Lippitt-Knoster Complex Change Management - Revision history

S160048: /* Post-project review */

2023-05-06T07:28:07Z

Post-project review

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	Both change management and project management are affected by the stage of either refreezing a change or reaching a target state. Both areas are dependent on some level of learning, hence it is important to have multiple views on the project performed. If the project manager only considered the components influencing the iron triangle of project management ~~(REF til materiale fra undervisning)~~, hence what went well or wrong with time, resources, or quality, you would forget and probably be affected by the aspects of perceived value from the project team in future projects. On the other hand, if you only focus on the components in the Lippitt-Knoster model and thus the perception of the project, the project manager would have performed a poorly job as a project manager, as the aspects of project management and thus the Iron triangle is of utmost importance.		Both change management and project management are affected by the stage of either refreezing a change or reaching a target state. Both areas are dependent on some level of learning, hence it is important to have multiple views on the project performed. If the project manager only considered the components influencing the iron triangle of project management <ref name="Favari">Edoardo Favari, 2023, Springer. Project Management: Leading Change in the Age of Complexity</ref>, hence what went well or wrong with time, resources, or quality, you would forget and probably be affected by the aspects of perceived value from the project team in future projects. On the other hand, if you only focus on the components in the Lippitt-Knoster model and thus the perception of the project, the project manager would have performed a poorly job as a project manager, as the aspects of project management and thus the Iron triangle is of utmost importance.

	=Limitation=		=Limitation=

S160048: /* Post-project review */

2023-05-06T07:27:22Z

Post-project review

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	Both change management and project management are affected by the stage of either refreezing a change or reaching a target state. Both areas are dependent on some level of learning, hence it is important to have multiple views on the project performed. If the project manager only considered the iron triangle of project management (REF til materiale fra undervisning), hence what went well or wrong with ~~the timing~~, resources, or ~~budget~~, you would forget and probably be affected by the aspects of perceived value from the project team in future projects. On the other hand, if you only focus on the components in the model and thus the perception of the project, the project manager would have performed a poorly job as a project manager, as the aspects of project management and thus the Iron triangle is of utmost importance		Both change management and project management are affected by the stage of either refreezing a change or reaching a target state. Both areas are dependent on some level of learning, hence it is important to have multiple views on the project performed. If the project manager only considered the components influencing the iron triangle of project management (REF til materiale fra undervisning), hence what went well or wrong with time, resources, or quality, you would forget and probably be affected by the aspects of perceived value from the project team in future projects. On the other hand, if you only focus on the components in the Lippitt-Knoster model and thus the perception of the project, the project manager would have performed a poorly job as a project manager, as the aspects of project management and thus the Iron triangle is of utmost importance.

	=Limitation=		=Limitation=

S160048: /* Abstract */

2023-05-06T07:19:41Z

Abstract

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	This paper will include a walk-through of the Lippitt-Knoster model and the different aspects included and considered in the model. The paper will consider the usability of the model and how the model can be used in practice, both before, during, and after a project has been completed. Thus, considering if the model can be used to improve further change initiatives and enhance learnings to use in future projects.		This paper will include a walk-through of the Lippitt-Knoster model and the different aspects included and considered in the model. The paper will consider the usability of the model and how the model can be used in practice, both before, during, and after a project has been completed. Thus, considering if the model can be used to improve further change initiatives and enhance learnings to use in future projects.

	Lastly, the article will also include aspects of limitations, regarding the conflict areas, when looking at the model from a theoretical perspective vs. a practical perspective. As Project management and change management are different management disciplines, one must consider the possible challenges of integration of the two. Furthermore, the limitations regarding organizational setup and industry will also be considered when talking about the model and how project management is included since these aspects have a large influence on working with both change management and project management.		Lastly, the article will also include aspects of limitations, regarding the conflict areas, when looking at the model from a theoretical perspective vs. a practical perspective. As Project management and change management are different management disciplines, one must consider the possible challenges of integration of the two.

	=Big idea=		=Big idea=

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2023-05-05T19:33:47Z

Big idea

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	During a project period, It is common that changes occur. These changes can be ~~in regard to~~ people, resources, timing, budget, etc. For this reason, it is important to account for the effects the changes have on the project and the project team. Hence why change management is an important factor to consider when performing projects and in project management in ~~generel~~.		During a project period, It is common that changes to occur. These changes can be regarding people, resources, timing, budget, etc. For this reason, it is important to account for the effects the changes have on the project and the project team. Hence why change management is an important factor to consider when performing projects and in project management in general.

