Project Stakeholder Management - Revision history

S222742: /* Interest and Power Matrix */

2023-05-09T11:44:47Z

Interest and Power Matrix

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	This diagram allows the project stakeholder manager to have an overview of the influence and the importance of every stakeholder. For instance, stakeholders in the high influence—high importance quadrant will be considered key stakeholders. It is important to consider the stakeholder point of view when building this matrix. Significant financial support coming from an organization does not necessarily imply that the organization is gonna have a strong interest in the progress of the project. On another hand, it can also help the manager to prioritize the time and resources he will put into communication and problem-solving with each of the stakeholders.		This diagram allows the project stakeholder manager to have an overview of the influence and the importance of every stakeholder. For instance, stakeholders in the high influence—high importance quadrant will be considered key stakeholders. It is important to consider the stakeholder point of view when building this matrix. Significant financial support coming from an organization does not necessarily imply that the organization is gonna have a strong interest in the progress of the project. On another hand, it can also help the manager to prioritize the time and resources he will put into communication and problem-solving with each of the stakeholders.

	For every corner of the matrix, different behaviors and good communication practices can be implemented. '''Key stakeholders''' (bottom right corner) is the group where the time resources need to be spent. They are the first that should be involved in decision processes and first-priority communication channels. They can be good advocates of the project if people need to be convinced. It is important to regularly keep in contact with them even though they are not part of an issue at some point. '''High Power, Low Interest''': Even though they are not taking an active role in the project, it is truly important to know what is important to them and how the project could start to harm them, to avoid it.<ref>Vogwell, D. (2003). Stakeholder management. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2003—EMEA, The Hague, South Holland, The Netherlands. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.</ref>		For every corner of the matrix, different behaviors and good communication practices can be implemented. '''Key stakeholders''' (bottom right corner) is the group where the time resources need to be spent. They are the first that should be involved in decision processes and first-priority communication channels. They can be good advocates of the project if people need to be convinced. It is important to regularly keep in contact with them even though they are not part of an issue at some point. For ''' High Power, Low Interest''' stakeholders: Even though they are not taking an active role in the project, it is truly important to know what is important to them and how the project could start to harm them, to avoid it.<ref>Vogwell, D. (2003). Stakeholder management. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2003—EMEA, The Hague, South Holland, The Netherlands. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.</ref>

	==Project Stakeholder management in the context of a public project==		==Project Stakeholder management in the context of a public project==

S222742: /* Interest and Impact Table */

2023-05-09T11:43:08Z

Interest and Impact Table

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	[[File:F2.jpg \| 500px\| center \| Stakeholder Interest and Impact Table, Smith, Larry W., A Stakeholder Analysis, pmi.org, 2000]]		[[File:F2.jpg \| 500px\| center \| Stakeholder Interest and Impact Table, Smith, Larry W., A Stakeholder Analysis, pmi.org, 2000]]

	The idea behind an Interest and Impact table is to create a table with all identified stakeholders, their ~~primary~~ interests, the level of the potential impact on the project if the interest is not met, and their priority ~~relative~~ to other stakeholders. ~~It's important to identify both stated and hidden interests.~~ In the example the following annotations are used : (+) for positive, (-) for negative, or (?) for unknown, as well as (H) for high, (M) for medium, (L) for low, or (?) for uncertain impact levels. Finally prioritizing stakeholders' interests can subsequently help in decision-making when not all objectives can be met, or at least not at the same time.		The idea behind an Interest and Impact table is to create a table with all identified stakeholders and then to identify each of their interests. It's important to identify both stated and hidden interests. The last ones can be found by considering the characteristics listed above, their needs, and concerns. Then for each of those interests, the level of the potential impact on the project, if the interest is not met, has to be determined. influence, authority, expertise, and resources can be considered. Finally, their relative priority compared to other stakeholders. In the example the following annotations are used : (+) for positive, (-) for negative, or (?) for unknown, as well as (H) for high, (M) for medium, (L) for low, or (?) for uncertain impact levels. Finally prioritizing stakeholders' interests can subsequently help in decision-making when not all objectives can be met, or at least not at the same time.

