Post-Implementation Review (PIR) - Revision history

JKehler at 12:58, 15 March 2022

2022-03-15T12:58:28Z

JKehler: /* Limitations */

2022-03-15T09:21:25Z

Limitations

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	* '''High dependence on company & project'''		* '''High dependence on company & project'''
	*:- PIRs can be carried out in many different ways. The quality, but also the acceptance, depends strongly on the company and the project itself. For example, if one of the most important values of a company is "constructive feedback", then PIRs will most likely be strongly supported. Nevertheless, resistance is to be expected from managers who might feel their authority undermined. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref>		*:- PIRs can be carried out in many different ways. The quality, but also the acceptance, depends strongly on the company and the project itself. For example, if one of the most important values of a company is "constructive feedback", then PIRs will most likely be strongly supported. Nevertheless, resistance is to be expected from managers who might feel their authority undermined. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref>
	* '''Not the ~~Answer~~ to everything'''		* '''Not the answer to everything'''
	*:- PIRs help to identify the most important problems if they are carried out in an appropriate way. However, they are not the one solution that can save a company. <ref name="The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews"></ref>		*:- PIRs help to identify the most important problems if they are carried out in an appropriate way. However, they are not the one solution that can save a company. <ref name="The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews"></ref>
	* '''Time & Resources'''		* '''Time & Resources'''
	*:- It is difficult to allocate the right amount of time and resources. In addition, managers try to avoid conducting reviews to save costs, as they can cost up to 10% of the price of, for example, an implemented system. In addition, managers may not see the link between completed and upcoming projects and the knowledge they could gain from the review. This may be related to the fact that there is more billable work to do. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>.		*:- It is difficult to allocate the right amount of time and resources. In addition, managers try to avoid conducting reviews to save costs, as they can cost up to 10% of the price of, for example, an implemented system. In addition, managers may not see the link between completed and upcoming projects and the knowledge they could gain from the review. This may be related to the fact that there is more billable work to do. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>.


	===Benefits===		===Benefits===

JKehler: /* Annotated bibliography */

2022-03-15T09:20:44Z

Annotated bibliography

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	*''Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study''		*''Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study''
	This paper summarizes the results of a two-stage study on the use of PIRs in different companies in the UK. Smaller and larger companies in the two sectors "financial services" and "trading companies" were investigated. The study offers interesting insights into the different ways in which companies deal with the post-implementation phase of a project, even though it dates back to 1993. Furthermore, there is no recent study that evaluates the PIR methodology for different companies which proves the relevance of this source.		This paper summarizes the results of a two-stage study on the use of PIRs in different companies in the UK. Smaller and larger companies in the two sectors "financial services" and "trading companies" were investigated. The study offers interesting insights into the different ways in which companies deal with the post-implementation phase of a project, even though it dates back to 1993. Furthermore, there is no recent study that evaluates the PIR methodology for different companies which proves the relevance of this source.


	*'' Lessons learned through process thinking and review''
	This paper analyses the problem that companies often face similar problems in different projects. To avoid such problems, the relevance of a PIR in the post-implementation phase is assessed and practical guidance is given on how to conduct a PIR. The focus is on the critical role of the facilitator and the key areas that should be addressed. It also points out what should be included in a high-quality review, based on already gained experience.


	*''ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process''
	This article identifies critical factors that contribute to high quality PIR based on Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) projects. The challenges of past ERP system implementation projects are analyzed to explain the relatively high failure rate that was observed. Based on these findings, a practical methodology for conducting PIRs and their benefits is presented. The aim of the paper is to highlight the long-term benefits of ERP implementation when done properly. Further, it highlights the benefits of process mining to facilitate data collection.

	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

JKehler: /* Annotated bibliography */

2022-03-15T09:20:08Z

Annotated bibliography

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	==Annotated bibliography==		==Annotated bibliography==
	''Following, the titles of the references are given. The exact sources can be found in the chapter References''.		''Following, the titles of the most relevant references are given. The exact sources can be found in the chapter [http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Post-Implementation_Review_(PIR)#References References]''.


