Risk assessment using Failure mode and effects analysis - Revision history

NP: /* Application */

2023-05-09T21:38:35Z

Application

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	Furthermore, in Figure 2 there is an explanation on how to fill out each column. This might lead to questions about the scale used for the severity, occurrence, and detection rating. Usually, the rating is made using the scaling shown in Figure 3, 4 and 5.		Furthermore, in Figure 2 there is an explanation on how to fill out each column. This might lead to questions about the scale used for the severity, occurrence, and detection rating. Usually, the rating is made using the scaling shown in Figure 3, 4 and 5.

	[[File: Severity_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Severity_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Detection_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Detection_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]

	As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.		As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.

NP: /* How to apply the FMEA */

2023-05-09T21:36:00Z

How to apply the FMEA

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	[[File: Severity_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Severity_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: ~~Detection_scale~~.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Detection_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]

	As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.		As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.

NP: /* How to apply the FMEA */

2023-05-09T21:34:52Z

How to apply the FMEA

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:34, 9 May 2023
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	Furthermore, in Figure 2 there is an explanation on how to fill out each column. This might lead to questions about the scale used for the severity, occurrence, and detection rating. Usually, the rating is made using the scaling shown in Figure 3, 4 and 5.		Furthermore, in Figure 2 there is an explanation on how to fill out each column. This might lead to questions about the scale used for the severity, occurrence, and detection rating. Usually, the rating is made using the scaling shown in Figure 3, 4 and 5.

	[[File: ~~Severity_scale~~.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based ~~off~~<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Severity_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based ~~off~~<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]

	As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.		As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.

NP: /* How to apply the FMEA */

2023-05-09T21:32:53Z

How to apply the FMEA

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 9 May 2023
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	[[File: Severity_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Severity_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: ~~Occurence_scale~~.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based ~~off~~<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]

NP: /* How to apply the FMEA */

2023-05-09T21:28:02Z

How to apply the FMEA

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 9 May 2023
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	Furthermore, in Figure 2 there is an explanation on how to fill out each column. This might lead to questions about the scale used for the severity, occurrence, and detection rating. Usually, the rating is made using the scaling shown in Figure 3, 4 and 5.		Furthermore, in Figure 2 there is an explanation on how to fill out each column. This might lead to questions about the scale used for the severity, occurrence, and detection rating. Usually, the rating is made using the scaling shown in Figure 3, 4 and 5.

	[[File: Severity_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 <ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Severity_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Occurence_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Occurence_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]

	As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.		As these scales are not absolute, they are affected by subjectivity. Thus, even though the RPN is a number it does not make the FMEA a quantitative method. The scaling definitions might also defer slightly depending on what sort of context the FMEA is applied to, whether it is a product development project, construction project or other sort of project. However as seen from the scaling in Figure 3, 4 and 5 the FMEA method is often used to analyze failures in product and system development projects.

NP: /* Fuzzy FMEA */

2023-05-09T21:17:55Z

Fuzzy FMEA

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	The method is based on mathematical principles in the form of degrees of membership functions. Fuzzy logic involves determining the degree of membership in a set. This means the member variable can not only be binary, where 0 represents a non-member and 1 represents a member, but a value ranging from 0 to 1 representing an increase in membership level<ref name=Fuzzy_FMEA>Nuchpho, Pinnarat et al. (2019). '' Modified Fuzzy FMEA Application in the Reduction of Defective Poultry Products'' .</ref>. For the FMEA this means that the 1-10 ranking of the S, O, and D is divided into linguistic membership groups, it could be the five following: Very Low (VL), Low (L), Medium (M), High (H), and Very High (VH). This can be seen in Figure 7.		The method is based on mathematical principles in the form of degrees of membership functions. Fuzzy logic involves determining the degree of membership in a set. This means the member variable can not only be binary, where 0 represents a non-member and 1 represents a member, but a value ranging from 0 to 1 representing an increase in membership level<ref name=Fuzzy_FMEA>Nuchpho, Pinnarat et al. (2019). '' Modified Fuzzy FMEA Application in the Reduction of Defective Poultry Products'' .</ref>. For the FMEA this means that the 1-10 ranking of the S, O, and D is divided into linguistic membership groups, it could be the five following: Very Low (VL), Low (L), Medium (M), High (H), and Very High (VH). This can be seen in Figure 7.

