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ABSTRACT

Understanding personality science is the key to optimizing your behaviour and getting to control working dynamics. Every single person has inherited traits from their parents, created others in their childhood and nurtured a complicated, self-developed and multi-dimensional set of characteristics that eventually will define them as a person and their relationships with their surroundings. Researchers have found that there is a science to personality and grouped them into 5 dimensions, fondly known as the Big Five or using the acronym O.C.E.A.N (can also be referred as C.A.N.O.E). Developed from the 1980s onward in psychology traits and with factor analysis applied to personality surveys, these cited dimensions grew to be: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism.

This article presents the results of a review of numerous studies, to provide a comprehensive overview of the differences between traits and how these affect us. It aims to identify how we can benefit from our “default settings” to build competent working teams and manage big programs or projects through the remark of pioneer individual skills that will germinate in the essential rapport of an entire team. The five basic personality traits is a theory developed in 1949 by D.W. Fiske and later expanded upon by other researchers including Norman (1967), Smith (1981) and McCrae and Cost (1987). We will dive upon the years spent trying to pin down character traits as a way of analysing people’s attitudes and how they were reduced from 4000, to 16 and eventually 5.

History of the theory

In 1936 two American psychologists Gordon Allport and H.S. Odbert began to focus on finding the most efficacious way to describe differences between people’s personalities. They suggested that the individual differences that are most salient and socially relevant in people’s lives would eventually become encoded into their language; the more important the more likely is it to become expressed as a single word. This becomes known as the Lexical Hypothesis ^[1]. They took 18,000 words from Webster Dictionary to describe personality traits and found adjectives that described non-physical characteristics creating 4500-word bank of observable behaviour markers.

In 1946 Raymond Cattell used the emerging technology of computers to analyse the Allport-Odbert list. He organised the list into 181 clusters and asked subjects to rate people whom they knew by the adjectives on the list, which, through factor analysis generated the 16PF Personality Questionnaire, that remains in use today. ^[2]

In 1961, two Air Force researchers, Tupes and Christal analysed personality data from eight large samples. Using Cattell’s trait measures, they found five recurring factors. This work was replicated by Norman shortly afterwards. He found that five major factors were sufficient to account for a large set of personality data. At a 1981 symposium in Honolulu, four prominent researchers, Lewis Goldberg, Naomi Takemoto-Chock, Andrew Comrey, and John M. Digman, reviewed the available personality tests and widespread the acceptance of the five-factor model among personality researchers. Beneath each proposed global factor, there were several correlated and more specific primary factors. These traits were not black and white but rather place on continua. ^[3]

The Big Five Personalities

Fondly known as the Big 5 Personality Traits, or O.C.E.A.N (can also be referred as C.A.N.O.E), this is the most scientific model to comprehend the relationship between personality and academic behaviour.[7W]

Openness

This characteristic includes imagination and insight. The world, other people, and an eagerness to learn and experience new things is particularly high for this personality trait. They demonstrate a general appreciation to the world surrounding as well as demonstrating a bigger awareness of their feelings and to hold more unconventional beliefs. It leads to having a broad range of interests and being more adventurous when it comes to decision making. Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and contextualize the openness factor as there is a lack of biological support for this particular trait as it had not shown a significant association with any brain regions as opposed to the other four traits. ^[4]

- Openness had a 57% genetic influence. ^[5]

Think of that person who’s always ordering the most exotic thing on the menu, going to different places, and having gobsmacking interests. You could normally describe him/her as someone with a rich vocabulary, vivid imagination, excellent ideas, quickly understanding of things, someone who spends time reflecting on things and is full of ideas.

Anyone low in this trait tends to be viewed with more traditional approached to life and my struggle when it comes to problem solving outside their comfort zone of knowledge as adapting to certain situations may provoke a challenge. They are consistent and cautious.

Conscientiousness

Conscientiousness is a trait that includes high levels of thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-directed behaviours. Describes how organized and dependable you can be and shows a tendency to display self-discipline, act dutifully and strive for achievement against measure or outside expectations. The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among older adults ^[6]

- Conscientiousness has 49% genetic influence. [quiz ref]

A highly conscientious person will regularly plan ahead and analyse their own behaviour to see how it affects others, it is always prepared, pays attention to details, gets chores done right away, likes order, follows a schedule and is generally exciting in work, they like to know the plan rather than be spontaneous.

