Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects - Revision history

Tkokotas at 15:22, 16 November 2018

2018-11-16T15:22:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:22, 16 November 2018
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			''Developed by David Moya Perrino''


	The needed of introduce renewable energy in the grid system is a clear reality. Traditional energy sources like fossil fuels or nuclear energy carry complex risks which has been evaluated and optimized in the last decades. Meanwhile, renewable energy project outlines new risks that have to be taken into consideration. Some of these problems are not well address yet, increasing the uncertainty in some of these technologies. Wind energy is not total stable, for the discontinuity of the wind; solar energy policies are not clear in many countries, changing continuously depending of the government or biomass energy, which discuss shortage and supply chain problem. Risk is a key part of all these technologies and how to manage it is a challenge which is going to be faced for the global society in the following years. Energy Project Managers has the responsibility of this changes in order to reach success and transform both the energy sector and the society <ref name=" Management of Portfolios "> Office of Government Commerce (2011). Management of Portfolios. TSO. 978-0-11-331294-8 </ref> <ref name=" Managing Successful Projects "> Office of Government Commerce (2009). Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2™. TSO. 978-0-11-331059-3</ref>.		The needed of introduce renewable energy in the grid system is a clear reality. Traditional energy sources like fossil fuels or nuclear energy carry complex risks which has been evaluated and optimized in the last decades. Meanwhile, renewable energy project outlines new risks that have to be taken into consideration. Some of these problems are not well address yet, increasing the uncertainty in some of these technologies. Wind energy is not total stable, for the discontinuity of the wind; solar energy policies are not clear in many countries, changing continuously depending of the government or biomass energy, which discuss shortage and supply chain problem. Risk is a key part of all these technologies and how to manage it is a challenge which is going to be faced for the global society in the following years. Energy Project Managers has the responsibility of this changes in order to reach success and transform both the energy sector and the society <ref name=" Management of Portfolios "> Office of Government Commerce (2011). Management of Portfolios. TSO. 978-0-11-331294-8 </ref> <ref name=" Managing Successful Projects "> Office of Government Commerce (2009). Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2™. TSO. 978-0-11-331059-3</ref>.