	[[File: Linguistic_groups_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 7 – Linguistic groups for S, O and D. <ref name="fuzzy"/>]]		[[File: Linguistic_groups_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 7 – Linguistic groups for S, O and D - based on<ref name="fuzzy"/>]]

	What the fuzzy logic then does is for example if a rank is 2 it is not just a member of one group but could have a 0.7 membership of the group Low and a 0.3 membership of the group Very Low. The Fuzzy logic method then uses something called a rule base that aggregates the membership levels of the 3 parameters into one final fuzzy output. The rule base essentially combines the fuzzy S, O and D values into 4 linguistic membership groups for risk:		What the fuzzy logic then does is for example if a rank is 2 it is not just a member of one group but could have a 0.7 membership of the group Low and a 0.3 membership of the group Very Low. The Fuzzy logic method then uses something called a rule base that aggregates the membership levels of the 3 parameters into one final fuzzy output. The rule base essentially combines the fuzzy S, O and D values into 4 linguistic membership groups for risk:

NP: /* Limitations */

2023-05-09T21:14:30Z

Limitations

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	#Potential waste of resources: Conversely, it might be that the analysis is too time consuming compared to what is gained from it and resources thereby are wasted. <ref name=Failure_knowledge>Dai, Wei & Maropoulos, Paul & Cheung, Wai & Tang, Xiaoqing. (2011). ''Decision-making in product quality based on failure knowledge.'' Int. J. of Product Lifecycle Management </ref>		#Potential waste of resources: Conversely, it might be that the analysis is too time consuming compared to what is gained from it and resources thereby are wasted. <ref name=Failure_knowledge>Dai, Wei & Maropoulos, Paul & Cheung, Wai & Tang, Xiaoqing. (2011). ''Decision-making in product quality based on failure knowledge.'' Int. J. of Product Lifecycle Management </ref>

	As is also mentioned in the PRINCE2 guide the risk management approach should be appropriate for the size of the project. Therefore, the size scale and complexity of the project should be taken into consideration when applying the FMEA so that it does not create undue burden and bureaucracy. <ref name=Prince2/> However, this applies both ways. If the FMEA is the basis of a risk assessment in a very large and expensive project the project manager could consider applying the Fuzzy-FMEA. This would remove some of the limitations of the normal FMEA regarding subjectivity in the Severity, Occurrence and Detection ratings and make the ranking of the largest risks, based on the RPN values even more precise. The cost of doing this however is increased resource spending as the Fuzzy-FMEA is a rather complicated method.		As is also mentioned in the PRINCE2 guide the risk management approach should be appropriate for the size of the project. Therefore, the size scale and complexity of the project should be taken into consideration when applying the FMEA so that it does not create undue burden and bureaucracy. <ref name=Prince2/> However, this applies both ways. If the FMEA is the basis of a risk assessment in a very large and expensive project the project manager could consider applying the Fuzzy-FMEA. This would remove some of the limitations of the normal FMEA regarding subjectivity in the Severity, Occurrence and Detection ratings and make the ranking of the largest risks, based on the RPN values even more precise. The cost of doing this however is increased resource spending as the Fuzzy-FMEA is a rather complicated method. <ref name=fuzzy/>

	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

NP: /* The risk management process */

2023-05-09T21:06:27Z

The risk management process

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	[[File: Risk_management_process_NP3.jpg\|right\|800px\|thumb\|Figure 1 - Risk management process with risk assessment steps marked with the blue area and risk analysis with the green area. <ref> ''PMI risk management framework overview. '' Figure created by: Niels Peter Lindegaard based on the PMI risk standard </ref>]]		[[File: Risk_management_process_NP3.jpg\|right\|800px\|thumb\|Figure 1 - Risk management process with risk assessment steps marked with the blue area and risk analysis with the green area. <ref> ''PMI risk management framework overview. '' Figure created by: Niels Peter Lindegaard based on the PMI risk standard </ref>]]

	Figure 1 shows the seven steps in the risk management process, furthermore it outlines the sub-steps that make up the risk assessment process. Then again part of the risk assessment ~~steps~~ are the risk analysis which can be either quantitative or qualitative. ~~Which means~~ the whole risk management process ~~is made up of these sup-steps~~. Following ~~the steps of~~ the risk management process the project manager can enforce countermeasures to reduce risks. A strong basis for making these decisions is vital and therefore choosing a good risk assessment tool plays an important role in helping the project manager successfully manage the risks.		Figure 1 shows the seven steps in the risk management process, furthermore it outlines the sub-steps that make up the risk assessment process. Then again part of the risk assessment are the risk analysis which can be either quantitative or qualitative. Thereby the risk analysis is the backbone of the risk assessment which is the base for the whole risk management process. Following the risk management process the project manager can enforce countermeasures to reduce risks. A strong basis for making these decisions is vital and therefore choosing a good risk assessment tool plays an important role in helping the project manager successfully manage the risks.

