Gantt Chart In Construction - Revision history

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	The Gantt chart is a type of work scheduling tool in which processes are visualised<ref name="The Gantt chart, a working tool of management"> https://archive.org/details/cu31924004570853/page/n19/mode/2up, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref><ref name="What is a Gantt Chart?"> https://www.gantt.com/, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>. It is based on the Harmonygraph, which was developed by Karol Adamiecki at the end of the 19th century. The American engineer Henry Gantt was the one who successfully introduced the method to a wider audience and thus became the namesake for the method<ref name="What is a Gantt Chart?"> https://www.gantt.com/, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>. The Gantt chart has been used in many well-known construction projects after its conception, for example, Hoover Dam and the Interstate Highway System.		The Gantt chart is a type of work scheduling tool in which processes are visualised<ref name="The Gantt chart, a working tool of management"> https://archive.org/details/cu31924004570853/page/n19/mode/2up, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref><ref name="What is a Gantt Chart?"> https://www.gantt.com/, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>. It is based on the Harmonygraph, which was developed by Karol Adamiecki at the end of the 19th century. The American engineer Henry Gantt was the one who successfully introduced the method to a wider audience and thus became the namesake for the method<ref name="What is a Gantt Chart?"> https://www.gantt.com/, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>. The Gantt chart has been used in many well-known construction projects after its conception, for example, Hoover Dam and the Interstate Highway System.

	Gantt charts are frequently used for construction projects to illustrate tasks along a timeline. They are effective for several reasons, though primarily due to their capability in showing a wide array of relevant project data in a simple fashion. At its core, the Gantt chart is built around illustration of tasks that are to be completed along a timeline. Each task is represented by a bar, with the location and length indicating start dates and ~~durations~~. Furthermore, these tasks can have their dependencies illustrated through connecting lines. Being able to illustrate each type of dependency associated with a task (Finish to start, Start to Start etc.<ref name="Gantt Chart Dependencies: Understanding Task Dependency Types"> https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/gantt-chart-dependencies, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>) means that the tool can also be used to assess feasibility of, as well as attempt to optimise, workflows before the start of a project. After the construction project is underway, the Gantt chart can be used to track milestones and assess whether timelines are being followed.		Gantt charts are frequently used for construction projects to illustrate tasks along a timeline. They are effective for several reasons, though primarily due to their capability in showing a wide array of relevant project data in a simple fashion. At its core, the Gantt chart is built around illustration of tasks that are to be completed along a timeline. Each task is represented by a bar, with the location and length indicating start dates and duration. Furthermore, these tasks can have their dependencies illustrated through connecting lines. Being able to illustrate each type of dependency associated with a task (Finish to start, Start to Start etc.<ref name="Gantt Chart Dependencies: Understanding Task Dependency Types"> https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/gantt-chart-dependencies, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>) means that the tool can also be used to assess feasibility of, as well as attempt to optimise, workflows before the start of a project. After the construction project is underway, the Gantt chart can be used to track milestones and assess whether timelines are being followed.

	There are a myriad of advantages and disadvantages to utilising Gantt charts for construction projects. A key benefit is the visualising of dependencies – as construction tends to be ordinal in nature. One disadvantage that is commonly seen is the Gantt chart becoming less usable as the size and scope of the construction project increases<ref name="Advantages & Disadvantages of Gantt Charts"> https://analysistabs.com/gantt-chart/advantages-disadvantages/, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>.		There are a myriad of advantages and disadvantages to utilising Gantt charts for construction projects. A key benefit is the visualising of dependencies – as construction tends to be ordinal in nature. One disadvantage that is commonly seen is the Gantt chart becoming less usable as the size and scope of the construction project increases<ref name="Advantages & Disadvantages of Gantt Charts"> https://analysistabs.com/gantt-chart/advantages-disadvantages/, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>.