David Moya Perrino: /* Annotated bibliography */

2018-02-27T11:04:50Z

Annotated bibliography

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 27 February 2018
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	*Reference 6: Across the oil and gas industry, many companies are buckling under the steep decline in commodity prices. In this article Deloitte discuss risk in the oil sector and outline the main problems of this source of energy in terms of economic and political risks.		*Reference 6: Across the oil and gas industry, many companies are buckling under the steep decline in commodity prices. In this article Deloitte discuss risk in the oil sector and outline the main problems of this source of energy in terms of economic and political risks.
	*Reference 7: Forbes explains and analyses the 15 Biggest Oil Bankruptcies along the times. It supports the argument that oil industry is highly risky and renewable models should be followed.		*Reference 7: Forbes explains and analyses the 15 Biggest Oil Bankruptcies along the times. It supports the argument that oil industry is highly risky and renewable models should be followed.
	*Reference 8: Give an example how environmental risky could be the oil industry with an article of one of the biggest Spanish newspaper informing about Prestige catastrophe.		*Reference 8: Give an example how environmental risky could be the oil industry with an article of one of the biggest Spanish newspaper informing about Prestige catastrophe.
	*Reference 9: This paper discuss how risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and overt conflict have become pervasive. Risk-perception research has recently begun to provide a new perspective on this problem. Support the argument than public opinion has a strong power over the decision because people tend to amplify the real risk.		*Reference 9: This paper discuss how risk management has become increasingly politicized and contentious. Polarized views, controversy, and overt conflict have become pervasive. Risk-perception research has recently begun to provide a new perspective on this problem. Support the argument than public opinion has a strong power over the decision because people tend to amplify the real risk.
	*Reference 10: this paper outlines that one of the most perplexing problems in risk analysis is why some relatively minor risks or risk events, as assessed by technical experts, often elicit strong public concerns and result in substantial impacts upon society and economy. Support the argument than public opinion has a strong power over the decision because people tend to amplify the real risk.		*Reference 10: this paper outlines that one of the most perplexing problems in risk analysis is why some relatively minor risks or risk events, as assessed by technical experts, often elicit strong public concerns and result in substantial impacts upon society and economy. Support the argument than public opinion has a strong power over the decision because people tend to amplify the real risk.
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	Reference 28: World Council for Nature defend that bird killing by windmills is a massacre. This exemplify how windmills are risky for these animals and how some NOGs organizations are against the. This could increase risk in construction of this stations because of social rejection. Reference 29: In this case, environmental problems with human health are discussed. Problems with noise are outlined and how some neighbourhood do not agree with wind technology and want to close the wind farms. This could increase risk in construction of this stations because of social rejection.		Reference 28: World Council for Nature defend that bird killing by windmills is a massacre. This exemplify how windmills are risky for these animals and how some NOGs organizations are against the. This could increase risk in construction of this stations because of social rejection. Reference 29: In this case, environmental problems with human health are discussed. Problems with noise are outlined and how some neighbourhood do not agree with wind technology and want to close the wind farms. This could increase risk in construction of this stations because of social rejection.
	*Reference 30: Another environmental problem is discussed. This one is more subjective but it is highly interesting analysed how different could be society opinions. Visual impact is considered as an addition environmental effect of this technology. This could increase risk in construction of this stations because of social rejection.		*Reference 30: Another environmental problem is discussed. This one is more subjective but it is highly interesting analysed how different could be society opinions. Visual impact is considered as an addition environmental effect of this technology. This could increase risk in construction of this stations because of social rejection.


	==See also==		==See also==

David Moya Perrino: /* Type of risk */

2018-02-27T11:04:22Z

Type of risk

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 27 February 2018
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	*Economy and market: fifty years ago, renewable energies were not viable but the technological improvements in the last decades has become them viable or potentially viable. There are still some barriers which difficulties their entrance in the energy market. Economically there are mainly two barriers; high discount rates which creates a long-time amortization, impossible to fulfil for some technologies like Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), in these cases the best option to support them is government incentives in the first stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. In the market barrier renewable projects have to face restricted access to technology, for being not available or available at high cost due to other companies have the patents stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. This is the main reason why companies and government in this sector invest huge amount of money in R&D. Finally, the control of the energy sector. Energy is a key resource and governments and companies have a strong control over the pool. The entrance of new companies with new products is a tough enterprise, being not viable investment in some technologies. An example is the wind energy, windmills started to be highly used when governments and companies start to invest, reducing the cost, creating new power stations and introducing new policies.		*Economy and market: fifty years ago, renewable energies were not viable but the technological improvements in the last decades has become them viable or potentially viable. There are still some barriers which difficulties their entrance in the energy market. Economically there are mainly two barriers; high discount rates which creates a long-time amortization, impossible to fulfil for some technologies like Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), in these cases the best option to support them is government incentives in the first stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. In the market barrier renewable projects have to face restricted access to technology, for being not available or available at high cost due to other companies have the patents stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. This is the main reason why companies and government in this sector invest huge amount of money in R&D. Finally, the control of the energy sector. Energy is a key resource and governments and companies have a strong control over the pool. The entrance of new companies with new products is a tough enterprise, being not viable investment in some technologies. An example is the wind energy, windmills started to be highly used when governments and companies start to invest, reducing the cost, creating new power stations and introducing new policies.