	==== Interest and Power Matrix ====		==== Interest and Power Matrix ====

S222742: /* The different types of stakeholders */

2023-05-09T11:33:54Z

The different types of stakeholders

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	===The different types of stakeholders ===		===The different types of stakeholders ===

	Some differentiation has to be taken into account when a stakeholder analysis is performed :		The first step of a stakeholder analysis is to identify and categorize the project's different stakeholders. The step is crucial as it will later allow us to know quickly and clearly how to communicate and handle different stakeholders, or which group of stakeholders to address for specific issues. Some differentiation has to be taken into account when a stakeholder analysis is performed :

	- The stakeholders can be individuals or groups,		- The stakeholders can be individuals or groups,

S222742: /* The different types of stakeholders */

2023-05-09T11:29:23Z

The different types of stakeholders

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	- '''Environmental/Process Related''' <ref>Atkinson et al. (1997)</ref>		- '''Environmental/Process Related''' <ref>Atkinson et al. (1997)</ref>

	- Claimants, influencers, ~~...~~		- '''Other''': Claimants, influencers, …

	=== Setting the importance and the influence===		=== Setting the importance and the influence===

S222742 at 11:19, 9 May 2023

2023-05-09T11:19:43Z

Show changes

S222742: /* Importance of stakeholder management */

2023-05-09T11:00:06Z

Importance of stakeholder management

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	- A form of resistance from them can have a negative impact on the project		- A form of resistance from them can have a negative impact on the project

			A good management of the stakeholders allow for smooth communication, stakeholder engagement, goal alignment and therefore reduce project risks. Also, poor stakeholder management can increase the complexity of a project. The close monitoring of their expectations, their influence on the project and their resources allow to be proactive on a broad variety of potential conflicts and issues that could arise. In the context of a significant project investor, effective management of their objectives and expectations will be essential in order to reduce the risk of their dissatisfaction with the project and the potential withdrawal of their resources. If there are irreconcilable conflicts between the investor's interests and the project's goals, effective project management can hopefully detect it earlier, providing valuable time to explore and implement solutions if the investor withdraws from the project.

	Examples of classic stakeholders included in a project are the project manager, the customer, team members within the performing organization, and the project sponsor. But a further analysis is necessary to define all the stakeholders and to understand their importance, expectations, possible resources,... This is the '''stakeholder analysis''', first tool for a project stakeholder management process. It involves using various methods to identify and understand the needs and expectations of internal and external stakeholders both within and outside of the project environment.		Examples of classic stakeholders included in a project are the project manager, the customer, team members within the performing organization, and the project sponsor. But a further analysis is necessary to define all the stakeholders and to understand their importance, expectations, possible resources,... This is the '''stakeholder analysis''', first tool for a project stakeholder management process. It involves using various methods to identify and understand the needs and expectations of internal and external stakeholders both within and outside of the project environment.

S222742: /* Definition */

2023-05-09T10:38:55Z

Definition

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	A formal definition of a stakeholder according to the Project Management Institute (1996) is: “individuals and organizations who are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected as a result of project execution or successful project completion”. Project Stakeholder Management ensures that a project meets stakeholders expectations, taking into account that different stakeholders may have different expectations and definitions of project success.		A formal definition of a stakeholder according to the Project Management Institute (1996) is: “individuals and organizations who are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be positively or negatively affected as a result of project execution or successful project completion”. Project Stakeholder Management ensures that a project meets stakeholders expectations, taking into account that different stakeholders may have different expectations and definitions of project success.