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Annotated Bibliography

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	The next evolutionary step for construction timelines will likely be that of 4D BIM<ref name="Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S1877705816339996, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref> . Gantt charts can naturally be a part of this evolution as the links between parametric object models and their scheduling data becomes more widespread. These new forms of visualisation will improve the efficiency and accuracy of construction schedules.		The next evolutionary step for construction timelines will likely be that of 4D BIM<ref name="Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S1877705816339996, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref> . Gantt charts can naturally be a part of this evolution as the links between parametric object models and their scheduling data becomes more widespread. These new forms of visualisation will improve the efficiency and accuracy of construction schedules.

	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography (Further Reading)==
	*'''The Gantt chart, a working tool of management By Clark, Wallace; Polakov, Walter Nicholas; Trabold, Frank W (1922)'''		*'''The Gantt chart, a working tool of management By Clark, Wallace; Polakov, Walter Nicholas; Trabold, Frank W (1922)'''

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Annotated Bibliography

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	A journal article with a description and overview of the development and applications of Gantt Charts with a more modern perspective.		A journal article with a description and overview of the development and applications of Gantt Charts with a more modern perspective.

			*'''Forgotten contributions to scientific management: work and ideas of Karol Adamiecki, Debicki (2015)'''

			An article outlining the work and contributions of Adamiecki. This gives further context to the Gantt Chart by giving an overview of another of its founding fathers and more detail on the Harmonograph.

			*'''"Challenges and opportunities for productivity improvement studies in linear, repetitive, and location-based scheduling", Lucko, Alves, Angelim (2013)'''

			An article to illuminate alternatives to the Gantt Chart and can be used as a resource regarding further approaches to construction planning.

			*'''"Effective Use of Gantt Chart for Managing Large Scale Projects", Pradeep Kum, (2005)'''

			An introduction to planning and managing large scale projects with a main focus on construction industry projects.

	==References==		==References==

	<references/>		<references/>

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Applications in Construction Projects

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	The added logistical complexities that can be associated with construction play into the benefits of a Gantt Chart. The overview of the tasks to be completed and their dependencies allows for more effective planning and organisation of needed prerequisites. For example, the knowledge of when supplies and materials will be needed, allows for planning and management to minimise the losses that can occur under such constraints.		The added logistical complexities that can be associated with construction play into the benefits of a Gantt Chart. The overview of the tasks to be completed and their dependencies allows for more effective planning and organisation of needed prerequisites. For example, the knowledge of when supplies and materials will be needed, allows for planning and management to minimise the losses that can occur under such constraints.

	As the Gantt chart can be dynamically updated, it can be effective when operating under the uncertainty of weather in construction. Furthermore, it allows for an overview of whether bad weather impedes the flow of the critical tasks that can extend the project length.		As the Gantt chart can be dynamically updated, it can be effective when operating under the uncertainty of weather in construction. Furthermore, it allows for an overview of whether bad weather impedes the flow of the critical tasks that can extend the project length.

	As mentioned, larger construction projects can take years or decades and thus would not always have all minutiae delineated from the onset of the project. The Gantt Chart can help by allowing for rougher “blocking” of time slots that can then be detailed and have their effect on the construction evaluated at a later date.		As mentioned, larger construction projects can take years or decades and thus would not always have all minutiae delineated from the onset of the project. The Gantt Chart can help by allowing for rougher “blocking” of time slots that can then be detailed and have their effect on the construction evaluated at a later date.

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Applications in Construction Projects

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	#The high level of focus on the green transition within construction has added several layers of risk and complexity to what used to be regarded as simpler projects.		#The high level of focus on the green transition within construction has added several layers of risk and complexity to what used to be regarded as simpler projects.
	#The time scope of construction projects tends to be measured more in years than days. This means that finer details or points may not be in place before construction commences.		#The time scope of construction projects tends to be measured more in years than days. This means that finer details or points may not be in place before construction commences.


