through this tool.' </ref>

Alex161 at 15:51, 28 September 2015

2015-09-28T15:51:17Z

Alex161 at 15:14, 28 September 2015

2015-09-28T15:14:24Z

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	=== Communication and Cross-Functional Cooperation within a Project Team ===		=== Communication and Cross-Functional Cooperation within a Project Team ===

			Nowadays, companies are moving on project management and on preject teams for the development and implementation of new products and programs due to competition with other companies and the implementation of innovations. One of the main point of developing new programs is the degree of cross-functional cooperation achieved within a projecft team. Therefore, is very important for project having a helping, cooperative atmosphere.
			For these reasons ,communication plays a fundamental role in the project teams.


	[[ File:Cross-functional-teams.png ]]		[[ File:Cross-functional-teams.png ]]

Alex161 at 14:47, 28 September 2015

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	[[ File:World community grid infographic full.jpg \| thumb\| \|'''Figure 6:''' World Community Grid]]		[[ File:World community grid infographic full.jpg \| thumb\| \|'''Figure 6:''' World Community Grid]]

			{{#ev:youtube\|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOFOh4iXQ7Q\|200\|right\|World Community Grid; Communication Tool \|frame}}

	In the absence of World Community Grid, TMA's are processed in individual or small batches. Using World Community Grid, analysis can be carried out for hundreds of arrays in parallel, allowing multiple experiments to be conducted simultaneously. This added level of speed and sophistication could potentially enable investigators to detect and track subtle changes in measurable parameters, thereby facilitating discovery of prognostic clues, which are not apparent by human inspection or traditional analysis alone and could advance the fields of cancer biology, drug discovery and therapy planning.		In the absence of World Community Grid, TMA's are processed in individual or small batches. Using World Community Grid, analysis can be carried out for hundreds of arrays in parallel, allowing multiple experiments to be conducted simultaneously. This added level of speed and sophistication could potentially enable investigators to detect and track subtle changes in measurable parameters, thereby facilitating discovery of prognostic clues, which are not apparent by human inspection or traditional analysis alone and could advance the fields of cancer biology, drug discovery and therapy planning.

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	Warren W. Weaver		Warren W. Weaver
	<ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/weaver/communication.html</ref>		<ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/weaver/communication.html


			'This paper is written in three main sections, where the author write the first and the third while the second section is an interpretation of mathematical papers by Dr. Claude E. Shannon of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The topic of the paper explain the problems of communication in three levels'</ref>


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	The key is to be flexible and use the category type and categories themselves most		The key is to be flexible and use the category type and categories themselves most
	appropriate to the problem in hand, based on the causes surfaced from the brainstorm.		appropriate to the problem in hand, based on the causes surfaced from the brainstorm.
	<ref name="Fishbone">,© City Process Management 2008 , ''Cause and Effect Analysis using the Ishikawa Fishbone'',web:http://www.cityprocessmanagement.com </ref>		<ref name="Fishbone">,© City Process Management 2008 , ''Cause and Effect Analysis using the Ishikawa Fishbone'',web:http://www.cityprocessmanagement.com 'In this reference the Fishbone Diagram is explained' </ref>

	=== Effective Communication ===		=== Effective Communication ===
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	==== Interactive Communication ====		==== Interactive Communication ====
	Interactive communication is an exchange of ideas where both participants, whether human, machine or art form, are active and can have an effect on one another. It is a dynamic, two-way flow of information.		Interactive communication is an exchange of ideas where both participants, whether human, machine or art form, are active and can have an effect on one another. It is a dynamic, two-way flow of information.
	<ref name="Interactive">,Wikipedia , ''Interactive Communication'',https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_communication </ref>		<ref name="Interactive">,Wikipedia , ''Interactive Communication'',https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_communication 'The Interactive Communication definitions and meaning from Wikipedia' </ref>
	Many forms of communication previously thought one-way, like books and television, have become interactive with the rise of computers, the Internet, and digital and mobile devices. These developing collaborative technologies, or new media, have rapidly increased the opportunities for interactive communication across mediums, disciplines, cultures, social classes, locations, and even time.		Many forms of communication previously thought one-way, like books and television, have become interactive with the rise of computers, the Internet, and digital and mobile devices. These developing collaborative technologies, or new media, have rapidly increased the opportunities for interactive communication across mediums, disciplines, cultures, social classes, locations, and even time.

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	Take, for example, you have a technical issue that demands immediate attention, and you alert the Tech department of your company to fix it. You send the Tech guy a mail. He isn't available for the day and is therefore not able to receive and attend to your mail. You only know that the mail you wrote has been successfully sent. You do not know if he has received it or not. You will only know that he has when he comes and fixes our problem that will be the next day.		Take, for example, you have a technical issue that demands immediate attention, and you alert the Tech department of your company to fix it. You send the Tech guy a mail. He isn't available for the day and is therefore not able to receive and attend to your mail. You only know that the mail you wrote has been successfully sent. You do not know if he has received it or not. You will only know that he has when he comes and fixes our problem that will be the next day.
	<ref name="Push"> ''Push Communication'', http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/faqpm/team-07.htm </ref>		<ref name="Push"> ''Push Communication'', http://www.free-management-ebooks.com/faqpm/team-07.htm 'Explanation of Push Communication and meaning' </ref>

	==== Pull Communication ====		==== Pull Communication ====
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	A sample-case scenario would be when you have enrolled for a project management course and need access to more inputs on your course, and you begin to search for relevant information from the Articles/Ebooks that is available on the training provider’s site itself.		A sample-case scenario would be when you have enrolled for a project management course and need access to more inputs on your course, and you begin to search for relevant information from the Articles/Ebooks that is available on the training provider’s site itself.
	<ref name="Pull"> ''Pull Communication'', http://www.simplilearn.com/interactive-vs-push-vs-pull-communication-in-project-management-article </ref>		<ref name="Pull"> ''Pull Communication'', http://www.simplilearn.com/interactive-vs-push-vs-pull-communication-in-project-management-article 'Explanation of Pull Communication and meaning' </ref>

	== Communication in Project Management ==		== Communication in Project Management ==