	Implication of stakeholders in the process of the project is essential for several reasons :		=== Importance of stakeholder management ===

			Implication and monitoring of stakeholders in the process of the project is essential for several reasons :

	- A project needs resources, financial and non-financial, provided by stakeholders		- A project needs resources, financial and non-financial, provided by stakeholders
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	- The stakeholders will establish the criteria to assess the success of the project		- The stakeholders will establish the criteria to assess the success of the project

	- They will be the ones directly of indirectly impacted (positively or negatively) by the project and its potential success		- They will be the ones directly or indirectly impacted (positively or negatively) by the project and its potential success

	- A form of resistance from them can have a negative impact on the project		- A form of resistance from them can have a negative impact on the project

	Examples of classic stakeholders included in a project are the project manager, the customer, team members within the performing organization, and the project sponsor. But a further analysis is necessary to define all the stakeholders and to understand their importance, expectations, possible resources,... This is the '''stakeholder analysis''', first tool for a project stakeholder management process. It involves using various methods to identify and understand the needs and expectations of internal and external stakeholders both within and outside of the project environment.		Examples of classic stakeholders included in a project are the project manager, the customer, team members within the performing organization, and the project sponsor. But a further analysis is necessary to define all the stakeholders and to understand their importance, expectations, possible resources,... This is the '''stakeholder analysis''', first tool for a project stakeholder management process. It involves using various methods to identify and understand the needs and expectations of internal and external stakeholders both within and outside of the project environment.



	==Understanding Stakeholders trough analysis==		==Understanding Stakeholders trough analysis==

S222742: /* Public scrutiny */

2023-02-19T17:38:20Z

Public scrutiny

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	===Public scrutiny===		===Public scrutiny===

	Public sector projects generates intense public scrutiny that can lead to increases stakeholder expectations and heightened concerns. Stakeholder relationships become public one and can add tensions on conflictual situation. The public, as a group, has to be considered as an external stakeholder with its own interest and influence. Making it involved in the project - trough public consultations, citizens assembly.		Public sector projects generates intense public scrutiny that can lead to increases stakeholder expectations and heightened concerns. Stakeholder relationships become public one and can add tensions on conflictual situation. The public, as a group, has to be considered as an external stakeholder with its own interest and influence. Making it involved in the project - trough public consultations, citizens assembly. It can help building support towards the project.

	===Time and resources constraints===		===Time and resources constraints===

S222742: /* Complex stakeholder landscape */

2023-02-19T17:36:39Z

Complex stakeholder landscape

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	===Complex stakeholder landscape===		===Complex stakeholder landscape===

	Public sector projects imply a wide range of stakeholders, each with their own interests, needs, and concerns. They are often from different professional and technical background, varying degrees and types of project objectives. Being able to understand and define individual interests is key in order to conflicts linked to miscommunication, or a feeling of incomprehension. Also, an idea could be to perform several stakeholder analysis trough the different phases of the project, as the interests and the expectations of the different stakeholders evolve.		Public sector projects imply a wide range of stakeholders, each with their own interests, needs, and concerns. They are often from different professional and technical background, varying degrees and types of project objectives. Being able to understand and define individual interests is key in order to conflicts linked to miscommunication, or a feeling of incomprehension. Also, an idea could be to perform several stakeholder analysis trough the different phases of the project, as the interests and the expectations of the different stakeholders evolve. This diversity must be seen as a strenght; having different expertises, gathered and invested permit to prevent project failures. Therefore, understanding stakeholders’ perceptions of development projects is an important factor when considering the success or failure of public projects.<ref>Dick-Sagoe, C., Lee, K.Y., Odoom, D. et al. Stakeholder perceptions on causes and effects of public project failures in Ghana. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 10, 14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01497-7</ref>

	An easy way to cope with a complex stakeholder landscape is to use a stakeholder management software, in order to ease the tracking and management of stakeholder needs and expectations.		An easy way to cope with a complex stakeholder landscape is to use a stakeholder management software, in order to ease the tracking and management of stakeholder needs and expectations.

S222742: /* Regulation and bureaucratic processes */

2023-02-19T17:27:51Z

Regulation and bureaucratic processes

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	Complex bureaucratic procedures increases the difficulty to respond to stakeholder concerns and feedback on time. Decision processes can be long and implicate a large range of stakeholders.		Complex bureaucratic procedures increases the difficulty to respond to stakeholder concerns and feedback on time. Decision processes can be long and implicate a large range of stakeholders. Manage stakeholders expectations with a clear communication about the delays regarding authorization and validation processes.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>