Cross-cultural Management
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| − | [[File:Cultural_Iceberg.png| | + | [[File:Cultural_Iceberg.png|300px|thumb|right|The cultural iceberg]] |
Culture is a complicated concept that basically consists of language, habits, customs, social behavior and beliefs of a specific society. However, the significance of culture sometimes is underestimated and this fact can be explained by the Iceberg theory, which reveals more aspects of culture than it is believed by a shallow thinking. Some of them are navigation skills, physical contact even behavior towards animals as it can be seen in figure. | Culture is a complicated concept that basically consists of language, habits, customs, social behavior and beliefs of a specific society. However, the significance of culture sometimes is underestimated and this fact can be explained by the Iceberg theory, which reveals more aspects of culture than it is believed by a shallow thinking. Some of them are navigation skills, physical contact even behavior towards animals as it can be seen in figure. | ||
Revision as of 09:51, 26 February 2018
Contents |
Abstract
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The aim of this article is to give an overview of the cross-cultural management. Nowadays, the globalization of economy creates the need for cultural interaction in organizations and their projects. Considering the fact that cultural differences is a factor that can complicate management procedures, a cross-cultural analysis of management is important. This article emphasizes in presenting fundamental management perspectives in a cross-cultural context. The management areas that are examined, are: frameworks for cross-cultural management, organization's strategy and structure, international human resource management, communication and conflict analysis and motivation rewards and leadership behavior.[1] The influence of peoples' behavior and opinion is a crucial factor that needs to be taken into consideration during the project management processes and it is highly developed in two knowledge areas : Human Resource Management and Stakeholder Management which are going to be analyzed from a cross cultural perspective in this article. [2]
Big Idea
Describe the tool, concept or theory and explain its purpose. The section should reflect the current state of the art on the topic.
Nowadays, trade barriers between countries have been diminished and as a result more and more companies have become international. In an international organization, often, projects are handled by international teams and are affected by international stakeholders. People from different cultures need to communicate together during various project management processes and therefore managers need to make sure that the optimum outcome will be succeeded by this interaction. Furthermore, multicultural interactions can usually bring new perspectives that can lead to better results and managers should make sure to exploit the possibilities to the fullest. Therefore, a theory of a cross cultural project management is needed to be developed.
The theory that is analyzed in this article, takes into consideration two main aspects that influence a project: project stakeholders and project teams. Manage stakeholders is a complicated management task because involves different expectations and opposing interests. A variety of nationalities can increase the difficulty of the task, but on the other hand can create opportunities and this theory tries to make full use of and derive benefit from it. Regarding project teams, except the differences that the members may have in their background, personalities, level of commitment, there are also cultural differences or geographical distances that may affect the project. This challenge needs complex managerial skills and this theory aims at helping managers succeed it.
Application
Provide guidance on how to use the tool, concept or theory and when it is applicable.
Definition of Cross-cultural Management
Culture is a complicated concept that basically consists of language, habits, customs, social behavior and beliefs of a specific society. However, the significance of culture sometimes is underestimated and this fact can be explained by the Iceberg theory, which reveals more aspects of culture than it is believed by a shallow thinking. Some of them are navigation skills, physical contact even behavior towards animals as it can be seen in figure. The need for cultural interaction is increased through the years and therefore it is also encountered in the world of business. The cross cultural management is an approach of management that takes into account diversity in the project members and it is a competitive advantage that an organization should use in their favor.
Project Human Resources Management
Human Resource Management is one of the most significant operations in project management, as people constitute a fundamental factor for the project success. Dealing with people is a complex procedure and it is always a challenge for the management processes. This fact becomes even more complex in a multicultural context and requires special treatment and deep understanding of the meaning of culture and its aspects ( the unseen part of the iceberg, which is under the sea). The first important step is the recognition of the different cultures within the same project and the speculation about each and every aspect concerns the cultures. This helps in avoiding communication problems and misquotation between the project members. A manager which is well aware of the cultural differences can lead the team in a path, where differences become an advantage and not a barrier. Furthermore, exposing the project members to various cultures help them adapt and get accustomed to deal with different habits and behaviors. Cross-cultural training is a way of helping people in this direction and consists of including team members that have lived in a different culture for some a period of time. Therefore, it is important for an organization to promote their employees to live in a different country for some period or recruit people that have experienced this in the past. In an international project the knowledge and experience that these people have obtained can be tremendous. In addition, by promoting the organizational culture project members can find aspects to feel connected and work for a common project and aim the same goal, which is the project success. A group of people with the same target can jump over dissimilarities. Another useful consideration, is that people from different nationalities have acquired different skills and abilities and this fact can be functional in a project. Different ideas and perspectives are often beneficial and if they are handled wisely can lead in innovative techniques and results. [3]
Project Stakeholders Management
Limitations
Critically reflect on the tool/concept/theory. When possible, substantiate your claims with literature.
Annotated Bibliography
Provide key references (3-10), where a reader can find additional information on the subject. Summarize an outline the relevance of each reference to the topic. (around 100 words per reference). The bibliography is not counted on the 3000 word target length of the article.
References
- ↑ Ganon, M. and Newman, K. (2002), ' The Blackwell Handbook of Cross-Cultural Management ', Figure I.1
- ↑ Project Management Institute. (2013), ' A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Fifth Edition ', Table A1-1
- ↑ Narkhede, Parag. (2011). Multiculturalism and Human Resource Management Practices. PCTE Journal Of business Management.