	*Environmental: it have been to be discussed in the academic field if renewable energy is as good as used to say. Some author outline that they are completely clean because they use resources that are infinite so they will never run out of energy source; wind in wind energy or sun radiation in solar energy are some examples. On the other hand, there are author that question this statement, although there are not clear evidences of this fact <ref name="Finite energy"> M. Pehnt (2005). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (Ifeu), Wilckensstr. 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 2005</ref>. In order to produce electric energy with these technologies are necessary other materials, like rare earths, which are extremely scarce. The use of these technologies could be limited not for the energy resource, as happen in non-renewable energies, but for the materials needed to produce windmills and solar panels <ref name="Rare Earth"> Karen Smith Stegen (2015). Heavy rare earths, permanent magnets, and renewable energies: An imminent crisis. Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. 2005 </ref.>		*Environmental: it have been to be discussed in the academic field if renewable energy is as good as used to say. Some author outline that they are completely clean because they use resources that are infinite so they will never run out of energy source; wind in wind energy or sun radiation in solar energy are some examples. On the other hand, there are author that question this statement, although there are not clear evidences of this fact <ref name="Finite energy"> M. Pehnt (2005). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (Ifeu), Wilckensstr. 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 2005</ref>. In order to produce electric energy with these technologies are necessary other materials, like rare earths, which are extremely scarce. The use of these technologies could be limited not for the energy resource, as happen in non-renewable energies, but for the materials needed to produce windmills and solar panels <ref name="Rare Earth"> Karen Smith Stegen (2015). Heavy rare earths, permanent magnets, and renewable energies: An imminent crisis. Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. 2005 </ref> .

	=== Evaluation of the risk ===		=== Evaluation of the risk ===
	There are differences indicator to measure risk. Project Managers should evaluate them to obtain both risk impact and risk likelihood. <ref name="Risk_quantification"> J. Michelez et al (2011). Risk Quantification and Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects. Altran GMbH & Co.KG. Konstantin Graf. Veritaskai 3. 21079 Hamburg, Germany. </ref>		There are differences indicator to measure risk. Project Managers should evaluate them to obtain both risk impact and risk likelihood. <ref name="Risk_quantification"> J. Michelez et al (2011). Risk Quantification and Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects. Altran GMbH & Co.KG. Konstantin Graf. Veritaskai 3. 21079 Hamburg, Germany. </ref>
	*Safety: generally, renewable energy projects are safer than non-renewable energy projects, wind farms or solar vs nuclear or coal power stations. For this reason, safety is not considering a key aspect in the evaluation of the risk in renewable energy projects.		*Safety: generally, renewable energy projects are safer than non-renewable energy projects, wind farms or solar vs nuclear or coal power stations. For this reason, safety is not considering a key aspect in the evaluation of the risk in renewable energy projects.
	*Environmental impact: this point is one of the most favourable for renewable energy projects. The CO2 emissions are quite low in the production stage, which is normally the most evaluated, placing these projects as an optimal decision for the zero emission objectives of many companies. Some examples of energy firms which has included renewable energy projects as its core business are Ørsted <ref name="Ørsted"> Ørsted https://orsted.com/en. Visited 09-02-2018</ref>; Acciona <ref name="Acciona "> Acciona https://www.acciona.com/business-divisions/energy/. Visited 09-02-2018</ref> or Iberdrola S.A <ref name="Iberdrola "> Iberdrola S.A https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/lines-business/renewables. Visited 09-02-2018</ref.>.		*Environmental impact: this point is one of the most favourable for renewable energy projects. The CO2 emissions are quite low in the production stage, which is normally the most evaluated, placing these projects as an optimal decision for the zero emission objectives of many companies. Some examples of energy firms which has included renewable energy projects as its core business are Ørsted <ref name="Ørsted"> Ørsted https://orsted.com/en. Visited 09-02-2018</ref>; Acciona <ref name="Acciona "> Acciona https://www.acciona.com/business-divisions/energy/. Visited 09-02-2018</ref> or Iberdrola S.A <ref name="Iberdrola "> Iberdrola S.A https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/lines-business/renewables. Visited 09-02-2018 </ref> .
	*Cost: thought the years this variable has been improving in renewable energy projects. In the first stages of the technology development cost was the main reason to choose non-renewable energy project over renewable energy project. Develop, construction and financing were extremely high and these projects were only possible with governments incentives and aids. These situations have improved and it is easier finance Energy Project Management. Wind energy is an example of this improvement.		*Cost: thought the years this variable has been improving in renewable energy projects. In the first stages of the technology development cost was the main reason to choose non-renewable energy project over renewable energy project. Develop, construction and financing were extremely high and these projects were only possible with governments incentives and aids. These situations have improved and it is easier finance Energy Project Management. Wind energy is an example of this improvement.
	*Schedule: Management of Portfolios outline that this point is highly relevant in the Project Management tasks. Activities should be correctly planned taken into consideration all the stakeholder <ref name=" Management of Portfolios "> Office of Government Commerce (2011). Management of Portfolios. TSO. 978-0-11-331294-8 </ref>. Renewable energy projects used to Long-term horizon, being especially sensitive for this point. A mediocre schedule could be fatal for projects like biomass or hydraulic power stations.		*Schedule: Management of Portfolios outline that this point is highly relevant in the Project Management tasks. Activities should be correctly planned taken into consideration all the stakeholder <ref name=" Management of Portfolios "> Office of Government Commerce (2011). Management of Portfolios. TSO. 978-0-11-331294-8 </ref>. Renewable energy projects used to Long-term horizon, being especially sensitive for this point. A mediocre schedule could be fatal for projects like biomass or hydraulic power stations.