People low in this trait tend to dislike structure and schedules, procrastinate on important tasks, and finally fail to complete them as well. They are more easy-going and laid back.

Extraversion

Extraversion (can also be referred as extroversion) is a trait that many will have come across in their own lives and describes how you interact with people. It’s easily identifiable and widely recognisable as “someone who gets energised in the company of others”.

- Extraversion has 54% genetic influence. [quiz ref]

They thrive on being the centre of attention, enjoy meeting new people and somehow tend to have the biggest friend and acquaintance group you have known. The identify themselves as being the life of the party, feel comfortable around people, start conversations, talk a lot of different people at parties.

The opposites are introverts. They prefer solitude and have less energy in social situations. Being at the centre of attention or making small talk can be quite taxing and they are more reserved. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression, instead they are more independent of their social world than extroverts.

Agreeableness

People who exhibit high agreeableness will show signs of trust, altruism, kindness and affection, it is how you feel towards others and also have an optimistic view of human nature. Highly agreeable people tend to have high prosocial behaviours which means that they’re more inclined to be helping other people. Empathy towards others is commonly understood as another form of agreeableness even if the term doesn’t quite fit.

- Agreeableness has 42% genetic influence. [quiz ref]

Interest in people, sympathize with other feelings, have a soft heart, take time for others, feel other emotions, make people feel at ease.

The opposite manifests in behaviour trait that are social unpleasant like manipulation and nastiness towards others and a lack of caring or sympathy, self-interest is placed above getting along with others. They are more analytical and detached.

Neuroticism

Neuroticism is characterised by sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability, it may be described as how you deal with emotions. Often mistaken for anti-social behaviour, or worse a greater psychological issue, neuroticism is a physical and emotional response to stress and perceived threats in someone’s daily life. Anxiety, which plays a large part in the makeup of neuroticism, is about an individual’s ability to cope with stress and perceived or actual risk. People who suffer with neuroticism will overthink a lot of situations and find difficulty in relaxing even in their own space.

According to Hans Eysenck's (1967) theory of personality, neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli [29W]. Neuroticism is a classic temperament trait that as been studied in temperament research for decades before it was adapted by the Five Factors Model [50W].

- Neuroticism has 48% genetic influence. [quiz ref]

Those who are sensitive and tend to be more nervous will rate high in this trait. They generally get stressed out easily, worry about things, easily disturbed, and easily upset, change their mood a lot, have frequent mood swings, get irritated easily and often feel blue.

Of course, those who rank lower on the neurotic level will exhibit a more stable and emotionally resilient attitude to stress and situations. Low neurotic also rarely feels sad or depressed, taking the time to focus on the present moment and not get involved in mental arithmetic on possible stress inducing factors.

How to use the Big Five as a project manager.

This article has been describing in a more psychological manner how humans can be defined within a personality framework, but how is this relevant to a project manager? This competence relies under one of the most undervalued perspectives of project management, People. People have different perceptions of the world, and you can benefit from the unison of them to better understand, design and develop your teams. Within a team, interdependent individuals whose works needs joint efforts work in synergy and this can be very difficult to achieve, as so, that any help received to walk in the right direction should be considered.

Personality traits have their relevance in the recruiting and early stages of a project development. As learned in the course, developing teams is composed of five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. In the first two, the project manager must form an effective team, clarify purposes and ideas by making some teambuilding activities and ground bases, and in occasions, handle conflicts due to power struggles or social contrasts. It is crucial for a PM to understand themselves and their preferences, understand their compatibility and friction points, get the right mix types in their project team, and understand how to take best advantage of these diverse types in a team. It also helps recruiters decide which questions to ask when interviewing potential candidates as a bad hire is not just costly investment but can also significantly hamper the productivity and morale of other employees.

If you put people in the right place they work better together.