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	*''ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process''		*''ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process''
	This article identifies critical factors that contribute to high quality PIR based on Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) projects. The challenges of past ERP system implementation projects are analyzed to explain the relatively high failure rate that was observed. Based on these findings, a practical methodology for conducting PIRs and their benefits is presented. The aim of the paper is to highlight the long-term benefits of ERP implementation when done properly. Further, it highlights the benefits of process mining to facilitate data collection.		This article identifies critical factors that contribute to high quality PIR based on Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) projects. The challenges of past ERP system implementation projects are analyzed to explain the relatively high failure rate that was observed. Based on these findings, a practical methodology for conducting PIRs and their benefits is presented. The aim of the paper is to highlight the long-term benefits of ERP implementation when done properly. Further, it highlights the benefits of process mining to facilitate data collection.


	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

JKehler at 08:16, 15 March 2022

2022-03-15T08:16:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:16, 15 March 2022
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	In "ISO 21502", the project life cycle is defined as a "defined set of phases from the beginning to the end of the project". This includes the initiation of the project through to all activities including project closure. Pre- and post-project activities are not included in the project life cycle, even though the project may influence further life cycles, e.g. of a product. <ref name="ISO21502"> ISO 21502:2020</ref> Nevertheless, a project itself may have only minimal impact on the economy, environment and society in contrast to its deliverables. Taking this into account, a PIR is a useful methodology to review projects that are characterized by its temporary nature "within a broader framework of organizational objectives and given contexts and environments". <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>		In "ISO 21502", the project life cycle is defined as a "defined set of phases from the beginning to the end of the project". This includes the initiation of the project through to all activities including project closure. Pre- and post-project activities are not included in the project life cycle, even though the project may influence further life cycles, e.g. of a product. <ref name="ISO21502"> ISO 21502:2020</ref> Nevertheless, a project itself may have only minimal impact on the economy, environment and society in contrast to its deliverables. Taking this into account, a PIR is a useful methodology to review projects that are characterized by its temporary nature "within a broader framework of organizational objectives and given contexts and environments". <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>

	This article provides evidence of why a PIR should be conducted and gives project managers hands-on guidance on conducting high quality reviews by providing several examples of different industries, then elaborating its benefits and limitations.		This article provides evidence of why the methodology of a PIR should be conducted and gives project managers hands-on guidance on conducting high quality reviews by providing several examples of different industries, then elaborating its benefits and limitations.

	The importance of a PIR is highly recognized in theory, but for various reasons it is often not used in practice. This is not only due to the lack of a generic framework, but also often due to missing resources to conduct the review. In today's fast-changing world, a PIR lays the foundation for knowledge management, as discovered successes and failures can be shared to ensure a higher success rate in future projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>		The importance of a PIR is highly recognized in theory, but for various reasons it is often not used in practice. This is not only due to the lack of a generic framework, but also often due to missing resources to conduct the review. In today's fast-changing world, a PIR lays the foundation for knowledge management, as discovered successes and failures can be shared to ensure a higher success rate in future projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref> This methodology is most suitable for project management, not for programme or portfolio management.


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	Generally, a post-implementation review is carried out when the project has stabilised after a certain project phase or its implementation. For some projects (e.g., IT) it can be more difficult to define a clear start and end state than for others (e.g., construction projects). This is due to the different nature of projects and the project management methods being applied (e.g. Waterfall vs. Scrum). Nevertheless, it can be helpful to clearly define the project deliverables (milestones), as well-defined deliverables are a decisive success factor for projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>		Generally, a post-implementation review is carried out when the project has stabilised after a certain project phase or its implementation. For some projects (e.g., IT) it can be more difficult to define a clear start and end state than for others (e.g., construction projects). This is due to the different nature of projects and the project management methods being applied (e.g. Waterfall vs. Scrum). Nevertheless, it can be helpful to clearly define the project deliverables (milestones), as well-defined deliverables are a decisive success factor for projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>
			Based on the research conducted, it must be said that PIR is a methodology and not a specific tool. Therefore, the tools must be chosen carefully in order to perform a high quality PIR. Useful tools can be found [http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/ConceptBox_Projects here].