David Moya Perrino: /* Type of risk */

2018-02-27T11:03:23Z

Type of risk

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:03, 27 February 2018
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	There are differences indicator to measure risk. Project Managers should evaluate them to obtain both risk impact and risk likelihood. <ref name="Risk_quantification"> J. Michelez et al (2011). Risk Quantification and Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects. Altran GMbH & Co.KG. Konstantin Graf. Veritaskai 3. 21079 Hamburg, Germany. </ref>		There are differences indicator to measure risk. Project Managers should evaluate them to obtain both risk impact and risk likelihood. <ref name="Risk_quantification"> J. Michelez et al (2011). Risk Quantification and Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects. Altran GMbH & Co.KG. Konstantin Graf. Veritaskai 3. 21079 Hamburg, Germany. </ref>
	*Safety: generally, renewable energy projects are safer than non-renewable energy projects, wind farms or solar vs nuclear or coal power stations. For this reason, safety is not considering a key aspect in the evaluation of the risk in renewable energy projects.		*Safety: generally, renewable energy projects are safer than non-renewable energy projects, wind farms or solar vs nuclear or coal power stations. For this reason, safety is not considering a key aspect in the evaluation of the risk in renewable energy projects.
	*Environmental impact: this point is one of the most favourable for renewable energy projects. The CO2 emissions are quite low in the production stage, which is normally the most evaluated, placing these projects as an optimal decision for the zero emission objectives of many companies. Some examples of energy firms which has included renewable energy projects as its core business are Ørsted <ref name="Ørsted"> Ørsted https://orsted.com/en. Visited 09-02-2018</ref>; Acciona <ref name="Acciona "> Acciona https://www.acciona.com/business-divisions/energy/. Visited 09-02-2018</ref> or Iberdrola S.A <ref name="Iberdrola "> Iberdrola S.A https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/lines-business/renewables. Visited 09-02-2018</ref>.		*Environmental impact: this point is one of the most favourable for renewable energy projects. The CO2 emissions are quite low in the production stage, which is normally the most evaluated, placing these projects as an optimal decision for the zero emission objectives of many companies. Some examples of energy firms which has included renewable energy projects as its core business are Ørsted <ref name="Ørsted"> Ørsted https://orsted.com/en. Visited 09-02-2018</ref>; Acciona <ref name="Acciona "> Acciona https://www.acciona.com/business-divisions/energy/. Visited 09-02-2018</ref> or Iberdrola S.A <ref name="Iberdrola "> Iberdrola S.A https://www.iberdrola.com/about-us/lines-business/renewables. Visited 09-02-2018</ref.>.
	*Cost: thought the years this variable has been improving in renewable energy projects. In the first stages of the technology development cost was the main reason to choose non-renewable energy project over renewable energy project. Develop, construction and financing were extremely high and these projects were only possible with governments incentives and aids. These situations have improved and it is easier finance Energy Project Management. Wind energy is an example of this improvement.		*Cost: thought the years this variable has been improving in renewable energy projects. In the first stages of the technology development cost was the main reason to choose non-renewable energy project over renewable energy project. Develop, construction and financing were extremely high and these projects were only possible with governments incentives and aids. These situations have improved and it is easier finance Energy Project Management. Wind energy is an example of this improvement.
	*Schedule: Management of Portfolios outline that this point is highly relevant in the Project Management tasks. Activities should be correctly planned taken into consideration all the stakeholder <ref name=" Management of Portfolios "> Office of Government Commerce (2011). Management of Portfolios. TSO. 978-0-11-331294-8 </ref>. Renewable energy projects used to Long-term horizon, being especially sensitive for this point. A mediocre schedule could be fatal for projects like biomass or hydraulic power stations.		*Schedule: Management of Portfolios outline that this point is highly relevant in the Project Management tasks. Activities should be correctly planned taken into consideration all the stakeholder <ref name=" Management of Portfolios "> Office of Government Commerce (2011). Management of Portfolios. TSO. 978-0-11-331294-8 </ref>. Renewable energy projects used to Long-term horizon, being especially sensitive for this point. A mediocre schedule could be fatal for projects like biomass or hydraulic power stations.

