Revision as of 00:35, 22 March 2022

Over the last decades important new approaches have appeared in operations planning and control of production systems.^[1] Kanban (看板, meaning ‘cards’ in Japanese) is a visual system whose first purpose was to gain control in processes and make their workflow more manageable. The efficiency of daily activities within industrial processes represent a challenge for every production company. In fact, this tool is not only applicable to production processes, but also to every project taking place in almost every business function (operations, marketing, recruitment, business expansion...).

The target of Kanban is achieved by the implementation of certain activities or practices that, if well implemented, will gradually help improving the workflow. Its improvement implies not only a reduction of lead time and a better organization of the activities, but also a reduction of waste, a more value-added approach for the customer and a better predictability for future scenarios. These benefits are crucial in today's market, characterized for experimenting changes and competitiveness in a fast-paced environment.

Big idea

Origin of Kanban

Kanban agile methodology has its origin in the Toyota’s Production System. It was first implemented in the fifties by Taichii Ohno, an industrial engineer working for the company ^[2]. After the second world war, the Japanese automotive industry was stucked in the context of a strong United States within this industry. Due to this situation, Kiichiro Toyoda, the CEO of Toyota set out to put an end to this situation focusing on the efficiency of Japanese market. The target was to match the efficiency of the American market and represented a great challenge, as the US market was ten times more efficient than the Japanese. The company centered its efforts towards innovation and the efficiency of its industrial processes. During this change of direction, Taiichi Ohno, an industrial engineer working for the company, developed a new work methodology inspired by the ´´grocery store model´´ that he observed in the American supermarkets chain Piggly Wiggly. The concept of this model is that the stores stock need to be maintained in a sufficient level so that the customer’s demand is met looking for keeping the lowest stock level possible. Thus, Taiichi Ohno decided to introduce a visual demand tracking system in the factory consisting of cards that were attached to finished goods, and once a good was sold, the card returned to the production line ^[3]. This way, the production lines worked once a stablished number of cards returned the production line, and the idea of it was to:

• Minimize inventory levels and production cycle time.
• Increase the speed of information exchange.
• Improve productivity.

In the beginning, this methodology was originated with the creation of the just-in-time production system. However, this methodology has evolved during the years so that nowadays Kanban has been modified and adapted project management and software development processes.

The Kanban method

In the last decades, Kanban has been applied to other industries, as its principles have been proved to bring positive outcomes out of the automotive sector, specially, in the software development projects in the IT industry.

The main target of the Kanban methodology is to make workflow more visual. Through the design of a Kanban board, processes can be more clear and a more efficient scenario could be achieved by the reduction of the work in progress (WIP). Thanks to a better and more transparent visualization of the processes, problems could be better identified, highlighting which points of the process are not working efficiently.

The Kanban basic elements to run the methodology are a board divided into columns and cards. Every column of the board represents a stage in the timeline of the project. On the other hand, cards represent a work item.

The representation of the methodology could be either physical or digital. The physical representation is done by drawing the board on paper or in a blackboard and using stickers as cards. The more advanced options are digital, such as software systems that include a Kanban virtual solution.

Kanban Principles

The Kanban methodology could be summarized into different principles which represent the basic practices to go through in the development of the Kanban tool to make its implementation successful:

1. Visualize the current workflow: it is crucial to make the processes visual and accessible so that everyone involved in the project development understands how the work is performed.
2. Measurement of current situation: not only is it important to understand the workflow, but also to understand how successful the performance is currently being.
3. Service level agreement (SLA) and policies: to guarantee a good service level resultant from a project, minimum standards are stablished.
4. Limit Work in progress (WIP): by reducing the workers’ workload, they can better focus in the work to be done without feeling overloaded. This way, lead times could be reduced, and the workflow can result in a more continuous one.
5. New performance measurement: in order to measure how well the Kanban system works, an update in the team’s progress is done through a diagram to show if the lead time is being met, the WIP …. EXPLICAR MEJOR. This is done using Cumulative Flow Diagrams (CFD).
6. Optimize: maintaining a continuous improvement mindset is important to keep a team’s common effort towards this practice. Data has a key role in this process.

^[4].

