Fixed-price contracts
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=='''Big idea'''== | =='''Big idea'''== | ||
| − | A project manager's role is to manage a project. Project management is the planning, delegating, monitoring, and control of all the aspects of the project. Project management is also the motivation of those involved in the project. | + | A project manager's role is to manage a project. Project management is the planning, delegating, monitoring, and control of all the aspects of the project. Project management is also the motivation of those involved in the project. This is done to achieve the project objectives within the expected performance targets. There are six aspects/variables involved in any project, and therefore six project performances to be managed. These aspects/variables are cost, timescales, quality, scope, benefits, and risk. (6) |
| − | The first aspect involved in any project is | + | The first aspect involved in any project is the cost and agreements. In projects, agreements take the form of contracts. A contract is a binding agreement between the supplier to provide the specified product, service, or result and the client to pay for the service. A project manager can use different types of contracts; some of them are listed here. (7) |
- Fixed-price contracts: This contract involves setting a fixed price for a well-defined product or service. | - Fixed-price contracts: This contract involves setting a fixed price for a well-defined product or service. | ||
- Cost-reimbursable contracts: This contract involves payments to the supplier for completing the work plus a fee representing supplier profit. This kind of contract is often used when the project scope is not that well defined. | - Cost-reimbursable contracts: This contract involves payments to the supplier for completing the work plus a fee representing supplier profit. This kind of contract is often used when the project scope is not that well defined. | ||
| − | - Time and materials (T&M): This contract establishes a fixed hourly rate | + | - Time and materials (T&M): This contract establishes a fixed hourly rate but not a precise statement of work. It can be used for staff or other outside support. This type of contract is appropriate when the scope is less well-defined or could change during the project. |
| − | - Indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ): This contract provides an indefinite quantity of services, with a lower and upper limit | + | - Indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ): This contract provides an indefinite quantity of services, with a lower and upper limit and a fixed time period. This kind of contract is often used for architectural, engineering, or information engagements. (7) |
====Fixed-Price Contract==== | ====Fixed-Price Contract==== | ||
| − | A fixed-price contract is a contract that involves setting a fixed price for a well-defined product or service. The agreed-upon price for the service is unchanged throughout the project. If the project takes more time | + | A fixed-price contract is a contract that involves setting a fixed price for a well-defined product or service. The agreed-upon price for the service is unchanged throughout the project. If the project takes more time uses more materials or labor than first estimated, the price stays the same. |
| − | Therefore is it | + | Therefore, is it essential for the supplier to be very accurate when defining their offer for the scope of work. Once the offer is determined, it is shared with the client, and if the client agrees with the price for the work, it is final, and no change in man-hours or cost of materials can be considered. (1) |
| − | + | The supplier can't renegotiate the price when a project runs under a fixed-price contract. If something is taking more man-hours or requires more material than expected, the supplier will have to deal with this extra cost themselves. The supplier can communicate with the client for a price change, but the client is under no obligation to do so. If the client changes the scope of work, the supplier can expect a difference in the contracted price. (2) | |
| − | Projects with a fixed-price contract have a higher risk/reward profile. The risk in these | + | Projects with a fixed-price contract have a higher risk/reward profile. The risk in these projects is more significant for the supplier than in other projects, but in exchange for more reward if the project is an accurate offer and the project is well managed. The project manager in such projects needs to remind the client that if they want a difference or a change in the scope of work, it requires a contract modification. The project manager should also have a project team that understands projects running under fixed-price contracts. |
| − | As shown | + | As shown in figure 1, fixed-price contracts have the highest risk for the supplier and the lowest risk for the client. It is also shown that the time and materials contract has the same high/low risk for both the supplier and the client. At last, it is shown that a cost-based contract has the lowest risk for the supplier and the highest risk for the client. Therefore it is essential for the project manager to manage the six aspects involved in the project and have discipline when running a project under fixed-price contracts. (5) |
Figur med RISK | Figur med RISK | ||
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• Supplier: | • Supplier: | ||
| − | The person | + | The person that is offering for the work. |
• Worksite: | • Worksite: | ||
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• Price and Payment: | • Price and Payment: | ||
