Management with DISC profile analysis

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==Abstract==
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''Developed by Nanna Basa''
DISC (Dominant, Influencing, Steady, Conscientious) analysis is a strategical tool for evaluating behavior often used internally in an organisation by managers to improve group dynamics and the well-being of the individual. DISC is a very simple and easy to use tool for improving relations, resolving conflicts, enhances motivation, and supports self-growth all by obtaining a better understanding of the individual’s personality. Misunderstandings happen daily and can lead to stress, unhappiness and low working effort. DISC was created by psychiatrist and professor William Moulton Marston, who believed all humans have psychological motives but they differ from human to human. The tool assesses the level of dominance, influence, steadiness, and conscientious an individual possesses by referencing the norm.
+
  
<ref>''Marston, W. M., (1928),'' ''Emotions of Normal People'' </ref>.
+
 
 +
==Abstract==
 +
DISC (''Dominance'', ''Inducement'', ''Submission'', ''Compliance'') analysis is a strategic tool for evaluating behavior often used internally in an organisation by managers to improve group dynamics and the well-being of the individual. DISC is a very simple and easy to use tool for improving relations, resolving conflicts, enhances motivation, and supports self-growth by obtaining a better understanding of the individual’s personality. Misunderstandings happen daily and can lead to stress, unhappiness and low working effort. DISC was created by psychiatrist and professor William Moulton Marston, who believed all humans have psychological motives but they differ from human to human. The tool assesses the level of ''Dominance'', ''Inducement'', ''Submission'', and ''Compliance'' an individual possesses by referencing the norm. <ref>''Marston, W. M., (1928),'' ''Emotions of Normal People,'' ''Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company'' </ref>.
  
 
===Relevance & Application===
 
===Relevance & Application===
The relevance and application of the tool is very broad. Whereever and whenever human interations take place synergies or tensions unfold. DISC analysis can therefore be a tool for smoothing relations. A managment team who knows each ohers DISC can communicate better, shorten their meetings, and improve miscommunication when they have a better understanding of the individuals DISC behavioral profile. A team leader can improve the wellbeing, communication and working effort of the team. Figure 1 illustates all the different stakeholders who are invovled in a project. In theory the tool can be applied on all types of relations but in practice it will be unlikely customers, suppliers and other peripheral non internal stakeholders are willing make provide you with their behavioral provide. However, it can make sense to do internally amongst people who are working together daily. Therefore this article will be focussing on the usage of DISC profile analysis as a tool for managers of a project.
+
The relevance and application of the tool can be extremely broad. Wherever and whenever human interactions take place, synergies or tensions unfold. DISC analysis can be a tool for smoothing human relations if it is used right. In the workplace, the tool can be used by all levels of managers and employees working on a project, program or portfolio basis. For example, a management team that know each others DISC profiles can communicate better, shorten the time of their meetings, and prevent misunderstandings when they have the knowledge of the individuals behavioral profile. On the other hand, a manager can improve the well-being, communication, and working effort of the team. Developing the project team is a process of improving competencies, interaction between team members and the environment. On the figure below, the flow of inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs of developing project team are illustrated. ''Interpersonal skills'', ''Recognition and rewards'' and ''Personnel assessment tools'' under Tools and Techniques all come into play with management with DISC profile analysis. <ref> Project Management Institute, (2013) ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge'', Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition </ref> <ref> Oschadleus, J. (2010), ''Tanks, snipers and grenades: discover techniques for dealing with annoying communicators.'' Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2010—Asia Pacific, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref>     
  
[[File:Project_Stakeholders.png]]  
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[[File:PMBOK.png|center|frame|Develop project team: Inputs, Tools and Techniques, and Outputs <ref> Project Management Institute, (2013) ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge'', Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition </ref>.]]
  
  
 +
The DISC profile is a personal assessment tool and will let the manager know parts of own and team members interpersonal skills. Furthermore, the profiles will also indicate preferences of recognition. DISC is an easy tool for a manager to acquire the resources necessary to develop effective project teams.
  
==Background==
 
The history of the four quadrants DISC personality profile can be traced all the way back to Empodocles four elements of fire, earth, air and water in 450 B.C. Empodocles observed people seemed to behave in four different ways due to external environmental factors. 50 years later Hippocrates redefined these as four internal factors called the four temperaments: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic. Many years later the theory was advanced further by Carl Jung. In 1921 Jung reconfirmed personality traits were internal and attributed the differences to how people think. Jung saw these four differences as: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Today these are often used in Myers Briggs Personality Test (MBTI). 
 