	Whereas project management focuses on processes and activities needed to complete and be success full in a project, change management focuses on the people affected by the projects underway. Hence one would argue that a change manager uses strategies that focus on individual achievement and change adaptation, and a project manager uses processes that focus on meeting benchmarks and achieving clearly defined objectives. Thus, an inherent focus on both management disciplines would ensure projects long-term success in the organization <ref name="Lucide">LucidChart, 2023, https://www.lucidchart.com/blog/project-change-management#:~:text=What%20is%20change%20management%3F,other%20changes%20within%20the%20organization).. Understanding the difference between project management and change management</ref>.		Whereas project management focuses on processes and activities needed to complete and be success full in a project, change management focuses on the people affected by the projects underway. Hence one would argue that a change manager uses strategies that focus on individual achievement and change adaptation, and a project manager uses processes that focus on meeting benchmarks and achieving clearly defined objectives. Thus, an inherent focus on both management disciplines would ensure projects' long-term success in the organization <ref name="Lucide">LucidChart, 2023, https://www.lucidchart.com/blog/project-change-management#:~:text=What%20is%20change%20management%3F,other%20changes%20within%20the%20organization).. Understanding the difference between project management and change management</ref>.

	One recognized change model is ~~Lewins~~ tree step model, which involves the steps of ~~unfreeze~~, ~~move~~, and ~~refreeze~~. This process of change put emphasis on the need for change, hence the unfreezing, moving toward the desired change, and lastly refreezing the new norms and making sure that the change is rooted <ref name="Hayes">John Hayes, 2002/2006/2010/2014, fourth edition, Palgrave Macmillan. The Theory and ~~practice~~ of change management</ref>.		One recognized change model is Lewin's tree step model, which involves the steps of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. This process of change put emphasis on the need for change, hence the unfreezing, moving toward the desired change, and lastly refreezing the new norms and making sure that the change is rooted <ref name="Hayes">John Hayes, 2002/2006/2010/2014, fourth edition, Palgrave Macmillan. The Theory and Practice of change management</ref>.

	On the other hand, as with change management, there are multiple approaches to project management, on of them being system-oriented problem solving, or systems ~~enegineering~~. Here the breakdown structure ~~are~~ very similar to that of Lewins three step change model, as the framework for solving project with a system-oriented ~~minset~~ is mapping current state and a target state, and then ~~plan~~ for how to ~~achieved~~ this <ref name="Systems Engineering">Josef Oehmen, 2023. Systems-Oriented Problem Solving to Project Management</ref>..		On the other hand, as with change management, there are multiple approaches to project management, one of them being system-oriented problem-solving or systems engineering. Here the breakdown structure is very similar to that of Lewins' three-step change model, as the framework for solving a project with a system-oriented mindset is mapping the current state and a target state, and then planning for how to achieve this <ref name="Systems Engineering">Josef Oehmen, 2023. Systems-Oriented Problem Solving to Project Management</ref>.

	Hence, one could argue that the nature of project management and change management follows the same life cycle as is illustrated in below picture.		Hence, one could argue that the nature of project management and change management follows the same life cycle as is illustrated in below picture.

S160048: /* Abstract */

2023-05-05T19:30:03Z

Abstract

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	= Abstract =		= Abstract =
	The purpose of this wiki article is to give an overview of the Lippitt-Knoster tool for complex change management, and how this relates to project management. When considering project management, one must also consider that projects are led by people, and that most projects are influenced or ~~effected~~ by some sort of change, whether it ~~being~~ a change in deadline, budget, resources, etc. Thus when working with project management, the project manager must consider the effect of changes and thereby change management. In short, when project management and change management are integrated there is a larger chance of success <ref name="Prosci"> Prosci, 2012/2020, https://www.prosci.com/resources/articles/change-management-best-practices. Best Practices In Change Management</ref>.		The purpose of this wiki article is to give an overview of the Lippitt-Knoster tool for complex change management, and how this relates to project management. When considering project management, one must also consider that projects are led by people and that most projects are influenced or affected by some sort of change, whether it is a change in deadline, budget, resources, etc. Thus when working with project management, the project manager must consider the effect of changes and thereby change management. In short, when project management and change management are integrated there is a larger chance of success <ref name="Prosci"> Prosci, 2012/2020, https://www.prosci.com/resources/articles/change-management-best-practices. Best Practices In Change Management</ref>.