	The added logistical complexities that can be associated with construction play into the benefits of a Gantt Chart. The overview of the tasks to be completed and their dependencies allows for more effective planning and organisation of needed prerequisites. For example, the knowledge of when supplies and materials will be needed, allows for planning and management to minimise the losses that can occur under such constraints.		The added logistical complexities that can be associated with construction play into the benefits of a Gantt Chart. The overview of the tasks to be completed and their dependencies allows for more effective planning and organisation of needed prerequisites. For example, the knowledge of when supplies and materials will be needed, allows for planning and management to minimise the losses that can occur under such constraints.

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Applications in Construction Projects

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	#The high level of focus on the green transition within construction has added several layers of risk and complexity to what used to be regarded as simpler projects.		#The high level of focus on the green transition within construction has added several layers of risk and complexity to what used to be regarded as simpler projects.
	#The time scope of construction projects tends to be measured more in years than days. This means that finer details or points may not be in place before construction commences.		#The time scope of construction projects tends to be measured more in years than days. This means that finer details or points may not be in place before construction commences.

			The added logistical complexities that can be associated with construction play into the benefits of a Gantt Chart. The overview of the tasks to be completed and their dependencies allows for more effective planning and organisation of needed prerequisites. For example, the knowledge of when supplies and materials will be needed, allows for planning and management to minimise the losses that can occur under such constraints.
			As the Gantt chart can be dynamically updated, it can be effective when operating under the uncertainty of weather in construction. Furthermore, it allows for an overview of whether bad weather impedes the flow of the critical tasks that can extend the project length.
			As mentioned, larger construction projects can take years or decades and thus would not always have all minutiae delineated from the onset of the project. The Gantt Chart can help by allowing for rougher “blocking” of time slots that can then be detailed and have their effect on the construction evaluated at a later date.

	== Further Perspectives ==		== Further Perspectives ==

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Annotated Bibliography

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	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==
	*'''The Gantt chart, a working tool of management By Clark, Wallace~~, 1880-1948~~; Polakov, Walter Nicholas~~, 1879-~~; Trabold, Frank W (1922)'''		*'''The Gantt chart, a working tool of management By Clark, Wallace; Polakov, Walter Nicholas; Trabold, Frank W (1922)'''

	An overview of both the history and origins of the Gantt chart as well as a description of the set up and implementation of a chart. A publication of older character though still useful source of information.		An overview of both the history and origins of the Gantt chart as well as a description of the set up and implementation of a chart. A publication of older character though still useful source of information.

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Gantt Chart Overview

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	== Gantt Chart Overview ==		== Gantt Chart Overview ==

	The Gantt chart is a visual overview and representation of all planned tasks that are necessary for the completion of a project. These tasks are usually represented by a rectangle that indicates the expected duration of the task. When these rectangles are placed on a timeline, they can also represent the start and expected times for the tasks.<ref name="The Gantt Chart: A Working Tool of Management.">Wallace Clark, B. Seebohm Rowntree, (1946),"The Gantt Chart: A Working Tool of Management." </ref> As this timeline is expanded into 2 dimensions, the tasks can be sub-categorised. These subcategories can be defined in various ways depending on the project at hand. Usually for construction, it will be the breakdown of larger tasks. An example being “Installation of Windows” being subdivided into “Mounting Frame”, “Mount glazing”, “Apply Caulk” etc. This is formally known as a "Work Breakdown Structure" which is defined by the Project Management Body of Knowledge <ref name="Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition)">Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI) (2017),"Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition)". </ref> as a "hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables".		The Gantt chart is a visual overview and representation of all planned tasks that are necessary for the completion of a project. These tasks are usually represented by a rectangle that indicates the expected duration of the task. When these rectangles are placed on a timeline, they can also represent the start and expected times for the tasks.<ref name="The Gantt Chart: A Working Tool of Management.">Wallace Clark, B. Seebohm Rowntree, (1946),"The Gantt Chart: A Working Tool of Management." </ref> As this timeline is expanded into 2 dimensions, the tasks can be sub-categorised. These subcategories can be defined in various ways depending on the project at hand. Usually for construction, it will be the breakdown of larger tasks. An example being “Installation of Windows” being subdivided into “Mounting Frame”, “Mount glazing”, “Apply Caulk” etc. This is formally known as a "Work Breakdown Structure" which is defined by the Project Management Body of Knowledge<ref name="Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition)">Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI) (2017),"Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition)". </ref> as a "hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work to be carried out by the project team to accomplish the project objectives and create the required deliverables".
	The 2 dimensionality of the timeline also allows for visualisation of concurrent tasks. This means that, especially for construction, it is evident which work will be ongoing during any specific day – a critical aspect in planning and allocation of the workforce.		The 2 dimensionality of the timeline also allows for visualisation of concurrent tasks. This means that, especially for construction, it is evident which work will be ongoing during any specific day – a critical aspect in planning and allocation of the workforce.
	The timeline can be split into equidistant boxes. This standardisation of the timeline range gives a digestible overview of the tasks and their relative length. The time range can vary depending on the project. In cases of very complex construction projects and therefore planned to a high degree of detail, there can be Gantt charts with weekly time units and down to hourly or less.		The timeline can be split into equidistant boxes. This standardisation of the timeline range gives a digestible overview of the tasks and their relative length. The time range can vary depending on the project. In cases of very complex construction projects and therefore planned to a high degree of detail, there can be Gantt charts with weekly time units and down to hourly or less.