  
The DISC personality was manifested in 1928 when William Moulton Marston published his book with the title “Emotions of Normal People”. The main principles of DICS have its roots in the book.  Marston believed people’s daily behavior stems from their predictable characteristics. The behavior was not only seen as internal but also influenced by the external environment. Marston defined the personality trait as: Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Compliance. Based on Marston’s theory Walter Clark developed the DISC personality profile in 1940 which is widely used today.
+
This article will be focusing on the usage of DISC behavioral profile analysis as tool for develop project team.
 +
 
 +
Firstly, an introduction to the tool is given including the theory of the DISC model and its background. This is followed by the method of use including analysis and results. Implementation of results is outlined with concrete communication strategies for the different personal profiles. Finally, benefits and limitations are discussed.
 +
 
 +
==Introduction==
 +
 
 +
===The DISC Model Theory===
 +
The DISC personality profile is strictly a measure of the individuals perception of themselves. All profiles are equally as good. The test results describes some of the psychological drivers which affects the behavior.
 +
The general rule: '''''Different = Different''''' and <u>not</u> '''''Different = Wrong'''''
 +
 
 +
It assesses the behavioral level of the four traits ''Dominance (D)'', ''Inducement (I)'', ''Submission (S)'' and ''Compliance (C)''. Different variations of the DISC letters exist such as ''Inducement/Influence'', ''Submission/Steadiness'', and ''Compliance/Conscientiousness''. However, the overall interpretation is the same. In the figure below the different characteristic is shown.  DISC can be considered as a “color palette of personality” where every person has their own unique blend. It is possible but highly unlikely to only have one of the four traits. Usually it is a combination.
 +
<ref>''[https://discprofile.com/what-is-disc/how-disc-works/ www.discprofile.com]''</ref> <ref> [https://discinsights.com/disc-theory/ www.discinsights.com] </ref> <ref>[https://peoplekeys.com/about-disc/what-is-disc/ www.peoplekeys.com] </ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:DISC.png|center|]]
 +
 
 +
===Dominance (D)===
 +
The behavioral trait of ''Dominance'' is characterized as seeing challenges and seeking to overcome them. People with a high ''D'' are characterized as confident, risk willing, determined, result oriented and demanding. They focus on shaping their surroundings to produce the outcome of the desired results. These people desire to have power and authority, take on challenges, get direct answers, have the liberty of no control or rules, make changes, and new activities and the possibility of individual performance. The primary motive is taking control and be in charge and their major fear is losing control. They can be limited in lacking thoughts of others, being impatient, and lacking focus on quality. <ref>''Marston, W. M., (1928),'' ''Emotions of Normal People,'' ''Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company'' </ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Dominance.png|center|350x350px|frame|Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low ''Dominance'' profile.]]
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 +
===Inducement (I)===
 +
The trait of ''Inducement'' is perceived as extrovert and the aspiration of social interaction with others. People with a high level of ''Inducement'' seek friendly and favorable environments where they can have an impact in collaboration with others. In addition, they will try to influence and convince others. They focus on creating results by convincing and including others in a team work. The characteristics are optimistic, creating confidence, emotional appealing, involving themselves in others, extrovert, enthusiastic, charming, and open. Furthermore, they desire to be popular, being the center of attention, being praised, group activities, having positive relations, and having the freedom of no control or details focus.
 +
The primary motive is to receive recognition from others and they fear social rejection. Their limitations are being impulsive, unorganized, over promising under delivering, and lacking of follow through. <ref>''Marston, W. M., (1928),'' ''Emotions of Normal People,'' ''Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company'' </ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Inducement.png|center|350x350px|frame|Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low ''Inducement'' profile.]]
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 +
===Submission (S)===
 +
Profiles with a high ''Submission'' score seeks to conserve the surrounding working environment and keeping it stable. They focus on solving tasks in collaboration with others. Their characteristics are judiciously, reliable, collaboration oriented, patient and listing, loyal, caring for the group, and accepting. Their desires are authentic appreciation, collaboration, using known methods and procedures in their work, stability, and time when necessary to adapt to changes. Their primary motive is stability and they fear changes and unexpected events. Their limitations are putting others needs first and resistance against positive changes. <ref>''Marston, W. M., (1928),'' ''Emotions of Normal People,'' ''Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company'' </ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Submission.png|center|350x350px|frame|Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low ''Submisison'' profile.]]
 +
 
 +
===Compliance (C)===
 +
The trait of ''Compliance'' is considered the urge for formalities, rules and structure. The behavioral characteristics are seeking  to work within established rules and guidelines to ensure high quality and accuracy. People with a high level of ''Compliance'' focus on working under known conditions and to improve the quality of products and services. They are analytical and fact oriented and have awareness of standards and pay attention to details. Furthermore, they are very conscious, diplomatic, reliable and careful, and can often be a bit reserved. Their desires are being right, having complete overview, being praised for their tasks, limit risks, the possibility of leaning on authorities. The primary motive is to ensure quality and accuracy as they fear mistakes, sloppy methodology, criticism of their work and emotional situations. Limitations are very self critical, indecisive, and lack of creativity. <ref>''Marston, W. M., (1928),'' ''Emotions of Normal People,'' ''Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company'' </ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Compliance.png|center|350x350px|frame|Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low ''Compliance'' profile.]]
 +
 