	===Watch Out! That must be considered!===		===Watch Out! That must be considered!===
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	Further, it is essential to understand that the quality and structure of the document highly depends on the company and project itself. Therefore, the document cannot be used and recognized as a mere checklist. <ref name="The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews"></ref> Thus, it cannot be neglected that any company can benefit from a PIR, the mere presence does not imply an increasing performance. It is widely discussed in the literature that the quality of the review itself has an important influence on the performance of the ~~organisation~~. <ref name="Quality of postimplementation review for enterprise resource planning systems"></ref>		Further, it is essential to understand that the quality and structure of the document highly depends on the company and project itself. Therefore, the document cannot be used and recognized as a mere checklist. <ref name="The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews"></ref> Thus, it cannot be neglected that any company can benefit from a PIR, the mere presence does not imply an increasing performance. It is widely discussed in the literature that the quality of the review itself has an important influence on the performance of the organization. <ref name="Quality of postimplementation review for enterprise resource planning systems"></ref>


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	* Learnings		* Learnings
	* Relationships		* Relationships

			However, based on the references it can be argued, that the scope of a PIR may not be limited to these categories. When considering the different standards (e.g. ISO or PMI), a project must consider both - internal and external environments. Therefore, the standards can provide further categories such as:<ref name="A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide)"> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021)</ref>
			* '''Internal environment:''' Infrastructure, Resource availability or Employee capability.
			* '''External environment:''' Marketplace conditions, regulatory environment or industry standards.

	''Example'':		''Example'':
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	====IT projects====		====IT projects====

	PIRs have become increasingly popular in the project life cycle of IT projects. Especially in the post-implementation phase of a system there are several factors that play an essential role in a system´s success. <ref name="Quality of postimplementation review for enterprise resource planning systems"></ref> The introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is one of the most common IT projects in companies. Although the benefits of such a system are widely ~~recognised~~ in the literature, a high failure rate can be observed. This is due to the complexity of the system and the associated implementation challenges and obstacles. However, when PIRs were used, a higher success rate was observed because key areas were identified and immediate action was taken. <ref name="ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process">M. ER, S. O. Zayin and F. J. Pamungkas, ''ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process'', Procedia Computer Science, vol. 124, pp. 216-223, 2017</ref> In particular the a stage model, as it is often used in system development, has been benefited greatly from it. Additionally, the quality and effectiveness of the implementation process has a direct and significant impact on the quality of the PIR. <ref name="Quality of postimplementation review for enterprise resource planning systems"></ref>		PIRs have become increasingly popular in the project life cycle of IT projects. Especially in the post-implementation phase of a system there are several factors that play an essential role in a system´s success. <ref name="Quality of postimplementation review for enterprise resource planning systems"></ref> The introduction of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems is one of the most common IT projects in companies. Although the benefits of such a system are widely recognized in the literature, a high failure rate can be observed. This is due to the complexity of the system and the associated implementation challenges and obstacles. However, when PIRs were used, a higher success rate was observed because key areas were identified and immediate action was taken. <ref name="ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process">M. ER, S. O. Zayin and F. J. Pamungkas, ''ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process'', Procedia Computer Science, vol. 124, pp. 216-223, 2017</ref> In particular the a stage model, as it is often used in system development, has been benefited greatly from it. Additionally, the quality and effectiveness of the implementation process has a direct and significant impact on the quality of the PIR. <ref name="Quality of postimplementation review for enterprise resource planning systems"></ref>


	====Construction Projects <ref name="Sustainable Project Life Cycle Management: the need to integrate life cycles in the manufacturing sector"></ref>====		====Construction Projects <ref name="Sustainable Project Life Cycle Management: the need to integrate life cycles in the manufacturing sector"></ref>====