David Moya Perrino: /* Type of risk */

2018-02-27T11:02:55Z

Type of risk

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 27 February 2018
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	*Economy and market: fifty years ago, renewable energies were not viable but the technological improvements in the last decades has become them viable or potentially viable. There are still some barriers which difficulties their entrance in the energy market. Economically there are mainly two barriers; high discount rates which creates a long-time amortization, impossible to fulfil for some technologies like Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), in these cases the best option to support them is government incentives in the first stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. In the market barrier renewable projects have to face restricted access to technology, for being not available or available at high cost due to other companies have the patents stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. This is the main reason why companies and government in this sector invest huge amount of money in R&D. Finally, the control of the energy sector. Energy is a key resource and governments and companies have a strong control over the pool. The entrance of new companies with new products is a tough enterprise, being not viable investment in some technologies. An example is the wind energy, windmills started to be highly used when governments and companies start to invest, reducing the cost, creating new power stations and introducing new policies.		*Economy and market: fifty years ago, renewable energies were not viable but the technological improvements in the last decades has become them viable or potentially viable. There are still some barriers which difficulties their entrance in the energy market. Economically there are mainly two barriers; high discount rates which creates a long-time amortization, impossible to fulfil for some technologies like Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), in these cases the best option to support them is government incentives in the first stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. In the market barrier renewable projects have to face restricted access to technology, for being not available or available at high cost due to other companies have the patents stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. This is the main reason why companies and government in this sector invest huge amount of money in R&D. Finally, the control of the energy sector. Energy is a key resource and governments and companies have a strong control over the pool. The entrance of new companies with new products is a tough enterprise, being not viable investment in some technologies. An example is the wind energy, windmills started to be highly used when governments and companies start to invest, reducing the cost, creating new power stations and introducing new policies.