| − | Total price for the service, which is fixed and unchangeable throughout the project, how and when | + | Total price for the service, which is fixed and unchangeable throughout the project, how and when the client will make payments to the supplier. |
'''''Supporting Documents and Costs''''': | '''''Supporting Documents and Costs''''': | ||
• Documentation: | • Documentation: | ||
| − | Construction drawings, blueprints, exhibits, etc. need to be included in the contract. | + | Construction drawings, blueprints, exhibits, etc., need to be included in the contract. |
• Materials and Labor: | • Materials and Labor: | ||
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• Start and End Dates: | • Start and End Dates: | ||
| − | The schedule | + | The schedule includes the starting and completion dates, milestones, and other important dates. |
• Licensing and Permits: | • Licensing and Permits: | ||
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• Warranties: | • Warranties: | ||
| − | Warranties of the work, the supplier warrants the work and material defects. | + | Warranties of the work, the supplier warrants the work, and material defects. |
'''''Closure''''': | '''''Closure''''': | ||
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• Insurance: | • Insurance: | ||
| − | Insurance obtained by client and supplier | + | Insurance obtained by client and supplier protects against damage, claims, etc. |
• Liquidated Damages: | • Liquidated Damages: | ||
| − | The agreed-upon sum | + | The agreed-upon sum the supplier will pay the client for each day the project goes over the contracted deadline. |
• Force Majeure: | • Force Majeure: | ||
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====Fixed-Price Contracts buildup==== | ====Fixed-Price Contracts buildup==== | ||
| − | As shown in | + | As shown in figure 2, the client's and supplier's standpoint of a typical buildup of the price for a fixed-price contract and project. (5) |
'''''Supplier's standpoint''''': | '''''Supplier's standpoint''''': | ||
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The total expected cost of a fixed-price project consists of two parts: | The total expected cost of a fixed-price project consists of two parts: | ||
| − | (1) The base cost estimate | + | (1) The base cost estimate is an estimate of the total planned/budgeted project cost. |
| − | (2) The cost estimated for a contingency reserve | + | (2) The cost estimated for a contingency reserve allows additional activities like more man-hours or more material required than expected in the planned base cost estimate. |
The total expected profit of a fixed-price project also consists of two parts: | The total expected profit of a fixed-price project also consists of two parts: | ||
| − | (1) The cost estimated for a management reserve | + | (1) The cost estimated for a management reserve is to be used in an emergency situation if any unforeseen activities and risks occur. |
| − | (2) The appropriate cost estimated for the | + | (2) The appropriate cost is estimated for the project's profit, which considers market conditions, level of competition, strategic considerations, and other factors. |
'''''Client's standpoint''''': | '''''Client's standpoint''''': | ||
| − | The client receives the total price from the supplier | + | The client receives the total price from the supplier and agrees with the price for the work if satisfied. |
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Governments prefer fixed-price contracts. A fixed-price contract minimizes the risk for the government and maximizes value for the taxpayers. With an unchanged set price for the project, the supplier will control their costs to accomplish the project for the set price. | Governments prefer fixed-price contracts. A fixed-price contract minimizes the risk for the government and maximizes value for the taxpayers. With an unchanged set price for the project, the supplier will control their costs to accomplish the project for the set price. | ||
| − | There are different types of fixed-price contracts | + | There are different types of fixed-price contracts; some of them are listed here. (2) |
'''''Firm Fixed-Price Contracts''''': | '''''Firm Fixed-Price Contracts''''': | ||
| − | Firm fixed-price contracts give the supplier little or no work change. These contracts cannot be adjusted, and the supplier must complete the project for the price that | + | Firm fixed-price contracts give the supplier little or no work change. These contracts cannot be adjusted, and the supplier must complete the project for the price that is set. The supplier agrees to the profit or loss during the project. |
'''''Fixed-Price Incentive Contracts''''': | '''''Fixed-Price Incentive Contracts''''': | ||
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'''''Fixed-Price Contracts with Economic Price Adjustment''''': | '''''Fixed-Price Contracts with Economic Price Adjustment''''': | ||
| − | Fixed-price contracts with economic price adjustment | + | Fixed-price contracts with economic price adjustment give the supplier an insurance policy. The set price of the project can be adjusted up or down. For example, if corona/covid 19 is responsible for material costs to go through the roof, the contract set price amount can increase to cover the increased costs of materials. |
'''''Fixed-Ceiling-Price Contracts with Price Redetermination''''': | '''''Fixed-Ceiling-Price Contracts with Price Redetermination''''': | ||
| − | There are two types of price redetermination contracts; prospective and retrospective. Both the prospective and retrospective contracts | + | There are two types of price redetermination contracts; prospective and retrospective. Both the prospective and retrospective contracts have a ceiling price established at the beginning of the project. The ceiling price is the most the client is willing to pay for the work. With a prospective redetermination contract, the price can be adjusted at a specified time or times throughout the project. With a retrospective redetermination contract, the price can be adjusted after the completion of the project. |