 +
===Background===
 +
The history of the four quadrants DISC personality profile can be traced all the way back to Empodocles four elements of fire, earth, air and water in 450 B.C. Empodocles observed people seemed to behave in four different ways due to external environmental factors. 50 years later, Hippocrates redefined these as four internal factors called the four temperaments: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic. Many years later, the theory was advanced further by Carl Jung where in 1921, Jung reconfirmed personality traits were internal and attributed the differences to how people think. Jung saw these four differences as: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Today, these are often used in Myers Briggs Personality Test ([[MBTI]]). 
 +
 
 +
The DISC personality was manifested in 1928 when William Moulton Marston published his book with the title “Emotions of Normal People”. The main principles of DICS have their roots in the book.  Marston believed people’s daily behavior stems from their predictable characteristics. Their behavior was not only seen as internal but also influenced by the external environment. Marston defined the personality trait as: Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Compliance. Based on Marston’s theory Walter Clark developed the DISC personality profile in 1940 which is widely used today. <ref>''[https://discprofile.com/what-is-disc/how-disc-works/ www.discprofile.com]''</ref> <ref> [https://discinsights.com/disc-theory/ www.discinsights.com] </ref> <ref>[https://peoplekeys.com/about-disc/what-is-disc/ www.peoplekeys.com] </ref>
  
 
==Method of use==
 
==Method of use==
A DISC personality profile is created by answering a questionnaire about the person’s behavior in various situations. Every question has a rating scale such as “I strongly agree, agree, neutral, etc.”, which is answered according to matching the description of the person. The answers are subjective as the individuals are considered being experts on themselves.
 
  
The answers of the questions produces a profile report of the individual behavioral style, tendencies, needs, preferred environment and strategies useful for optimal behavior. Furthermore it also provides insights on the strength and weaknesses of the individual. The questions can for example ask in what way a person responds to challenges, influences others, working pace of comfortability and how rules and procedures are considered.   
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===Goals of Management with DISC===
 +
As a manager using the DISC profile analysis tool it should be sought to:
 +
 
 +
# Understand one's own behavioral traits and tendencies and develop an understanding of how one's own behavior affects others.
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# Understand, respect, and value the individual differences on the team.
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# Develop strategies to improve cooperation.
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# Improve effectiveness in operations by advancing the relations with team members.
 +
 
 +
===The Analysis===
 +
A DISC personality profile is created by answering a questionnaire about the person’s behavior in various situations. The answers are subjective as the individuals are considered being experts on themselves.
 +
 
 +
The analysis is based on self-reflecting. When completing the analysis, the participant should picture themselves in a normal work situation. The analysis takes 15-25 minutes and consists of two parts:
 +
 
 +
* The ''Most'' and ''Least'' option for a group of 4 adjectives. In total there are 28 words to be considered. The 4 adjectives are proposed as main words and if unsure synonyms are giving as help.   
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 +
 
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[[File:Test4.png|center|600x600px|frame|<ref> [https://sapiens.nu/dine-analysemuligheder/ www.sapiens.nu] </ref>]]
  
The DISC personality profile report evaluates the level of contribution of each of the four traits dominance, influence, steadiness and compliance. DISC can be considered as a “color palette of personality”  where every person has their own unique blend.  It is possible but highly unlikely to only have one of the four traits. Usually it is a combination for example a person can have dominance as the highest factor, influence as a secondary factor and steadiness as a third. The DISC personality profile shows how a person every day actions is affected, the preferences of various environments, the way of communication with others, response or avoidance to conflict.
 
  
This personality insight can be used by managers or team leaders in recruiting processes and provide them with a deeper knowledge of their team, group or colleagues. This knowledge is crucial for managers to support collaboration and communication.  Proactive measures can be taken by managers to place people according to their preferences of environment to help them feel comfortable and empowered. When approaching people it can be done in a way that creates a positive response.
 
It is widely believed in the community of psychologists that traits and situations are interactive. DISC can help managers adopting their responses based on the DICS profile of team members they are dealing with. This means managers should not always choose to use the behaviors that are the most comfortable for them, they should choose the behaviors that would be the most successful within the team.
 
  
==The Behavioral Profiles==
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* The ''Driving Forces Analysis'' part contains 6 questions with 7 statements each. The 4 most important statements in each question are ranked from 1 to 4 where 1 is the most important. 
  