	*Environmental: it have been to be discussed in the academic field if renewable energy is as good as used to say. Some author outline that they are completely clean because they use resources that are infinite so they will never run out of energy source; wind in wind energy or sun radiation in solar energy are some examples. On the other hand, there are author that question this statement, although there are not clear evidences of this fact <ref name="Finite energy"> M. Pehnt (2005). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (Ifeu), Wilckensstr. 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 2005</ref>. In order to produce electric energy with these technologies are necessary other materials, like rare earths, which are extremely scarce. The use of these technologies could be limited not for the energy resource, as happen in non-renewable energies, but for the materials needed to produce windmills and solar panels <ref name="Rare Earth"> Karen Smith Stegen (2015). Heavy rare earths, permanent magnets, and renewable energies: An imminent crisis. Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. 2005 </ref.		*Environmental: it have been to be discussed in the academic field if renewable energy is as good as used to say. Some author outline that they are completely clean because they use resources that are infinite so they will never run out of energy source; wind in wind energy or sun radiation in solar energy are some examples. On the other hand, there are author that question this statement, although there are not clear evidences of this fact <ref name="Finite energy"> M. Pehnt (2005). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (Ifeu), Wilckensstr. 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 2005</ref>. In order to produce electric energy with these technologies are necessary other materials, like rare earths, which are extremely scarce. The use of these technologies could be limited not for the energy resource, as happen in non-renewable energies, but for the materials needed to produce windmills and solar panels <ref name="Rare Earth"> Karen Smith Stegen (2015). Heavy rare earths, permanent magnets, and renewable energies: An imminent crisis. Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. 2005 </ref.>

	=== Evaluation of the risk ===		=== Evaluation of the risk ===

David Moya Perrino at 11:02, 27 February 2018

2018-02-27T11:02:25Z

Show changes

David Moya Perrino: /* Type of risk */

2018-02-16T17:09:38Z

Type of risk

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:09, 16 February 2018
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	*Economy and market: fifty years ago, renewable energies were not viable but the technological improvements in the last decades has become them viable or potentially viable. There are still some barriers which difficulties their entrance in the energy market. Economically there are mainly two barriers; high discount rates which creates a long-time amortization, impossible to fulfil for some technologies like Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), in these cases the best option to support them is government incentives in the first stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. In the market barrier renewable projects have to face restricted access to technology, for being not available or available at high cost due to other companies have the patents stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. This is the main reason why companies and government in this sector invest huge amount of money in R&D. Finally, the control of the energy sector. Energy is a key resource and governments and companies have a strong control over the pool. The entrance of new companies with new products is a tough enterprise, being not viable investment in some technologies. An example is the wind energy, windmills started to be highly used when governments and companies start to invest, reducing the cost, creating new power stations and introducing new policies.		*Economy and market: fifty years ago, renewable energies were not viable but the technological improvements in the last decades has become them viable or potentially viable. There are still some barriers which difficulties their entrance in the energy market. Economically there are mainly two barriers; high discount rates which creates a long-time amortization, impossible to fulfil for some technologies like Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES), in these cases the best option to support them is government incentives in the first stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. In the market barrier renewable projects have to face restricted access to technology, for being not available or available at high cost due to other companies have the patents stages <ref name="Barriers"> J.P. Painuly (2000). Barriers to renewable energy penetration; a framework for analysis. UNEP Collaborating Centre on Energy and Environment, Risø National Laboratory, Roskilde-4000, Denmark </ref>. This is the main reason why companies and government in this sector invest huge amount of money in R&D. Finally, the control of the energy sector. Energy is a key resource and governments and companies have a strong control over the pool. The entrance of new companies with new products is a tough enterprise, being not viable investment in some technologies. An example is the wind energy, windmills started to be highly used when governments and companies start to invest, reducing the cost, creating new power stations and introducing new policies.

