Revision as of 15:48, 27 September 2017

Projects are made by people and for people. Yet, most projects have failed right here, especially since it was not until lately that people became truly recognized and incorporated in project management. It has been a mistake to think that people leave their personalities at home when going to work. So attracting, engaging and integrating people with their own interests, feelings, ideas, and competencies is not optional but required in project, program, and portfolio management. Especially since the complexity and uncertainty certainly bring about emotions in people. This necessitates a form of leadership that is suited to this environment, and servant leadership is one such form, where the people really are the centre of attention with the executive being a true leader rather than a boss. C.f. James W. Sipe and Don M. Frick in their book "Seven Pillars of Servant Leadership", servant leadership is attained by implementing seven things:

1. Being a person of character
2. Putting people first
3. Being a skilled communicator
4. Being a compassionate collaborator
5. Having foresight
6. Being a Systems Thinker
7. Having moral authority

The concept

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Person of Character

The core competencies of a person of character are that he maintains integrity, demonstrates humility, and serves a higher purpose. This character behavior has a huge effect on the quality and effectiveness of leadership: Many experts say that leadership competence is based on character more than technique [6], leaders of character generate more loyalty, creativity, and productivity [7], a Harvard study indicates that most of the leader's performance is due to his personal character [8], and companies with a strong culture of shared values and principles outperform other companies a lot [9].

Maintaining integrity

A person of character makes ethical and principle-centered decisions. He does not lead by ego but with his conscience, the inward moral sense of right and wrong. Rather, he has enough self-awareness to point his inner compass towards "true north" of real leadership and not "magnetic north", which culturally conditioned values, others' needs and expectations, the ego etc. are pointing him towards. When the "magnetic attraction" becomes too severe and forces him away from true north, he does his utmost to get back on course.

Honesty is the most important ingredient according to a twenty-five-year study on what people most admire in their leaders [13], so the person of character is also virtuous, trustworthy, and honest. By honesty it is not meant that he expresses whatever he thinks or feels, but that he is authentic: he must know himself and others, use personal histories to establish common ground, choose carefully which authentic parts of himself to reveal and in which situations etc.

Simple things one can do to maintain integrity is, for example, to return phone calls, follow up on details, keep promises, and admit mistakes [s. 27].

Demonstrating humility

Humility also contributes to leadership effectiveness [15]. Being humble makes us listen to other opinions, which in turn makes us do better and more insightful decisions, based on more diverse information. This is especially important in projects due to the high level of complexity and uncertainty. We need input and feedback from others and not being defensive when we receive criticism. Humility helps with this. Authoritarian hierarchy and egotistic pride in leaders are due to their own insecurity that people will not follow them if they don't exercise coercive power [19 og 20]. It is important to surrender one's own ego for the sake of the project. Remind yourself that you are not right all the time, and show it to others as well by asking even your subordinates in the project if something is the right thing to do.

Serving a higher purpose

A person of character is filled with a depth of spirit and enthusiasm, and he is committed to the desire to serve something beyond himself. The Irish author and philosopher specialising in organisational behaviour and management, Charles Hardy, states: "The companies that survive are the ones that work out what they uniquely can give to the world - not just growth or money but their excellence, their respect for others, or their ability to make people happy." [s. 30] Humans search for a purpose in life, and the servant-leader should ask himself what his mission in life is and how he can make a difference. Every person has a calling - what is yours? Find out what you are passionate about and really good at. Then ask yourself how this can help you to achieve the goals of the project you're in. Or how you can use it to start a new project to achieve great goals, for instance one of the UN global goals for sustainable development (http://www.globalgoals.org). Then strive to achieve the goals. This will inspire one's subordinates and other observers as well.