ADVANTAGES:
^[7] - Gain deep insight into a candidate’s potential during screening.
- Understand candidates better to help identify cultural and role. Fit candidates who can adapt to the work environment easily and follow the company’s code of conduct.
- Faster recruitment process.
- Eliminates Bias.
- Spot the dark personality traits.
- Cost-effective and easily implemented. Can provide information about a person within hours which and organization may take several months to ascertain providing a good ROI.
- Gauge employee agility, their preferred mode of learning and how they respond to change.

DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATIONS:
- Personality Tools available on the market. Assessment tools on the marketplace claim effective test results but may be a trifle farfetched.
- Job-specific customization. There is no one-personality-test that fits all situations as not every job profile requires similar personality traits.
- Content quality or unclear questions that affect reliability.
- Response style. Often test-takers respond in a socially desirable manner rather than exhibiting their true personality traits.
- Candidate response can fail to attempt personality test because of nervousness or lack of first-hand experience.
- Personality assessments often do not consider certain factors, such as the cultural background or the language barrier, leading to missing out on valuable talent.
- The type does not predict the job performance and may change over time.

How personality affects you

Weinsberg and DeYoung in 2011 studied the big 5 traits and in particular gender differences in personality and concluded that women tend to score higher on extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism than men. ^[8]. It has also been widely recognised that the older we get, the more our behaviour traits will change. We become less extroverted, less neurotic, and less open to new experiences whilst our agreeableness and conscientiousness will grow.

According to social life science research, personalities are affected by genes and our face reflects our DNA. Research conducted in the University of Edinburg ^[9] studied over 800 sets of twins and found that identical twins, who share the same DNA, were twice as likely to share traits compared with non-identical twins. These uncountable studies tell us that genetic influence is the key to how successful a person will be in life and their ability to learn and develop. Lefevre ^[10] has found that people with higher levels of testosterone tend to be wider-faced with bigger cheekbones, and they are also more likely to have more assertive, and sometimes aggressive, personalities. The link between face shape and dominance is surprisingly widespread, from capuchin monkeys – the wider the face, the more likely they are to hold a higher rank in the group’s hierarchy – to professional football players. Differences in skin colour like barely noticeable tints may reflect differences in lifestyle. You appear to be in more robust health, if your skin has a slightly yellowish, golden tone. We exhibit this pigment because we haven’t used these vitamins to battle illness. More intriguingly, the authors also found evidence of a “Dorian Gray effect” – where the ageing face began to reflect certain aspects of the personality that hadn’t been obvious when the people were younger. Women who had more attractive, sociable, personalities from adolescence to their 30s slowly started to climb in physical attractiveness, so that in their 50s they were considered better-looking than those who had been less personable but naturally prettier. Their inner confidence was reflected on subtle differences in expression.

Predicting behaviour at work

When hiring employees, we are encouraged to accurately try to predict future performance.

A candidate with a high openness score would be willing to learn new skills and tools. Present with more abstract problems, they would be focused on tackling new problems that were perhaps previously overlooked.

Candidates with high conscientiousness wouldn’t necessary be sat at their desk until midnight, but however, be keen to get their work done, meet deadlines and be self-starter. Requiring little handholding, project management teams and Hr departments regularly have highly conscientious people working int their teams to help balance out the structural roles within the overall team development. [Thomas]. This organised and structured approach is often found withing people who work in science and even high-retail finance where detail orientation and organisation are required as a skill set.

The ideal extraversion scores would depend on the role you are hiring for. Extroverts tend to have very public facing roles including areas such as sales, marketing, teaching and politics, they stand out in environments where they thrive off interaction with others. Seen as leaders, extroverted people will be more likely to lead than stand in the crowd and be seen to not be doing anything.

A candidate who shows high agreeableness would suit a role where personal skills and ability to be at the service of others are needed. They lean to find careers in areas where they can help the most such as charity workers, medicine, mental health and even those who volunteer in soup kitchens and dedicate time to the third sector (social studies). Because agreeableness is a social trait, research had shown that one’s agreeableness positively correlated with the quality of relationships with one’s team member. Agreeableness also positively predicts transformational leadership skills.