===Dominant===
 
The behavioral trait of dominance is characterized as seeing challenges  and seeking to overcome them. A person wants to change, clear or control and have focus on creating the surroundings that can produce the desired results.
 
  
'''Primary motive:''' Taking control and be in charge.
+
[[File:TestDel2.png|center|600x600px]|frame|<ref> [https://sapiens.nu/dine-analysemuligheder/ www.sapiens.nu] </ref>]]
  
'''Fear:''' Loss of control
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The individual options chosen are confidential and not visible to anyone, it is only the combined results of these options that are presented in the personal report made. <ref> [https://sapiens.nu/dine-analysemuligheder/ www.sapiens.nu] </ref>
  
'''Desires:''' Power and authority, challenges, direct answers, the liberty of no control and rules, new activities, the possibility of individual performance.
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===Results===
 +
The analysis produces a profile report of 35 pages of the individual behavioral style, tendencies, needs, preferred environment and strategies useful for optimal behavior. Furthermore, it also provides insights into the strength and weaknesses of the individual. The DISC personality profile report evaluates the level of contribution of each of the four traits ''Dominance'', ''Inducement'', ''Submission'', and ''Compliance''. As seen on the figure below the analysis provides an overview of the basic behaviour and the adopted behavior.  
  
'''Characteristics:''' Confident, risk willing, determined, result oriented, demanding.
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[[File:Result.png|center|frame|Example of test result. Basic behaviour, adapted behaviour and adaptation are shown. <ref> [https://sapiens.nu/dine-analysemuligheder/ www.sapiens.nu] </ref>]]
  
'''Limitations:''' Lack of thoughts of others, impatient, lack of focus on quality
+
The basic behaviour shows the natural behavior and the adapted behaviour reflects the changes the person feels is needed in order to fit into situations. The report results gives a description to the personal profile of:  
  
'''Behavior of high D’s:'''
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* What is natural
Independent, believes in themselves, challenge the status quo, individualistic, not afraid of conflicts, do not let anything get in their way, competitive.
+
* What motivates
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* How organising and planning is done
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* How decisions are made
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* How communication with others is done
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* The consequence of the way of communication
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* The value to an organisation
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* Information for the manager on how to strengthen relationship
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* How to increase efficiency in terms of types of needs and surrounding people
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* The personal qualities
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* How to approach difficulties and challenges
 +
* How to communicate thoughts and ideas
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* The response to the pace of surroundings
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* The response to rules and procedures
  
'''Behavior of low D's:'''
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<ref> [https://sapiens.nu/dine-analysemuligheder/ www.sapiens.nu] </ref>
Pleasant, coorperative, helpfull, accepting of company policies, adjust to the team, seeks consencus, not risk willing.
+
  
'''Needs of high D’s'''
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==Implementation of Results==
Recognition of own ideas, the freedom to act independently, control over own activities, the possibility to play a vital role, to understand the greater picture, to solve problems in their own way, individual competition since they want to win.
+
With access to the full report the manager can gain a very thorough analysis of the team members. This can be vital for the right support, collaboration, and communication. Proactive measures can be taken by managers to place people according to their preferences of environment to help them feel comfortable and empowered. When approaching people, it can be done in a way that creates a positive response.
 +
It is widely believed in the community of psychologists that traits and situations are interactive. DISC can help managers adopting their responses based on the DISC profile of team members. This means managers should not always choose to use the behaviors that are the most comfortable for them and instead choose the behaviors that would be the most successful within the team.  
  
'''Needs of low D's:'''
+
Firstly the manager understands own behavioral traits and tendencies and have developed an understanding of how one's own behavior affects others. Secoundly the manager must understand, respect, and value the individual differences on the team. Next is how to develop strategies to improve cooperation.  
Encouragement, reinsurance, harmony, understanding, supervision, recognition in the team, support, non-individual competition, no risky decision making, recognition for selfless team spirit.
+
  
===Influence===
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Questions to be asked are:
 +
* How do the manager and the team members best communicate?
 +
* How does the manager gain the trust of confidence of the team members?
 +
* What concrete measures can the manager take in order to make the individual team members feel the most comfortable?
  
'''Primary motive:''' To receive recognition from others.
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The manager can find most of these answers in the individual reports. When implemented correct the manager should be able to improve effectiveness in operations by having advanced the relations with team members. The following table provides an overview of how a manager should communicate with the team members of a high level of ''Dominance'', ''Inducement'', ''Submission'', ''Compliance'': 
  
'''Fear:''' Social rejection.
 