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A fixed-price contract is ideal when the requirements are clear and the deadline is set. They tend to be used in projects like the construction of buildings with a limited scope and fewer variables that can impact the schedule, labor, materials, and overall costs. (1) | A fixed-price contract is ideal when the requirements are clear and the deadline is set. They tend to be used in projects like the construction of buildings with a limited scope and fewer variables that can impact the schedule, labor, materials, and overall costs. (1) | ||
| − | They’re easy to understand, as the cost of the project is clearly stated and will not change. The | + | They’re easy to understand, as the cost of the project is clearly stated and will not change. The client knows how much the project will cost, and the contractor knows how much they can spend. Since everything is understood, there are likely fewer disagreements. |
| − | A price-fixed contract is a profitable but risky proposition, as the | + | A price-fixed contract is a profitable but risky proposition, as the offers must be very accurate to make sure the contract is able to make money from the work. The contractor can potentially bring the project in for even less than the agreed-upon price, adding to their bottom line. (1) |
To succeed at fixed-price contracts and work, the project managers should employ as much project management rigor and discipline as possible, more than T&M or cost-based work. The kind of discipline that is needed to follow on fixed-price contracts includes: (5) | To succeed at fixed-price contracts and work, the project managers should employ as much project management rigor and discipline as possible, more than T&M or cost-based work. The kind of discipline that is needed to follow on fixed-price contracts includes: (5) | ||
Revision as of 20:24, 18 March 2022
Developed by Tobias Nielsen
Contents |
Abstract
A Fixed-Price Contract (also referred to as a lump-sum contract) is a contract where contractors and clients agree to an unchanged set price for a project. (3)
Big idea
A project manager's role is to manage a project. Project management is the planning, delegating, monitoring, and control of all the aspects of the project. Project management is also the motivation of those involved in the project. This is done to achieve the project objectives within the expected performance targets. There are six aspects/variables involved in any project, and therefore six project performances to be managed. These aspects/variables are cost, timescales, quality, scope, benefits, and risk. (6)
The first aspect involved in any project is the cost and agreements. In projects, agreements take the form of contracts. A contract is a binding agreement between the supplier to provide the specified product, service, or result and the client to pay for the service. A project manager can use different types of contracts; some of them are listed here. (7)
- Fixed-price contracts: This contract involves setting a fixed price for a well-defined product or service. - Cost-reimbursable contracts: This contract involves payments to the supplier for completing the work plus a fee representing supplier profit. This kind of contract is often used when the project scope is not that well defined. - Time and materials (T&M): This contract establishes a fixed hourly rate but not a precise statement of work. It can be used for staff or other outside support. This type of contract is appropriate when the scope is less well-defined or could change during the project. - Indefinite delivery indefinite quantity (IDIQ): This contract provides an indefinite quantity of services, with a lower and upper limit and a fixed time period. This kind of contract is often used for architectural, engineering, or information engagements. (7)
Fixed-Price Contract
A fixed-price contract is a contract that involves setting a fixed price for a well-defined product or service. The agreed-upon price for the service is unchanged throughout the project. If the project takes more time uses more materials or labor than first estimated, the price stays the same.
Therefore, is it essential for the supplier to be very accurate when defining their offer for the scope of work. Once the offer is determined, it is shared with the client, and if the client agrees with the price for the work, it is final, and no change in man-hours or cost of materials can be considered. (1)
The supplier can't renegotiate the price when a project runs under a fixed-price contract. If something is taking more man-hours or requires more material than expected, the supplier will have to deal with this extra cost themselves. The supplier can communicate with the client for a price change, but the client is under no obligation to do so. If the client changes the scope of work, the supplier can expect a difference in the contracted price. (2)
Projects with a fixed-price contract have a higher risk/reward profile. The risk in these projects is more significant for the supplier than in other projects, but in exchange for more reward if the project is an accurate offer and the project is well managed. The project manager in such projects needs to remind the client that if they want a difference or a change in the scope of work, it requires a contract modification. The project manager should also have a project team that understands projects running under fixed-price contracts.