Finally, a candidate who exhibits high neuroticism will not be suited to a role where there are consistent changed, tasks that require strong self-starter tendencies or high stress levels.

How are they measured?

Traditionally, the big 5 personality test is taken with a questionnaire and a multiple-choice response. For example, these questions will ask how much a person agrees or disagrees that he or she is someone who exemplifies various specific statements such as “I am trusting to others”. The responses will determine to what extent the person may be grouped into different personality traits.

The O.C.E.A.N personality test is, to date, the most scientifically validated and reliable psychological model to measure personality. Several measure of the Big Five exist:

- International Personality Item Pool (IPI).^[11]
- NEO-PI-R.
-The Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Five Item Personality Inventory (FIPI) are vert abbreviated rating forms of the Big Five personality trait. [210W]
- Self-descriptive sente questionnaire. ^[12]
- Lexical questionnaires. ^[13]
- Self report questionnaire. ^[14]
- Relative socked Big 5 measure. ^[15]
- Workplace Personality Test [Thomas questionnaire]

Conclusion

One of the most significant advances of the five-factor model was the establishment of a common framework that demonstrates order in a previously scattered and disorganised field. The “Big Five” has provided psychologists with a common basis for researching personality variances in a consistent and systematic manner. What separates the five-factor model of personality from all others is that it is not based on the theory of any one particular psychologist, but rather on language, the natural system that people use to communicate their understanding of one another.

Project managers need to have some type of control and understanding of their teams, who composes them and their resources, in order words the people in it. Making a good fit by creating a collaborative and assertive bond will bring uncountable benefits to the development of a project, program, or portfolio. However, it does not matter how scientifically based these personality assertions claim to be, a job performance can’t be defined by the personality of its performer and non the less can justify its success. They can be biased and lead talent away for no reason, but these tests will reduce the personnel pool considerably when time is short and will helps evaluators prepare themselves in advance when handling interviews, conflicts, task distributions, promotions or trainings.

References

1. ↑ https://www.psychometric-assessment.com/the-lexical-hypothesis-and-factor-models/
2. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits
3. ↑ Goldberg LR (May 1980). Some ruminations about the structure of individual differences: Developing a common lexicon for the major characteristics of human personality. Symposium presentation at the meeting of the Western Psychological Association (Report). Honolulu, HI
4. ↑ DeYoung, Colin G.; Hirsh, Jacob B.; Shane, Matthew S.; Papademetris, Xenophon; Rajeevan, Nallakkandi; Gray, Jeremy R. (2010). "Testing Predictions From Personality Neuroscience: Brain Structure and the Big Five". Psychological Science. 21 (6): 820–828. ISSN 0956-7976
5. ↑ https://www.scienceofpeople.com/personality/
6. ↑ "Research Reports on Science from Michigan State University Provide New Insights". Science Letter. Gale Student Resource in Context. Retrieved 4 April 2012
7. ↑ https://blog.mettl.com/advantages-disadvantages-of-personality-tests
8. ↑ https://www.thomas.co/resources/type/hr-guides/what-are-big-5-personality-traits
9. ↑ https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/the-personalities-of-twins-just-ordinary-folks
10. ↑ https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20150312-what-the-face-betrays-about-you
11. ↑ "IPIP Home". ipip.ori.org. Retrieved 2017-07-01
12. ↑ Robins Wahlin TB, Byrne GJ (October 2011). "Personality changes in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 26 (10): 1019–29. doi:10.1002/gps.2655. PMID 21905097. S2CID 40949990.
13. ↑ Goldberg LR (1992). "The development of markers for the Big-five factor structure". Psychological Assessment. 4 (1): 26–42. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26.
14. ↑ Donaldson SI, Grant-Vallone EJ (2002). "Understanding self-report bias in organizational behavior research". Journal of Business and Psychology. 17 (2): 245–60. doi:10.1023/A:1019637632584. JSTOR 25092818. S2CID 10464760
15. ↑ Hirsh JB, Peterson JB (October 2008). "Predicting creativity and academic success with a 'Fake-Proof' measure of the Big Five". Journal of Research in Personality. 42 (5): 1323–33. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.006