Kanban Board

A Kanban board allows displaying the entire process in one unique system, offering a more manageable workflow. This board is usually divided into three columns which represent the stage of every task: “To do”, “In progress” and “Complete”. However, depending on the project that is being done, the name of the columns can be adapted. In the case of a software project, for example, the board could be divided into different columns that represent every phase that tasks go through such as backlog, analyze, review, build, integrate and test and the acceptance final stage. An example of a simple Kanban board is shown in Figure X. The idea of the backlog column is to include some ideas that different team members can have. This way, in the case the team has an overview of the different ideas that could also be worked, helping the commitment of the participants. Also, the different lanes can be subdivided in two columns, differentiating between "in progress" and "Done" stages. This helps making more visual those in which exact moment tasks are. https://www.atlassian.com/es/agile/kanban/boards

It is also possible and a good practice when creating a Kanban board to settle a work in progress (WIP) limit. It can be done by stating a maximum number of tasks that can be be at the same time in a column. If this maximum number is achieved, everyone in the project team should notice, so the information is shared and thus focus on making the cards move forward. By doing this, bottlenecks can be avoided and the flow optimization is maximized. https://www.atlassian.com/es/agile/kanban/boards

When there are new work tasks to do in the project, cards representing these new tasks are added in the “To do” column, in the left hand side of the board. During the progress of the tasks, cards start moving from the left to the right hand side of the board until the “Done” stage, which determines the completion of a task. There are usually some rules settled by the project manager to determine when a task is completed, and every team member participating in the project is aware of them, so the system can be updated regularly.

In project management it is really important to have a proper idea about how the performance is being in order to correct mistakes, make improvements and meet the capacity of it in terms of money and time. This management is done by the measurement of some key analytical metrics and indicators. A better explanation about the most relevant metrics and measurement outcomes are further developed in the ‘Performance measure’ section. https://getnave.com/blog/kanban-metrics/#:~:text=The%20two%20Kanban%20metrics%20that,are%20connected%20by%20Little's%20Law.

The most relevant features that come from a Kanban board can be summarized in the following points:

Workflow visualization Identify and avoid bottlenecks and possible problems Capacity adaptation by WIP limitation Improve communication Collect key metrics for future improvements

Kanban Cards

Cards are the elements in a Kanban system that represent the different tasks to be done within the project. The cards include all the information needed to describe the task properly. The information included would be determined by the purpose of the task. In the case that the Kanban is used in a production line, some specifications about quantities and lead times should be included, for example. In the case of a project, the cards would include the following information:

1. Task name: a head name which defines the task is needed for better identifying the task. It should be concise and provide relevant information.
2. ID : it could help identify, differentiate and classify better the different tasks.
3. Description of the work: it is necessary to include a proper description of the task. A good communication leads to a correct development of the task.
4. Date: different dates can be included, such as the delivery date to state the work deadline in the case there is, or a target time to accomplish a task.
5. Responsible: there is one or two of the team members that is the main responsible of the task, so including his name in the card would help better know who is doing what and who to ask in case there is anything to solve or to talk about.
6. Team members involved: the list of the rest of all participants in the task are also included with the same purpose.

An example of how this card would look like is shown in Figue X.

The purpose of describing the work to do through cards are many, and the outcomes of using them can be listed in three main points: Focus in important and relevant information about the different tasks Bring better and more efficient results from every task: they help creating a sense of ownership and clear guidelines and targets to meet. Improve efficiency: due to the establishment of a deadline, it is possible top have a better track of tasks.

https://www.atlassian.com/agile/kanban/cards

Referencia foto cards: https://www.interlakemecalux.com/blog/kanban-system

Benefits and shortcomings of Kanban

Kanban: an Agile methodology

Agile in project management

AÑADIR FOTO BIEN

Figure 1: Waterfall vs. Agile Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

Over the last decades, project management has been changing from a more linear approach to an environment in which agile is dominating. This linear approach was followed through the waterfall methodology, where deadlines and objectives of every project are based on fixed estimations or assumptions, so companies drive their projects missing the changing environment that surrounds it. This waterfall methodology that companies use are proven to be inefficient in changing environments, as projects are supposed to follow clear steps which are not designed to be re-thinked or re-designed, so it can be very costly and time. ^[2]

Agile, on the other hand, consists of an approach that help teams to achieve more efficient and effective practices in the which require flexibility in uncertain environments and where changes are fast. This could be done by the application of a set of different agile methodologies. These methodologies have an iterative approach, which means that they involve an evolutionary development, so that during its application steps are repeated in a cyclic way. ^[2] The main differences regarding the opportunity to make a change and its costs between both the traditional approach and the disruptive agile one are represented in Figure 1.

Regarding project management, the application of agile can be addressed to different areas, such as software development, processes improvement or project management in general. It was first used in the IT industry, where companies found in agile a great solution to solve the traditional problems found in software development processes. There is a mindset around the concept of agile consisting of a good flow of information between the stakeholders involved in order to bring more value to the customer while making progressive and meaningful steps. ^[3]

What is scrum?