As shown in figure 1, fixed-price contracts have the highest risk for the supplier and the lowest risk for the client. It is also shown that the time and materials contract has the same high/low risk for both the supplier and the client. At last, it is shown that a cost-based contract has the lowest risk for the supplier and the highest risk for the client. Therefore it is essential for the project manager to manage the six aspects involved in the project and have discipline when running a project under fixed-price contracts. (5)
Figur med RISK
Basic Elements that are included in a Fixed-Price Contract
A Fixed-Price contract has similar construction and components to a contract that outlines work and payment. In general, a fixed-price contract includes and is constructed in the following basic elements. (1)
Project Information:
• Owner: The person or organization that is hiring the supplier for the project.
• Supplier: The person that is offering for the work.
• Worksite: The site address for where the construction will take place.
• Scope of Work: Detailed and well-defined product or service of what the supplier will provide, project plans, schedule, specifications, etc.
• Price and Payment: Total price for the service, which is fixed and unchangeable throughout the project, how and when the client will make payments to the supplier.
Supporting Documents and Costs:
• Documentation: Construction drawings, blueprints, exhibits, etc., need to be included in the contract.
• Materials and Labor: List of materials and the labor employed to execute the project.
• Start and End Dates: The schedule includes the starting and completion dates, milestones, and other important dates.
• Licensing and Permits: Responsible for the permits and licenses required for the construction project.
Tasks:
• Subcontractors: Third-party vendors or subcontractors are listed and how they will be incorporated into the project.
• Work Changes: Identify how work change requests are processed throughout the project.
• Warranties: Warranties of the work, the supplier warrants the work, and material defects.
Closure:
• Termination: When the supplier can end the contract.
• Inspection: Inspection of the work to make sure it conforms to the contract.
• Insurance: Insurance obtained by client and supplier protects against damage, claims, etc.
• Liquidated Damages: The agreed-upon sum the supplier will pay the client for each day the project goes over the contracted deadline.
• Force Majeure: The client or the supplier is not responsible for events that occur due to circumstances beyond their control, such as weather, supply shortages, Corona, etc.
Fixed-Price Contracts buildup
As shown in figure 2, the client's and supplier's standpoint of a typical buildup of the price for a fixed-price contract and project. (5)
Supplier's standpoint:
The total expected cost of a fixed-price project consists of two parts:
(1) The base cost estimate is an estimate of the total planned/budgeted project cost.
(2) The cost estimated for a contingency reserve allows additional activities like more man-hours or more material required than expected in the planned base cost estimate.
The total expected profit of a fixed-price project also consists of two parts:
(1) The cost estimated for a management reserve is to be used in an emergency situation if any unforeseen activities and risks occur.
(2) The appropriate cost is estimated for the project's profit, which considers market conditions, level of competition, strategic considerations, and other factors.
Client's standpoint:
The client receives the total price from the supplier and agrees with the price for the work if satisfied.
Types of Fixed-Price Contracts
Governments prefer fixed-price contracts. A fixed-price contract minimizes the risk for the government and maximizes value for the taxpayers. With an unchanged set price for the project, the supplier will control their costs to accomplish the project for the set price.
There are different types of fixed-price contracts; some of them are listed here. (2)
Firm Fixed-Price Contracts: Firm fixed-price contracts give the supplier little or no work change. These contracts cannot be adjusted, and the supplier must complete the project for the price that is set. The supplier agrees to the profit or loss during the project.
Fixed-Price Incentive Contracts: Fixed-price incentive contracts is a contract where a formula is used to determine profit. A fixed-price incentive contract uses the final price of the project, and compares it to the target price of the project, to adjust the profit.
Fixed-Price Contracts with Economic Price Adjustment: Fixed-price contracts with economic price adjustment give the supplier an insurance policy. The set price of the project can be adjusted up or down. For example, if corona/covid 19 is responsible for material costs to go through the roof, the contract set price amount can increase to cover the increased costs of materials.