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Further Perspectives

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	Current Gantt tools primarily allow for focus on only one schedule at a time creating obstacles in comparing and testing alternative versions of schedules. Future tools will likely improve upon this and allow for simpler methods of testing feasibility of different timelines.<ref name="Comparative visualization of construction schedules"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S0926580512001458, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>		Current Gantt tools primarily allow for focus on only one schedule at a time creating obstacles in comparing and testing alternative versions of schedules. Future tools will likely improve upon this and allow for simpler methods of testing feasibility of different timelines.<ref name="Comparative visualization of construction schedules"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S0926580512001458, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>

	The next evolutionary step for construction timelines will likely be that of 4D BIM<ref name="Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S1877705816339996,~~"Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?"~~ Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref> . Gantt charts can naturally be a part of this evolution as the links between parametric object models and their scheduling data becomes more widespread. These new forms of visualisation will improve the efficiency and accuracy of construction schedules.		The next evolutionary step for construction timelines will likely be that of 4D BIM<ref name="Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S1877705816339996, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref> . Gantt charts can naturally be a part of this evolution as the links between parametric object models and their scheduling data becomes more widespread. These new forms of visualisation will improve the efficiency and accuracy of construction schedules.

	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

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Further Perspectives

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	Current Gantt tools primarily allow for focus on only one schedule at a time creating obstacles in comparing and testing alternative versions of schedules. Future tools will likely improve upon this and allow for simpler methods of testing feasibility of different timelines.<ref name="Comparative visualization of construction schedules"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S0926580512001458, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>		Current Gantt tools primarily allow for focus on only one schedule at a time creating obstacles in comparing and testing alternative versions of schedules. Future tools will likely improve upon this and allow for simpler methods of testing feasibility of different timelines.<ref name="Comparative visualization of construction schedules"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S0926580512001458, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref>

	The next evolutionary step for construction timelines will likely be that of 4D BIM<ref name="Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S1877705816339996, Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref> . Gantt charts can naturally be a part of this evolution as the links between parametric object models and their scheduling data becomes more widespread. These new forms of visualisation will improve the efficiency and accuracy of construction schedules.		The next evolutionary step for construction timelines will likely be that of 4D BIM<ref name="Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?"> https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/science/article/pii/S1877705816339996,"Acceptance of Construction Scheduling Visualizations: Bar-charts, Flowline-charts, Or Perhaps BIM?" Retrieved February 11, 2022</ref> . Gantt charts can naturally be a part of this evolution as the links between parametric object models and their scheduling data becomes more widespread. These new forms of visualisation will improve the efficiency and accuracy of construction schedules.

	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==