	Not only, but especially in production processes, the alignment of all areas with sustainable factors is more important than ever. To identify areas that should be ~~optimised~~, a PIR can help to anchor sustainability in the ~~organisation~~. In contrast to IT projects, other factors such as resources play an even more important role. These include possible indicators for environmental, social and economic sustainability. Possible main criteria can be:		Not only, but especially in production processes, the alignment of all areas with sustainable factors is more important than ever. To identify areas that should be optimized, a PIR can help to anchor sustainability in the organization. In contrast to IT projects, other factors such as resources play an even more important role. These include possible indicators for environmental, social and economic sustainability. Possible main criteria can be:

	* Economic sustainability		* Economic sustainability
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	*:- A PIR includes quantitative and qualitative measures that can be difficult to evaluate together. Problems often arise when qualitative information is expressed in numbers. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref>		*:- A PIR includes quantitative and qualitative measures that can be difficult to evaluate together. Problems often arise when qualitative information is expressed in numbers. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref>
	* '''Review technique'''		* '''Review technique'''
	*:- Yet, no generic framework for PIRs exist. In addition, technical difficulties may arise. These could include the collection and separation of relevant data in different systems or the tracking and measurement of payment flows. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref> One way to obtain high quality PIRs is through process mining. With process mining, readily available data can be evaluated without the need to elaborate data collection methods. <ref name="ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process"></ref>		*:- Yet, no generic framework for PIRs exist. In addition, technical difficulties may arise. These could include the collection and separation of relevant data in different systems or the tracking and measurement of payment flows. PIR is a methodology. Different [http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/ConceptBox_Projects tools] can be used to evaluate the different categories. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref> One way to obtain high quality PIRs is through process mining. With process mining, readily available data can be evaluated without the need to elaborate data collection methods. <ref name="ERP Post Implementation Review with Process Mining: A Case of Procurement Process"></ref>
	* '''High dependence on company & project'''		* '''High dependence on company & project'''
	*:- PIRs can be carried out in many different ways. The quality, but also the acceptance, depends strongly on the company and the project itself. For example, if one of the most important values of a company is "constructive feedback", then PIRs will most likely be strongly supported. Nevertheless, resistance is to be expected from managers who might feel their authority undermined. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref>		*:- PIRs can be carried out in many different ways. The quality, but also the acceptance, depends strongly on the company and the project itself. For example, if one of the most important values of a company is "constructive feedback", then PIRs will most likely be strongly supported. Nevertheless, resistance is to be expected from managers who might feel their authority undermined. <ref name="Post-implementation reviews of investment: Evidence from a two-stage study"></ref>
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	*''Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project''		*''Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project''
	This paper explains the characteristics of a PIR incl. its limitations and benefits. Firstly, it provides background information on IT projects and knowledge management in general. Then it explains the basic principles of a PIR (e.g., what to include and consider). The majority of the paper focuses on the analysis of a real case - a failed multi-national IT project – to provide insights on the methodology of a PIR and how it may be applied.		This paper explains the characteristics of a PIR incl. its limitations and benefits. Firstly, it provides background information on IT projects and knowledge management in general. Then it explains the basic principles of a PIR (e.g., what to include and consider). The majority of the paper focuses on the analysis of a real case - a failed multi-national IT project – to provide insights on the methodology of a PIR and how it may be applied.


	*''ISO 21502:2020''
	ISO 21502:2020 is the international standard for project management and provides guidance and guidelines for it. The ISO standard can be applied to a wide range of organizations, including private and public as well as small and large organisations.