	This paper will include a walk-through of the Lippitt-Knoster model and the different aspects included and considered in the model. The paper will consider the usability of the model and how the model can be used in practice, both ~~prior~~, during and after a project has been completed. Thus, considering if the model can be used to improve further change initiatives and enhance learnings to use in future projects.		This paper will include a walk-through of the Lippitt-Knoster model and the different aspects included and considered in the model. The paper will consider the usability of the model and how the model can be used in practice, both before, during, and after a project has been completed. Thus, considering if the model can be used to improve further change initiatives and enhance learnings to use in future projects.

	Lastly the article will also include aspects of limitations, ~~in regard to~~ the conflict areas, when looking at the model from a theoretical perspective vs. a ~~practice~~ perspective. As Project management and change management are different management ~~diciplines~~, one must consider possible challenges of an integration of the two. Furthermore, the limitations ~~in regard to organisational~~ setup and industry will also be considered when talking about the model and how project management is included, since these aspects have large influence working with both change management and project management.		Lastly, the article will also include aspects of limitations, regarding the conflict areas, when looking at the model from a theoretical perspective vs. a practical perspective. As Project management and change management are different management disciplines, one must consider the possible challenges of integration of the two. Furthermore, the limitations regarding organizational setup and industry will also be considered when talking about the model and how project management is included since these aspects have a large influence on working with both change management and project management.

	=Big idea=		=Big idea=

S160048: /* References */

2023-05-05T19:28:00Z

References

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	= References =		= References =

	Many of the following references are online articles and conference papers, as the Lippitt-Knoster model was ~~birthed~~ at ~~the XX~~ conference in ~~xxxx, by xx Knoster~~, when he used the original model by xx Lippitt as sources.		Many of the following references are online articles and conference papers, as the Lippitt-Knoster model was introduced at a TACH conference in 1991, when he used the original model by Dr. M. Lippitt as sources.

	<references />		<references />

S160048: /* Limitation */

2023-05-05T17:09:02Z

Limitation

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	As change ~~mangement~~ and project management is different ~~diciplines~~ in theory, one does not function in practice without the other.		Even though change management and project management are different disciplines in theory, most often one does not function in practice without the other. Though this correlation is not something that is inherently clear in material about either project management or change management.

	~~- performing~~ the ~~analysis~~ is time consuming, and requires a lot of input~~. This input also needs to be given~~ from ~~all aspects of a~~ project, ~~thus requiring~~ a ~~lot~~ of ~~resources~~.		Specific limitations and/or challenges with using the model in practice in the scope of project management can e.g. be that it is both time-consuming and requires a lot of input from the project manager, project teams, and other involved stakeholders, which consequently requires both resources and a budget exceeding that of the project itself.
	~~- you have to~~ account for interdependencies between ~~these areas~~, as they might not be easily divided in practice.		Furthermore, the project manager or the lead on the project in the organization or consultancy, must account for interdependencies between the project management processes and change management processes, as they might not be as easily divided in practice, as they portray to be in theory.
	- it does not provide a how to, ~~but just, what is wrong -~~ as manager, you ~~need~~ to ~~either~~ know how to move forward with the results, or be prepared to put in the work and/or plan for this in ~~upcoming~~ projects.		E.g. many of the components in the Lippitt-Knoster model constitute the way of working in a change, hence influencing the quality of a given project, hence requiring a tweaking of the constraint within project management.
	-		Lastly, a limitation of the model is the fact that it does not provide a how-to guide for moving ahead with these problems to the project manager. It is merely a framework for identifying areas where processes are not working, and as a project manager, you would either have to know how to move forward with the results or be prepared to put in the work and/or plan for this in future projects.