	==== Risk assessments ====		==== Risk assessments ====

NP: /* Annotated Bibliography */

2023-05-09T21:03:25Z

Annotated Bibliography

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	* '''''Damnjanovic, I. (2019). Project Risk Management Fundamentals. Springer''''' <ref name="Risk_springer"/>		* '''''Damnjanovic, I. (2019). Project Risk Management Fundamentals. Springer''''' <ref name="Risk_springer"/>
	:- Another book on managing risk that goes a bit more in depth than the PMI standard and also explains the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis. The risk management process is not identical ~~but~~ to the PMI but the overall logic is the same. Very useful to dive deeper into the individual steps of the process.		:- Another book on managing risk that goes a bit more in depth than the PMI standard and also explains the difference between qualitative and quantitative analysis. The risk management process is not identical to the PMI as this book is based on the ISO standard, but the overall logic is the same. Very useful to dive deeper into the individual steps of the process.

	* '''''L. Pokoradi, S. Kocak and E. Toth-Laufer, Fuzzy Hierarchical Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, ''''' <ref name="fuzzy"/>		* '''''L. Pokoradi, S. Kocak and E. Toth-Laufer, Fuzzy Hierarchical Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, ''''' <ref name="fuzzy"/>

NP at 21:02, 9 May 2023

2023-05-09T21:02:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:02, 9 May 2023
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	== Risk Management and FMEA ==		== Risk Management and FMEA ==
	Before we dive into a further explanation of the FMEA tool, we begin with the purpose of the tool. This starts with an overview of what risk management is, therefore, we must understand what risk means. The risk definition used in this article comes from the PRINCE2 guide on managing projects. It states risk as: ''An uncertain event or set of events that, should it occur, will have an effect on the achievement of objectives. A risk is measured by a combination of the probability of a perceived threat or opportunity occurring, and the magnitude of its impact on objectives.'' <ref name=Prince2> AXELOS.(2017) ''Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2'', The Stationery Office Ltd.</ref>. PRINCE2 thereby defines risk as both threats and opportunities, however usually the focus is on the threats because of the negative impact they can have on projects. Part of the project managers task is therefore to be able to manage risk. This can be done using the risk management process, which involves assessing the threats and vulnerabilities in each project. The purpose of the FMEA method is to do exactly that and it fits into ~~this~~ process as its purposes is to identify risk, analyze risk ~~(using a mostly qualitative risk analysis)~~ as well as propose plans for risk response.		Before we dive into a further explanation of the FMEA tool, we begin with the purpose of the tool. This starts with an overview of what risk management is, therefore, we must understand what risk means. The risk definition used in this article comes from the PRINCE2 guide on managing projects. It states risk as: ''An uncertain event or set of events that, should it occur, will have an effect on the achievement of objectives. A risk is measured by a combination of the probability of a perceived threat or opportunity occurring, and the magnitude of its impact on objectives.'' <ref name=Prince2> AXELOS.(2017) ''Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2'', The Stationery Office Ltd.</ref>. PRINCE2 thereby defines risk as both threats and opportunities, however usually the focus is on the threats because of the negative impact they can have on projects. Part of the project managers task is therefore to be able to manage risk. This can be done using the risk management process, which involves assessing the threats and vulnerabilities in each project. The purpose of the FMEA method is to do exactly that and it fits into the risk management process as its purposes is to identify risk and analyze risk as well as propose plans for risk response.

	=== The risk management process ===		=== The risk management process ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 9 May 2023
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	[[File: Severity_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Severity_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 3 - Description of the ranking of the severity ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: ~~Occurence_scale~~.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based ~~off~~<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Occurence_scale_v2.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 4 - Description of the ranking of the occurence ratings from 1 to 10 - based on<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]
	[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]		[[File: Detection_scale.png \|right\|400px\|thumb\|Figure 5 - Description of the ranking of the detection ratings from 1 to 10 - based off<ref name=Nuchpo/>]]