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	This article identifies critical factors that contribute to high quality PIR based on Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) projects. The challenges of past ERP system implementation projects are analyzed to explain the relatively high failure rate that was observed. Based on these findings, a practical methodology for conducting PIRs and their benefits is presented. The aim of the paper is to highlight the long-term benefits of ERP implementation when done properly. Further, it highlights the benefits of process mining to facilitate data collection.		This article identifies critical factors that contribute to high quality PIR based on Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP) projects. The challenges of past ERP system implementation projects are analyzed to explain the relatively high failure rate that was observed. Based on these findings, a practical methodology for conducting PIRs and their benefits is presented. The aim of the paper is to highlight the long-term benefits of ERP implementation when done properly. Further, it highlights the benefits of process mining to facilitate data collection.


	*''Insights from the initial post-implementation review of FIN 48''
	This paper analyzes the PIR process of the initial conducted PIR of the FIN48. The Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) determined that the a) Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and b) the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) standard had to be reviewed in a formal way in 2009. To do so, the FAF selected the interpretation 48 (FIN 48) of the FASB. The idea behind this review was to monitor and address upcoming problems that may arise after the project has been finished to future rulemaking. The paper shows another example in a different sector with a different purpose regarding the application of the PIR methodology.

	==References==		==References==
	<references />		<references />

JKehler at 12:52, 2 March 2022

2022-03-02T12:52:02Z

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	The ''Post-Implementation Review (PIR)'' (also known as Business Review, Project Audit or Post-Project Review) is a method to evaluate the success of a project and the effectiveness of the organization's procedures and processes after the project's implementation, based on		The '''Post-Implementation Review (PIR)''' ''(also known as Business Review, Project Audit or Post-Project Review)'' is a method to evaluate the success of a project and the effectiveness of the organization's procedures and processes after the project's implementation, based on
	# the key deliverables of the project,		# the key deliverables of the project,
	# the process itself going through all life cycles of the project and		# the process itself going through all life cycles of the project and

JKehler at 12:50, 2 March 2022

2022-03-02T12:50:48Z

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	This article provides evidence of why a PIR should be conducted and gives project managers hands-on guidance on conducting high quality reviews by providing several examples of different industries, then elaborating its benefits and limitations.		This article provides evidence of why a PIR should be conducted and gives project managers hands-on guidance on conducting high quality reviews by providing several examples of different industries, then elaborating its benefits and limitations.

	The importance of a PIR is highly recognized in theory, but for various reasons it is often not used in practice. This is not only due to a lack of a generic framework, but also due to ~~a lack of~~ resources to conduct the review. In today's fast-changing world, a PIR lays the foundation for knowledge management, as discovered successes and failures can be shared to ensure a higher success rate in future projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>		The importance of a PIR is highly recognized in theory, but for various reasons it is often not used in practice. This is not only due to the lack of a generic framework, but also often due to missing resources to conduct the review. In today's fast-changing world, a PIR lays the foundation for knowledge management, as discovered successes and failures can be shared to ensure a higher success rate in future projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>

JKehler at 12:49, 2 March 2022

2022-03-02T12:49:55Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:49, 2 March 2022
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	In "ISO 21502", the project life cycle is defined as a "defined set of phases from the beginning to the end of the project". This includes the initiation of the project through to all activities including project closure. Pre- and post-project activities are not included in the project life cycle, even though the project may influence further life cycles, e.g. of a product. <ref name="ISO21502"> ISO 21502:2020</ref> Nevertheless, a project itself may have only minimal impact on the economy, environment and society in contrast to its deliverables. Taking this into account, a PIR is a useful methodology to review projects that are characterized by its temporary nature "within a broader framework of organizational objectives and given contexts and environments". <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>		In "ISO 21502", the project life cycle is defined as a "defined set of phases from the beginning to the end of the project". This includes the initiation of the project through to all activities including project closure. Pre- and post-project activities are not included in the project life cycle, even though the project may influence further life cycles, e.g. of a product. <ref name="ISO21502"> ISO 21502:2020</ref> Nevertheless, a project itself may have only minimal impact on the economy, environment and society in contrast to its deliverables. Taking this into account, a PIR is a useful methodology to review projects that are characterized by its temporary nature "within a broader framework of organizational objectives and given contexts and environments". <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>

	This article ~~will provide proof on~~ why a PIR should be conducted and hands-on guidance ~~to project managers~~ on ~~how to perform~~ high quality ~~PIRs~~ by ~~giving~~ several examples of different industries, then elaborating its benefits and limitations.		This article provides evidence of why a PIR should be conducted and gives project managers hands-on guidance on conducting high quality reviews by providing several examples of different industries, then elaborating its benefits and limitations.