  
'''Desires:''' To be popular, being the center, being praised, group activities, having positive relations, having the freedom of no control or details focus.
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{| class="wikitable"
 +
!colspan="1" | Manager's Communication Strategy with Team Members DISC Profiles <ref> [https://sapiens.nu/dine-analysemuligheder/ www.sapiens.nu] </ref>
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''Dominance Profile'''
 +
* Get to the point fast
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* Recognize results
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* Provide direct answers
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* Show determination
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* Stick to the point
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* Present facts
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* Use concrete examples
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* List possibilities
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* Focus on facts not the person at disagreements
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* Be honest
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* Keep it short
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''Inducement Profile'''
 +
* Create open dialogue
 +
* Create a friendly environment
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* Praise the person if relevant
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* Socialize
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* Ask for ideas, opinions, thoughts, etc.
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* Use opinions and references
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* Inform about news
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* Listen and ask leading questions
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* Make special offers
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''Submission Profile'''
 +
* Show sincere interest in who they are as people
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* Discover areas of common interest
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* Present tasks and news quietly and peacefully
 +
* Be loyal
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* Minimize risks
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* Limit small talk
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* Perform effortlessly and informally
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* Be structured and organised
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* Create stability and security
 +
* Give grantees
 +
* Give full support
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
'''Compliance Profile'''
 +
* Appeal to the person's knowledge and experience
 +
* Be thoroughly prepared
 +
* Be precise with agreements
 +
* Be on time
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* Be systematic and logic
 +
* Talk about facts and data not emotions
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* Set out the guideline
 +
* Create an overview
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* Give time for thoughtfulness
 +
* Answer questions patiently
 +
|}
  
'''Characteristics:''' Optimistic, creating confidence, emotional appealing, involving in others, extrovert, enthusiastic, charming, open.
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==Benefits==
 +
Various tools for personnel assessment are available such as attitudinal surveys, specific assessments, structured interviews, ability tests, and focus groups. They can give better understanding, trust, commitment, and communications among team members and facilitate more productive teams. As a personnel assessment tool, DISC analysis provides a project manager and their team with knowledge about strengths and weaknesses. The manager can evaluate preferences of the team, on what grounds they make decisions and how they interact with people. Furthermore it can enhance communication and improve effectiveness as a result.  
  
 +
The tool can be beneficial as a strategic tool on individual, team and organizational levels. It can be applied on various needs of the company aspects of:
 +
* Recruiting
 +
* Individual assessment
 +
* Management development skills
 +
* Talent spotting
 +
* Optimization of teams and management groups
 +
* Organizational development
 +
* Change management
  
'''Limitations:''' Lack of thoughts of others, impatient, lack of focus on quality
+
The questionnaire is web-based and fast to answer. It is an international tool and translated into many languages making it highly applicable for global companies. It provides concise, clear and simple profile analysis. It is extremely straight forward and simple for a manager to learn and implement. Concrete measures for the individual team members are provided in the analysis report. <ref> Project Management Institute, (2013) ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge'', Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition </ref> <ref> Oschadleus, J. (2010), ''Tanks, snipers and grenades: discover techniques for dealing with annoying communicators.'' Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2010—Asia Pacific, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref>
  
'''Behavior of high I’s:'''
+
==Limitations==
Independent, believes in themselves, challenge the status quo, individualistic, not afraid of conflicts, do not let anything get in their way, competitive.
+
* The analysis does not measure all aspects of the personality
  
'''Behavior of low I's:'''
+
* The analysis is subjective. What you think of yourself is not always the reality or how you are perceived by others.
Pleasant, coorperative, helpfull, accepting of company policies, adjust to the team, seeks consencus, not risk willing.
+
  
'''Needs of high I’s'''
+
* Only behavioural tendencies are shown and it does not take the individuals values into consideration. If a person's values are at stake it can cause a different reaction than according to the DISC profile.
Recognition of own ideas, the freedom to act independently, control over own activities, the possibility to play a vital role, to understand the greater picture, to solve problems in their own way, individual competition since they want to win.
+
  
'''Needs of low I's:'''
+
* When completing the analysis, the least and most used options are not necessarily applicable and it can be hard to choose since behavior is flexible and dynamic and it can vary from situation to situation.
  
===Stability===
+
==Annotated Bibliography==
 +
* Marston, W. M., (1928), ''Emotions of Normal People'', Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company
 +
Provides insights into the driving forces of human beings and the fundamentals of the DISS theory. Describes ''Dominance'', ''Inducement'' ''Submission'', and ''Compliance''.
  
===Competence===
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* Project Management Institute, (2013), ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge'', Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition
 +
Provides the fundamentals of project management. Project Human Resource Management is described in chapter 9 and section 9.3 is specific about develop project team.
  