Puts People First

The core competencies of one who puts people first are that he displays a servant's heart, is mentor-minded, and shows care and concern, to help others meet their highest priority development needs. Putting people before profit can, ironically, make a project or an organization even more profitable. A research from Stanford University suggests that companies with a "people first" mentality have a significant competitive advantage and outperform all competitors [1]. Instead of just spouting the slogans "our people are our biggest assets" or "we put people first", a servant-leader really puts the people before, for instance, profit, and sacrifice self-interests for the sake of others. However, there is a balance, since, of course, a person who sacrifices too much and neglects himself cannot function.

Displaying a servant's heart

Seeks first to serve, then aspires to lead. Self-interest is deeply connected to the needs and interests of others. Many effective leadership models say that great leaders should show concern for their subordinates, but besides showing concern, an even greater effect is obtained when the leader also is at their service. True leadership emerges from a deep desire to serve and is not something to work for but something that happens by itself. The joy of giving is its own reward: a study suggests that the areas of the brain stimulated through sex, drugs and money are also stimulated by acts of helping others and altruism [4]. So your own heart will be at rest too.

Being mentor-minded

A mentor-minded servant-leader serves in a manner that allows those served to grow as persons. He does not impose his own wisdom but allows them to develop their own. Mentoring should not be about the mentor but the mentee.

Showing care and concern

A servant-leader expresses genuine care and concern for others. Caring is not tantamount to being soft and overlooking mistakes, but one most separate the behavior from the person. It is also more than just being nice. Care is expressed with action. For instance, you could provide opportunities for them to achieve the important needs described by Maslow: self-actualization needs, esteem needs, belonging needs, safety needs, and physiological needs [kilde]. This way, they should also be highly motivated. --

Skilled communicator

A skilled communicator is one who listens earnestly and speaks effectively. His core competencies are that he demonstrates empathy, invites feedback and communicates persuasively. Many experts say that skillful communication is the foundation of effective leadership. With skillful communication, they mean listening to understand others and expressing one's thoughts, feelings, and needs with genuineness, respect, and clarity [1]. This has many benefits, such as trusting and productive working relationships since the speaker feels attended to and cared about, better constructive conflict resolution, and more. Communication skills are relationship skills, so project managers can seek help from psychotherapy and the relatively new concept of EQ, emotional intelligence, or people skills, which Gerard Egan, the author of The Skilled Helper, which is the most widely used counseling text in the world, defines [2] as:

1. Empathy (deep, accurate understanding)
2. Warmth (kindness, respect)
3. Genuineness (openness, authenticity)
4. Concreteness (specific, direct)
5. Initiative (solution-oriented, risk-taking)
6. Immediacy (mutual, intimate, "here-and-now" sharing)
7. Self-disclosure (appropriate sharing of self)
8. Confrontation (challenging others to grow)
9. Self-exploration (self-reflection, inviting feedback)

Demonstrating empathy

"If communication is the joint that holds relationships together, empathy is the connective tissue" [s. 53]. Being empathic is to put yourself in the shoes of others, to temporarily live in the other's life. Be aware of their thoughts, feelings, and needs. To be able to empathize, one must first be able to listen, which is an important skill in servant-leaders. Many approaches already exist, active listening, strategic listening etc. However, a servant-leader not only knows the rules of listening but go beyond them by becoming listeners. And not only verbally but also the nonverbal communication.

One can follow these three simple steps and a good technique for showing empathy.

1. Show interest: Stop what you are doing, pay attention even if you are in a hurry, turn towards the person, lean slightly forward, look directly at the face, make eye contact and use your body language.
2. Be encouraging: Avoid evaluating the statements, don't interrupt, express words of encouragement, for example, "I see... that's interesting, you don't say..." etc. Ask open-minded questions, and ask brief open-ended questions.
3. Clarify: Summarize in your own words what you have heard. 2 and 3 will show that you're still interested and actively listening

The conversation can be ended with the XYZ technique: "You feel X, because of Y, and you want Z."