Another agile methodology that is also commonly used for managing projects is Scrum. This project management framework is more commonly used for product developments, and it favors teams to work and collaborate together better. It is also used for project management, In this methodology there is usually a product owner who is directing the tool application from the beginning. The Scrum Papers:, Nut, Bolts, and Origins of an Agile Framework, Scrum, Inc. Jeff Sutherland, Version 1.1 – 2 Apr 2012

Project backlog: The manager has to collect all the different requirements from the different stakeholders involved, such as the customers. Through the collection of all these features, a list of the different work to do is listed and can be prioritized.

Sprints: there are periods in which the members involved in the things to do. The team has to be committed to determine which is the work to do in order to bring a solution. The different works defined from the requirements are given a specific time framework to be done. Every time period is known as ‘sprint’, and in it a scrum board, similar to the one used in Kanban, is used to help tracking the progress of the tasks.

Meetings: gathering the whole team involved in the project is one of the key practices in Scrum. A sprint-planning meeting is done to prepare it, then an everyday 15-minute meeting in order to make a project follow up. In these daily meetings, all the team member participating state what they did the day before and they review the day plan.

Sprint review: after every sprint, a review about the performance is done. The good practices and also the bad results are shared from a product perspective.

Sprint retrospective: the sprint retrospective consists on focusing on the process review, with the objective of solving issues or perform better in future scenarios.

Scrum can be used together with the application of Kanban, under a technique known as Scrumban. It consists of a methodology to manage projects, combining the best characteristics of both Scrum and Kanban, with the target of getting better and faster results. It can be used in the management of every kind of project, even in big size projects of different kind: software development, product development, etc.

These are different practices that Scrumban is taking from both Scrum and Kanban:

Scrum Ken Schwaber, Jeff Sutherland, ‚The scrum guide‘

- Process iterations in continuous intervals, with a review and a retrospective by the end of every sprint. - Work is prioritized depending on how complex the task. - There is a general team agreement to define when a work is considered to be finished.

Kanban

- The team works with defined tasks to do. Thus, there is a backlog of tasks from where team members can get a next to-do step. - There is a limit in the number of tasks to do at a time (WIP limit) - Generally, tasks are represented by cards which move forward through different pre-defined phases represented in a board.

There are some exclusive features from Scrumban not seen either in Kanban or Scrum https://www.agilealliance.org/scrumban/:

- There are no hierarchies. Every team is managed independently, without the existence of a clear leader. - Projects do not necessarily need to have a finish deadline. Sprints usually last two weeks, letting teams reviewing and repeating the process.

The main benefit of using Scrumban is that it allows managing long-term projects in a really flexible way. It is a tool that can help managing better projects which do not have a clear deadline, so that a continuous workflow can be implemented. https://asana.com/es/resources/scrumban

It can also be positive to use this tool when Scrum is being too rigid for a team working in a project. It is usually seen in New Technollogy-Based firms (NTBFs), whose managers can benefit from the benefits of the flexibility this agile tool provides in uncertain and changing environments. Sońta-Drączkowska, E., & Mrożewski, M. (2019). Exploring the Role of Project Management in Product Development of New Technology-Based Firms. Project Management Journal, 875697281985193. doi:10.1177/8756972819851939

Scrum vs. Kanban

Both Scrum and Kanban methodologies have in common the target of bringing continuous improvement to every project. Both are agile methodologies, and hence they help getting some outcomes that are part of the Agile concept. They both have the listed similarities: https://kanbantool.com/kanban-vs-scrum They allow limiting WIP Based on a pull system instead of a push one Centered in organizing teams A better communication through a visual and efficient flow of the information

However, there are some differences between both of them, which are stated in the following table: ^[4].

Application

https://books.google.dk/books?id=dXDLlAgETvMC&pg=PA22&dq=kanban+agile&hl=es&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjbw_uGl832AhWXS_EDHekVDQgQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=kanban%20agile&f=false

(To do) Brief introduction of the general idea of how the methodology is applied/developed.

Kanban and Project Management

(To further develop) There are some metrics that could be monitored in order to measure the performance of a project:

• Lead and cycle time
• Project speed
• Other metrics

References

1. ↑ R.J. Boucherie, X. Chao and M. Miyazawa, "Arrival first queueing networks with applications in kanban production systems", 2001
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2} Ohno, T.: Toyota Production System. Beyond Large-Scale Production. Productivity Press, Portland (1988)
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Kanban tool, History of Kanban, last visited 27th of February 2020, https://kanbantool.com/es/guia-kanban/historia-de-kanban
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1} Andrew T. Pham and David K. Pham., “Business-Driven IT-Wide Agile (Scrum) and Kanban (Lean) Implementation”, 2013