	The importance of a PIR is highly recognized in theory, but for various reasons it is often not used in practice. This is not only due to a lack of a generic framework, but also due to a lack of resources to conduct the review. In today's fast-changing world, a PIR lays the foundation for knowledge management, as discovered successes and failures can be shared to ensure a higher success rate in future projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>		The importance of a PIR is highly recognized in theory, but for various reasons it is often not used in practice. This is not only due to a lack of a generic framework, but also due to a lack of resources to conduct the review. In today's fast-changing world, a PIR lays the foundation for knowledge management, as discovered successes and failures can be shared to ensure a higher success rate in future projects. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>

JKehler: /* What shall be included in the PIR */

2022-03-02T12:47:46Z

What shall be included in the PIR

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	*:- If applicable, the project management may take immediate action when the system (e.g., IT project) has a direct negative impact on customers.		*:- If applicable, the project management may take immediate action when the system (e.g., IT project) has a direct negative impact on customers.

	===What shall be included ~~in the PIR~~===		===What shall be included===
	As of today, there is no general framework that can be applied to conduct high quality PIRs. One of the reasons is the high dependance on the company and the project itself. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref> Nevertheless, throughout projects in different areas similar focus points and guidelines can be identified that shall be included in a high quality PIR.		As of today, there is no general framework that can be applied to conduct high quality PIRs. One of the reasons is the high dependance on the company and the project itself. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref> Nevertheless, throughout projects in different areas similar focus points and guidelines can be identified that shall be included in a high quality PIR.

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	''Example'':		''Example'':
	Contracts are part of procurement: A PIR between an Asian and European contractor has found out, that cultural difference leads to a different understanding of contracts. Firstly, not clearly defined contracts most likely lead to conflicts needing resolution during the project. Secondly, in Asia contracts are more seen as a starting point for negotiation. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>		Contracts are part of procurement: A PIR between an Asian and European contractor has found out, that cultural difference leads to a different understanding of contracts. Firstly, not clearly defined contracts most likely lead to conflicts needing resolution during the project. Secondly, in Asia contracts are more seen as a starting point for negotiation. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>


	===Examples===		===Examples===

JKehler at 12:36, 2 March 2022

2022-03-02T12:36:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:36, 2 March 2022
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	Traditionally, the success of a project can be defined by the three dimensions of the [http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Iron_triangle Iron Triangle] covering the following dimensions: Cost, Quality and Time. However, due to the temporary characteristic of the project, the deliverable may not be explicitly of a temporary nature either. The project itself may only be a small part of the project´s deliverable itself. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>. For this reason, the PIR goes beyond these three factors and can add significant value. Further elements and activities that play an important role for the success of a project can be more easily identified . <ref name="The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews">C.-T. Dogaru and A.-M. Dogaru, ''The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews'', International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 4031-4036, 2015</ref>		Traditionally, the success of a project can be defined by the three dimensions of the [http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Iron_triangle Iron Triangle] covering the following dimensions: Cost, Quality and Time. However, due to the temporary characteristic of the project, the deliverable may not be explicitly of a temporary nature either. The project itself may only be a small part of the project´s deliverable itself. <ref name="Post Implementation Reviews - A means of Applying Knowledge: Lessons from a failed project"></ref>. For this reason, the PIR goes beyond these three factors and can add significant value. Further elements and activities that play an important role for the success of a project can be more easily identified. <ref name="The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews">C.-T. Dogaru and A.-M. Dogaru, ''The Importance of Project Post-Implementation Reviews'', International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 4031-4036, 2015</ref>