==Pros and Cons==
+
==References==
  
 
<references />
 
<references />

Latest revision as of 18:20, 16 November 2018

Developed by Nanna Basa


Contents

[edit] Abstract

DISC (Dominance, Inducement, Submission, Compliance) analysis is a strategic tool for evaluating behavior often used internally in an organisation by managers to improve group dynamics and the well-being of the individual. DISC is a very simple and easy to use tool for improving relations, resolving conflicts, enhances motivation, and supports self-growth by obtaining a better understanding of the individual’s personality. Misunderstandings happen daily and can lead to stress, unhappiness and low working effort. DISC was created by psychiatrist and professor William Moulton Marston, who believed all humans have psychological motives but they differ from human to human. The tool assesses the level of Dominance, Inducement, Submission, and Compliance an individual possesses by referencing the norm. [1].

[edit] Relevance & Application

The relevance and application of the tool can be extremely broad. Wherever and whenever human interactions take place, synergies or tensions unfold. DISC analysis can be a tool for smoothing human relations if it is used right. In the workplace, the tool can be used by all levels of managers and employees working on a project, program or portfolio basis. For example, a management team that know each others DISC profiles can communicate better, shorten the time of their meetings, and prevent misunderstandings when they have the knowledge of the individuals behavioral profile. On the other hand, a manager can improve the well-being, communication, and working effort of the team. Developing the project team is a process of improving competencies, interaction between team members and the environment. On the figure below, the flow of inputs, tools and techniques, and outputs of developing project team are illustrated. Interpersonal skills, Recognition and rewards and Personnel assessment tools under Tools and Techniques all come into play with management with DISC profile analysis. [2] [3]

Develop project team: Inputs, Tools and Techniques, and Outputs [4].


The DISC profile is a personal assessment tool and will let the manager know parts of own and team members interpersonal skills. Furthermore, the profiles will also indicate preferences of recognition. DISC is an easy tool for a manager to acquire the resources necessary to develop effective project teams.


This article will be focusing on the usage of DISC behavioral profile analysis as tool for develop project team.

Firstly, an introduction to the tool is given including the theory of the DISC model and its background. This is followed by the method of use including analysis and results. Implementation of results is outlined with concrete communication strategies for the different personal profiles. Finally, benefits and limitations are discussed.

[edit] Introduction

[edit] The DISC Model Theory

The DISC personality profile is strictly a measure of the individuals perception of themselves. All profiles are equally as good. The test results describes some of the psychological drivers which affects the behavior. The general rule: Different = Different and not Different = Wrong

It assesses the behavioral level of the four traits Dominance (D), Inducement (I), Submission (S) and Compliance (C). Different variations of the DISC letters exist such as Inducement/Influence, Submission/Steadiness, and Compliance/Conscientiousness. However, the overall interpretation is the same. In the figure below the different characteristic is shown. DISC can be considered as a “color palette of personality” where every person has their own unique blend. It is possible but highly unlikely to only have one of the four traits. Usually it is a combination. [5] [6] [7]

DISC.png

[edit] Dominance (D)

The behavioral trait of Dominance is characterized as seeing challenges and seeking to overcome them. People with a high D are characterized as confident, risk willing, determined, result oriented and demanding. They focus on shaping their surroundings to produce the outcome of the desired results. These people desire to have power and authority, take on challenges, get direct answers, have the liberty of no control or rules, make changes, and new activities and the possibility of individual performance. The primary motive is taking control and be in charge and their major fear is losing control. They can be limited in lacking thoughts of others, being impatient, and lacking focus on quality. [8]

Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low Dominance profile.

[edit] Inducement (I)

The trait of Inducement is perceived as extrovert and the aspiration of social interaction with others. People with a high level of Inducement seek friendly and favorable environments where they can have an impact in collaboration with others. In addition, they will try to influence and convince others. They focus on creating results by convincing and including others in a team work. The characteristics are optimistic, creating confidence, emotional appealing, involving themselves in others, extrovert, enthusiastic, charming, and open. Furthermore, they desire to be popular, being the center of attention, being praised, group activities, having positive relations, and having the freedom of no control or details focus. The primary motive is to receive recognition from others and they fear social rejection. Their limitations are being impulsive, unorganized, over promising under delivering, and lacking of follow through. [9]

Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low Inducement profile.

[edit] Submission (S)

Profiles with a high Submission score seeks to conserve the surrounding working environment and keeping it stable. They focus on solving tasks in collaboration with others. Their characteristics are judiciously, reliable, collaboration oriented, patient and listing, loyal, caring for the group, and accepting. Their desires are authentic appreciation, collaboration, using known methods and procedures in their work, stability, and time when necessary to adapt to changes. Their primary motive is stability and they fear changes and unexpected events. Their limitations are putting others needs first and resistance against positive changes. [10]

Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low Submisison profile.