	*Environmental: it have been to be discussed in the academic field if renewable energy is as good as used to say. Some author outline that they are completely clean because they use resources that are infinite so they will never run out of energy source; wind in wind energy or sun radiation in solar energy are some examples. On the other hand, there are author that question this statement, although there are not clear evidences of this fact <ref name="Finite energy"> M. Pehnt (2005). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (Ifeu), Wilckensstr. 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 2005</ref>. In order to produce electric energy with these technologies are necessary other materials, like rare earths, which are extremely scarce. The use of these technologies could be limited not for the energy resource, as happen in non-renewable energies, but for the materials needed to produce windmills and solar panels <ref name="Rare Earth"> Karen Smith Stegen (2015). Heavy rare earths, permanent magnets, and renewable energies: An imminent crisis. Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. 2005 </ref.		*Environmental: it have been to be discussed in the academic field if renewable energy is as good as used to say. Some author outline that they are completely clean because they use resources that are infinite so they will never run out of energy source; wind in wind energy or sun radiation in solar energy are some examples. On the other hand, there are author that question this statement, although there are not clear evidences of this fact <ref name="Finite energy"> M. Pehnt (2005). Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research Heidelberg (Ifeu), Wilckensstr. 3, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 2005</ref>. In order to produce electric energy with these technologies are necessary other materials, like rare earths, which are extremely scarce. The use of these technologies could be limited not for the energy resource, as happen in non-renewable energies, but for the materials needed to produce windmills and solar panels <ref name="Rare Earth"> Karen Smith Stegen (2015). Heavy rare earths, permanent magnets, and renewable energies: An imminent crisis. Jacobs University, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany. 2005 </ref>.

	=== Evaluation of the risk ===		=== Evaluation of the risk ===

David Moya Perrino: /* Annotated bibliography */

2018-02-13T18:46:04Z

Annotated bibliography

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:46, 13 February 2018
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	*Reference 24:		*Reference 24:
	*Reference 25:		*Reference 25:
			*Reference 26:
			*Reference 27:
			*Reference 28:

	==See also==		==See also==

David Moya Perrino: /* Risk Management: Main considerations */

2018-02-13T18:44:34Z

Risk Management: Main considerations

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:44, 13 February 2018
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	==Risk Management: Main considerations ==		==Risk Management: Main considerations ==
	“Project risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on the project objective”. To reach mitigation of the risks, some stages are outlined <ref name="PMBOK"> PMI (2000). PMBOK Guide. Project Management Institute. Newton Square, Pennsylvania USA </ref>:		“Project risk is an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on the project objective”. To reach mitigation of the risks, some stages are outlined <ref name="PMBOK"> PMI (2000). PMBOK Guide. Project Management Institute. Newton Square, Pennsylvania USA </ref>:
	#Planning: in this first stage the activities of the project are decided by the Project Manager.		#Planning: in this first stage the activities of the project are decided by the Project Manager.
	#Identification: risk that could affect the project are addressed. It is important consider them all because if they are not considered, it will not be further analysis of them.		#Identification: risk that could affect the project are addressed. It is important consider them all because if they are not considered, it will not be further analysis of them.
Line 21:		Line 21:

	There is not a standardize procedure. Authors agree about main points but they used different structures given divergent importance to each point. In the next figure it is presented an example; “loop of control”, proposed by International Project Management Journal in 1999 <ref name="PM Journal"> PMI (1999). International Project Management Journal. Project Management Association Finland. Vol. 5, No.1 1999. ISSN 1455-4186 </ref>:		There is not a standardize procedure. Authors agree about main points but they used different structures given divergent importance to each point. In the next figure it is presented an example; “loop of control”, proposed by International Project Management Journal in 1999 <ref name="PM Journal"> PMI (1999). International Project Management Journal. Project Management Association Finland. Vol. 5, No.1 1999. ISSN 1455-4186 </ref>:
	[[File: Loop_of_control.png \|500px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 1: Loop of control <ref name="PM Journal"> PMI (199). International Project Management Journal. Project Management Association Finland. Vol. 5, No.1 1999. ISSN 1455-4186 </ref>]]		[[File: Loop_of_control.png \|500px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 1: Loop of control <ref name="PM Journal"> PMI (199). International Project Management Journal. Project Management Association Finland. Vol. 5, No.1 1999. ISSN 1455-4186 </ref>]]


	==Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects ==		==Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects ==

David Moya Perrino at 18:44, 13 February 2018

2018-02-13T18:44:05Z

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