Fixed-Ceiling-Price Contracts with Price Redetermination: There are two types of price redetermination contracts; prospective and retrospective. Both the prospective and retrospective contracts have a ceiling price established at the beginning of the project. The ceiling price is the most the client is willing to pay for the work. With a prospective redetermination contract, the price can be adjusted at a specified time or times throughout the project. With a retrospective redetermination contract, the price can be adjusted after the completion of the project.
Application MANGLER
The fixed-price contract is often used when dealing with a repeated process. For example, when the project will be done over and over again to a standard set in advance, a fixed-price contract is advisable. The costs are going to stay relatively the same throughout.
A fixed-price contract is ideal when the requirements are clear and the deadline is set. They tend to be used in projects like the construction of buildings with a limited scope and fewer variables that can impact the schedule, labor, materials, and overall costs. (1)
They’re easy to understand, as the cost of the project is clearly stated and will not change. The client knows how much the project will cost, and the contractor knows how much they can spend. Since everything is understood, there are likely fewer disagreements.
A price-fixed contract is a profitable but risky proposition, as the offers must be very accurate to make sure the contract is able to make money from the work. The contractor can potentially bring the project in for even less than the agreed-upon price, adding to their bottom line. (1)
To succeed at fixed-price contracts and work, the project managers should employ as much project management rigor and discipline as possible, more than T&M or cost-based work. The kind of discipline that is needed to follow on fixed-price contracts includes: (5)
Implomenting fixed-price contract
• Define the scope: Work jointly with the client to develop the project scope, objectives, and deliverables. Ensure that the area of work, the basis of estimate, or equivalent contract document defines clearly (preferably with specific, purpose, and attainable criteria, as well as any assumptions) what constitutes the completed and accepted deliverables.
• Develop a work breakdown structure (WBS): A WBS is a hierarchical decomposition of the work, helping the project manager to see both the individual components and the totality of the work. The WBS subdivides the project into its various deliverables, then into smaller, more manageable, and discrete pieces of work within each descending level of the WBS, representing an increasingly detailed definition of the project work. The project manager should ensure that the team's efforts are appropriately focused on the work required to complete the deliverables specified or otherwise needed to perform the project's scope, not on other activities.
• Project schedule: This step involves determining the durations for each activity identified in the WBS and sequencing the activities in a logical order. Some activities likely will be performed sequentially, and some executed in parallel. Project managers may be uncertain about how much detail should be included in the schedule for a fixed-price project. The level of detail is driven by the project’s size, complexity, and risk.
• Manage to scope: The project manager should carefully and tightly manage the fixed-price project to ensure that they do not incur unnecessary costs (no “gold plating”) and that the work performed either is within the scope of work per the contract requirements and, in turn, the scope baseline and WBS or covered by a change order approved by the client in a contract modification.
• Educate: Educate the project team and client—Education is needed, not just for the project team, but often for clients too. In particular, clients need to know both the project managers and their roles and obligations under the contract.
• Internal project reviews: Hold regular internal project reviews. Regular reviews are an excellent method to measure progress toward completing and controlling the project scope. Studies can facilitate your ongoing assessment that the products or services under development conform to the contract requirements and meet the contract's acceptance criteria.
• Obtain acceptance: Keep in mind the critical need to obtain client acceptance of the deliverables, under the terms of the contract, both in writing and, ideally, on an ongoing basis throughout the project’s performance. The project manager should clearly define the criteria if the client has not. When the project manager agrees to perform a task on a fixed-price basis, it is not unreasonable for the project manager to want to know precisely what they are expected to deliver.
Process of scope change
What is the Process for Making a Change to the Scope of Work? Skal også med!!!
Limitations MANGLER
In a research and development project, a fixed-price contract wouldn't work, while such projects have unlimited/broad scope and many variables that can impact the schedule, labor, materials, and overall costs.
Det er meget risikabelt!! skriv en masse om dette
key references
(3-10), where a reader can find additional information on the subject.
References
1. https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/fixed-price-contract
2. https://www.levelset.com/blog/fixed-price-contract/
3. https://www.coconstruct.com/blog/builders-use-fixed-price-construction-contracts-80-of-the-time
4. https://learn.financestrategists.com/finance-terms/fixed-price-contract/ Ny!!!
5. https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/challenges-fixed-price-contracts-9640 Ny!!!
6. Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017 Edition
7. A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021)