[edit] Compliance (C)

The trait of Compliance is considered the urge for formalities, rules and structure. The behavioral characteristics are seeking to work within established rules and guidelines to ensure high quality and accuracy. People with a high level of Compliance focus on working under known conditions and to improve the quality of products and services. They are analytical and fact oriented and have awareness of standards and pay attention to details. Furthermore, they are very conscious, diplomatic, reliable and careful, and can often be a bit reserved. Their desires are being right, having complete overview, being praised for their tasks, limit risks, the possibility of leaning on authorities. The primary motive is to ensure quality and accuracy as they fear mistakes, sloppy methodology, criticism of their work and emotional situations. Limitations are very self critical, indecisive, and lack of creativity. [11]

Characteristics of behavior and needs of a high and low Compliance profile.

[edit] Background

The history of the four quadrants DISC personality profile can be traced all the way back to Empodocles four elements of fire, earth, air and water in 450 B.C. Empodocles observed people seemed to behave in four different ways due to external environmental factors. 50 years later, Hippocrates redefined these as four internal factors called the four temperaments: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic. Many years later, the theory was advanced further by Carl Jung where in 1921, Jung reconfirmed personality traits were internal and attributed the differences to how people think. Jung saw these four differences as: thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. Today, these are often used in Myers Briggs Personality Test (MBTI).

The DISC personality was manifested in 1928 when William Moulton Marston published his book with the title “Emotions of Normal People”. The main principles of DICS have their roots in the book. Marston believed people’s daily behavior stems from their predictable characteristics. Their behavior was not only seen as internal but also influenced by the external environment. Marston defined the personality trait as: Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Compliance. Based on Marston’s theory Walter Clark developed the DISC personality profile in 1940 which is widely used today. [12] [13] [14]

[edit] Method of use

[edit] Goals of Management with DISC

As a manager using the DISC profile analysis tool it should be sought to:

  1. Understand one's own behavioral traits and tendencies and develop an understanding of how one's own behavior affects others.
  2. Understand, respect, and value the individual differences on the team.
  3. Develop strategies to improve cooperation.
  4. Improve effectiveness in operations by advancing the relations with team members.

[edit] The Analysis

A DISC personality profile is created by answering a questionnaire about the person’s behavior in various situations. The answers are subjective as the individuals are considered being experts on themselves.

The analysis is based on self-reflecting. When completing the analysis, the participant should picture themselves in a normal work situation. The analysis takes 15-25 minutes and consists of two parts:

  • The Most and Least option for a group of 4 adjectives. In total there are 28 words to be considered. The 4 adjectives are proposed as main words and if unsure synonyms are giving as help.



  • The Driving Forces Analysis part contains 6 questions with 7 statements each. The 4 most important statements in each question are ranked from 1 to 4 where 1 is the most important. 


The individual options chosen are confidential and not visible to anyone, it is only the combined results of these options that are presented in the personal report made. [17]

[edit] Results

The analysis produces a profile report of 35 pages of the individual behavioral style, tendencies, needs, preferred environment and strategies useful for optimal behavior. Furthermore, it also provides insights into the strength and weaknesses of the individual. The DISC personality profile report evaluates the level of contribution of each of the four traits Dominance, Inducement, Submission, and Compliance. As seen on the figure below the analysis provides an overview of the basic behaviour and the adopted behavior.

Example of test result. Basic behaviour, adapted behaviour and adaptation are shown. [18]

The basic behaviour shows the natural behavior and the adapted behaviour reflects the changes the person feels is needed in order to fit into situations. The report results gives a description to the personal profile of:

  • What is natural
  • What motivates
  • How organising and planning is done
  • How decisions are made
  • How communication with others is done
  • The consequence of the way of communication
  • The value to an organisation
  • Information for the manager on how to strengthen relationship
  • How to increase efficiency in terms of types of needs and surrounding people
  • The personal qualities
  • How to approach difficulties and challenges
  • How to communicate thoughts and ideas
  • The response to the pace of surroundings
  • The response to rules and procedures

[19]

[edit] Implementation of Results

With access to the full report the manager can gain a very thorough analysis of the team members. This can be vital for the right support, collaboration, and communication. Proactive measures can be taken by managers to place people according to their preferences of environment to help them feel comfortable and empowered. When approaching people, it can be done in a way that creates a positive response. It is widely believed in the community of psychologists that traits and situations are interactive. DISC can help managers adopting their responses based on the DISC profile of team members. This means managers should not always choose to use the behaviors that are the most comfortable for them and instead choose the behaviors that would be the most successful within the team.

Firstly the manager understands own behavioral traits and tendencies and have developed an understanding of how one's own behavior affects others. Secoundly the manager must understand, respect, and value the individual differences on the team. Next is how to develop strategies to improve cooperation.

Questions to be asked are:

  • How do the manager and the team members best communicate?
  • How does the manager gain the trust of confidence of the team members?
  • What concrete measures can the manager take in order to make the individual team members feel the most comfortable?