	= References =		= References =

S160048: /* Application */

2023-05-05T16:51:12Z

Application

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	Lastly, the model can be utilized as a post-project review framework, where the project processes and experiences are reviewed regarding the components of the model. Both regarding challenges or areas where the project did not go as planned, but also regarding areas where the project team performed especially well, thus how successful or unsuccessful was the project, and ultimately what was the perception from the project team.		Lastly, the model can be utilized as a post-project review framework, where the project processes and experiences are reviewed regarding the components of the model. Both regarding challenges or areas where the project did not go as planned, but also regarding areas where the project team performed especially well, thus how successful or unsuccessful was the project, and ultimately what was the perception from the project team.
	Ultimately, the model can prove a helping tool, to understand what learnings have been made throughout the project. This can be regarding both continuous learning, hence a single loop learning, where the project manager would know where to tweak processes or input for future projects, to follow the project plan and make sure the components in the model are present. However, it can also be regarding challenging the ways of working and thinking within a project and/or project team, hence double loop learning, where the project manager has to evaluate and rethink processes and input, and make the corresponding changes in the project team, and integrate these new ways of working. Here the components in the model and the challenges that were experienced within each of these would serve as a root cause for changing and/or establishing new processes for future project work <ref name="Hayes">John Hayes, 2002/2006/2010/2014, fourth edition, Palgrave Macmillan. The Theory and Practice of change management</ref>.		Ultimately, the model can prove a helping tool, to understand what learnings have been made throughout the project. This can be regarding both continuous learning, hence a single loop learning, where the project manager would know where to tweak processes or input for future projects, to follow the project plan and make sure the components in the model are present. However, it can also be regarding challenging the ways of working and thinking within a project and/or project team, hence double loop learning, where the project manager has to evaluate and rethink processes and input, and make the corresponding changes in the project team, and integrate these new ways of working. Here the components in the model and the challenges that were experienced within each of these would serve as a root cause for changing and/or establishing new processes for future project work <ref name="Hayes">John Hayes, 2002/2006/2010/2014, fourth edition, Palgrave Macmillan. The Theory and Practice of change management</ref>.


			Both change management and project management are affected by the stage of either refreezing a change or reaching a target state. Both areas are dependent on some level of learning, hence it is important to have multiple views on the project performed. If the project manager only considered the iron triangle of project management (REF til materiale fra undervisning), hence what went well or wrong with the timing, resources, or budget, you would forget and probably be affected by the aspects of perceived value from the project team in future projects. On the other hand, if you only focus on the components in the model and thus the perception of the project, the project manager would have performed a poorly job as a project manager, as the aspects of project management and thus the Iron triangle is of utmost importance

	=Limitation=		=Limitation=

S160048: /* Post-project review */

2023-05-05T16:42:42Z

Post-project review

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	== Post-project review ==		== Post-project review ==

	- ~~How~~ did the project ~~end?~~		Lastly, the model can be utilized as a post-project review framework, where the project processes and experiences are reviewed regarding the components of the model. Both regarding challenges or areas where the project did not go as planned, but also regarding areas where the project team performed especially well, thus how successful or unsuccessful was the project, and ultimately what was the perception from the project team.
	~~- Why / why not was it~~ a ~~succes?~~		Ultimately, the model can prove a helping tool, to understand what learnings have been made throughout the project. This can be regarding both continuous learning, hence a single loop learning, where the project manager would know where to tweak processes or input for future projects, to follow the project plan and make sure the components in the model are present. However, it can also be regarding challenging the ways of working and thinking within a project and/or project team, hence double loop learning, where the project manager has to evaluate and rethink processes and input, and make the corresponding changes in the project team, and integrate these new ways of working. Here the components in the model and the challenges that were experienced within each of these would serve as a root cause for changing and/or establishing new processes for future project work <ref name="Hayes">John Hayes, 2002/2006/2010/2014, fourth edition, Palgrave Macmillan. The Theory and Practice of change management</ref>.
	- single vs. double loop learning? <ref name="Hayes">John Hayes, 2002/2006/2010/2014, fourth edition, Palgrave Macmillan. The Theory and ~~practice~~ of change management</ref>.

	=Limitation=		=Limitation=

S160048: /* Pre-project */

2023-05-05T16:14:55Z

Pre-project

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	== Pre-project ==		== Pre-project ==
	Regarding project management and the inherently present complexity in projects, the model can be utilized as a planning tool. In the mapping of the current state, referring to the system-oriented approach to project management, the project manager can use the different components in the model as corner flags in the planning, to make sure each of these is present and/or considered in the mapping of the current state.		Regarding project management and the inherently present complexity in projects, the model can be utilized as a planning tool. In the mapping of the current state, referring to the system-oriented approach to project management, the project manager can use the different components in the model as corner flags in the planning, to make sure each of these is present and/or considered in the mapping of the current state.
	So forth the project manager, already before the project commencement, knows that there are missing components, she will either have the possibility to plan around them, so forth budget constraints are present, or she will be able to increase or plan for the missing components, so that the project team already from the beginning are prepped with the mindset of a successful change or project completion.		So forth the project manager, already before the project commencement, knows that there are missing components, she will either have the possibility to plan around them, so forth budget constraints are present, or she will be able to increase or plan for the missing components so that the project team already from the beginning are prepped with the mindset of a successful change or project completion


	~~why is complexity important to consider? <ref name="Favari">Edoardo Favari, 2023, Springer. Project Management: Leading Change in the Age of Complexity</ref>.~~

	== During project ==		== During project ==