Inviting feedback

Others see faults in us bettter than we do ourselves. A servant-leader must therefore not just welcome feedback to appear open-minded but must regard feedback as a gift and not become defensive. All feedback is good if we regard it as an opportunity to improve. When receiving feedback, strike to be [s. 64] [16]:

1. Open: Listen without interruption, objections, or defensiveness.
2. Responsive: Be willing to hear the speaker out without turning te table. Ask questions for clarification.
3. Thoughtful: Seek to understand the effects and consequences of your behavior.
4. Calm: Be relaxed, breathe. Assume a comfortable body posture. Be aware of your own emotional reactions.
5. Explicit: Make it clear what kind of feedback you are seeking, and why it is important to you.
6. Quiet: Refrain from making or preparing to make a response. Do not be distracted by the need to explain, defend, or fix.
7. Clear with your commitment: Describe how you have benefited from the feedback and what specific steps you will take toward improvement.
8. Accepting: Be open to assuming their good will.
9. Clarifying: Make sure you are clear about what they are seeing, saying, and recommending.

The following are guidelines for giving feedback. Feedback should be:

1. Timely: The more immediate the feedback, the more relevant and helpful it will be.
2. Supportive: Given in the spirit of care, encouragement, and advice toward improvement, and delivered with sensitivity to the needs of the other person.
3. Nonjudgmental: Focus on behavior and performance, not on personality characteristics.
4. Specific: Emphasize facts, evidence, and behavior, not intuition or impressions. Be brief and to the point.
5. Well-paced: It shouæld be given in moderate does, thoughtful rather than impulsive.
6. Directive: Feedback should focus on behavior that can be changed anc contain suggestions for alternate ways of doing things.
7. Presented with a request for clarification: Get feedback on your feedback. It should allow for ongoing dialogue.
8. Offered by permission: Ask the other person if he or she is open to feedback.

Communicating persuasively

A leader must influence others, and there are different strategies to how. One is communicating persuasively by using ethos, pathos and logos. However, it is important that the persuaded person is not manipulated but takes the step himself. Another method is storytelling.

Compassionate Collaborator

A compassionate collaborator strengthens relationships, supports diversity, and creates a sense of belonging and a culture of collaboration. This includes that he invites and rewards the contributions of others, he pays attention to the quality of work life and strives to build caring, collaborative teams and communities, he related well to people of diverse backgrounds and interests and values individual differences, and he manages disagreements respectfully, fairly, and constructively. [s 77]

His core competencies are expressing appreciation, building teams and communities, and negotiating conflict.

Expressing appreciation

Research show that employees prefer positive feedback and appreciation even more than other workplace perks, including compensation. [5] And that companies with a positive and collaborative culture did better economically than companies without these traits: on average revenues were increased by 682 percent, on average the workforce increased by 282 percent and on average the company stock prices increased 901 percent [6].

Following things can be done to make employees feel more valued [s. 85]:

1. Offer them reward options
2. Identify what is meaningful to them
3. Keep recognition programs fresh
4. Train managers on recognition best practices
5. Recognize all levels of employees
6. Give recognition consistently
7. Develop a peer-recognition program

Building teams and communities

Negotiating conflict

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Has Foresight

One who has foresight imagines possibilities, anticipates the future, and proceeds with clarity of purpose. He is visionary and he displays creativity and takes courageous and decisive action.

Being visionary

Displaying creativity

Taking courageous and decisive action

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Systems Thinker

A systems thinker is one who thinks and acts strategically, leads change effectively, and balances the whole with the sum of its parts. He is comfortable with complexity, demonstrates adaptability, and considers the "greater good".

Being comfortable with complexity

Demonstrating adaptability

Considering the "greater good"

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Leads with Moral Authority

One who leads with moral authority is worthy of respect, inspires trust and confidence, and establishes quality standars for performance. He accepts and delegates responsibility, shares power and control, and creates a culture of accountability. --

Application

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Limitations

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Annotated bibliography

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