The manager can find most of these answers in the individual reports. When implemented correct the manager should be able to improve effectiveness in operations by having advanced the relations with team members. The following table provides an overview of how a manager should communicate with the team members of a high level of Dominance, Inducement, Submission, Compliance:


Manager's Communication Strategy with Team Members DISC Profiles [20]

Dominance Profile

  • Get to the point fast
  • Recognize results
  • Provide direct answers
  • Show determination
  • Stick to the point
  • Present facts
  • Use concrete examples
  • List possibilities
  • Focus on facts not the person at disagreements
  • Be honest
  • Keep it short

Inducement Profile

  • Create open dialogue
  • Create a friendly environment
  • Praise the person if relevant
  • Socialize
  • Ask for ideas, opinions, thoughts, etc.
  • Use opinions and references
  • Inform about news
  • Listen and ask leading questions
  • Make special offers

Submission Profile

  • Show sincere interest in who they are as people
  • Discover areas of common interest
  • Present tasks and news quietly and peacefully
  • Be loyal
  • Minimize risks
  • Limit small talk
  • Perform effortlessly and informally
  • Be structured and organised
  • Create stability and security
  • Give grantees
  • Give full support

Compliance Profile

  • Appeal to the person's knowledge and experience
  • Be thoroughly prepared
  • Be precise with agreements
  • Be on time
  • Be systematic and logic
  • Talk about facts and data not emotions
  • Set out the guideline
  • Create an overview
  • Give time for thoughtfulness
  • Answer questions patiently

[edit] Benefits

Various tools for personnel assessment are available such as attitudinal surveys, specific assessments, structured interviews, ability tests, and focus groups. They can give better understanding, trust, commitment, and communications among team members and facilitate more productive teams. As a personnel assessment tool, DISC analysis provides a project manager and their team with knowledge about strengths and weaknesses. The manager can evaluate preferences of the team, on what grounds they make decisions and how they interact with people. Furthermore it can enhance communication and improve effectiveness as a result.

The tool can be beneficial as a strategic tool on individual, team and organizational levels. It can be applied on various needs of the company aspects of:

  • Recruiting
  • Individual assessment
  • Management development skills
  • Talent spotting
  • Optimization of teams and management groups
  • Organizational development
  • Change management

The questionnaire is web-based and fast to answer. It is an international tool and translated into many languages making it highly applicable for global companies. It provides concise, clear and simple profile analysis. It is extremely straight forward and simple for a manager to learn and implement. Concrete measures for the individual team members are provided in the analysis report. [21] [22]

[edit] Limitations

  • The analysis does not measure all aspects of the personality
  • The analysis is subjective. What you think of yourself is not always the reality or how you are perceived by others.
  • Only behavioural tendencies are shown and it does not take the individuals values into consideration. If a person's values are at stake it can cause a different reaction than according to the DISC profile.
  • When completing the analysis, the least and most used options are not necessarily applicable and it can be hard to choose since behavior is flexible and dynamic and it can vary from situation to situation.

[edit] Annotated Bibliography

  • Marston, W. M., (1928), Emotions of Normal People, Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company

Provides insights into the driving forces of human beings and the fundamentals of the DISS theory. Describes Dominance, Inducement Submission, and Compliance.

  • Project Management Institute, (2013), A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition

Provides the fundamentals of project management. Project Human Resource Management is described in chapter 9 and section 9.3 is specific about develop project team.

[edit] References

  1. Marston, W. M., (1928), Emotions of Normal People, Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company
  2. Project Management Institute, (2013) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition
  3. Oschadleus, J. (2010), Tanks, snipers and grenades: discover techniques for dealing with annoying communicators. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2010—Asia Pacific, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute
  4. Project Management Institute, (2013) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition
  5. www.discprofile.com
  6. www.discinsights.com
  7. www.peoplekeys.com
  8. Marston, W. M., (1928), Emotions of Normal People, Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company
  9. Marston, W. M., (1928), Emotions of Normal People, Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company
  10. Marston, W. M., (1928), Emotions of Normal People, Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company
  11. Marston, W. M., (1928), Emotions of Normal People, Kegan Paul Trench Trubner And Company
  12. www.discprofile.com
  13. www.discinsights.com
  14. www.peoplekeys.com
  15. www.sapiens.nu
  16. www.sapiens.nu
  17. www.sapiens.nu
  18. www.sapiens.nu
  19. www.sapiens.nu
  20. www.sapiens.nu
  21. Project Management Institute, (2013) A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, Project Management Institute, Fifth Edition
  22. Oschadleus, J. (2010), Tanks, snipers and grenades: discover techniques for dealing with annoying communicators. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2010—Asia Pacific, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute
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