Roles and responsibilities of program manager
(→Limitations) |
(→Skills\Behaviors) |
||
Line 47: | Line 47: | ||
=Application= | =Application= | ||
== Skills\Behaviors == | == Skills\Behaviors == | ||
− | In order a program manager to accomplish all the roles and responsibilities should have some skills | + | In order a program manager to accomplish all the roles and responsibilities should have some skills and behaviors. A lot of surveys have be carried out to find out which should be the required behaviors of a successful Program Manager and they resulted that although knowledge about business is significant, there is more importance on program management skills. The most crucial of them are the following four policies: <ref name="PMI1"></ref> <ref name="roles"></ref> <ref name="Key"></ref> |
− | 1. First of all a Program manager has to see the organization strategically | + | 1. First of all a Program manager has to see the organization strategically and for that are needed: |
*Strategic/Critical thinking to plan and foresee future implications, thinking broadly and understanding the long term impacts of decisions. | *Strategic/Critical thinking to plan and foresee future implications, thinking broadly and understanding the long term impacts of decisions. | ||
*The capability to clarify team dynamics and communicate the organizational culture | *The capability to clarify team dynamics and communicate the organizational culture | ||
− | *Leading change: instigating constructive change and simultaneously helping the team managers to | + | *Leading change: instigating constructive change and simultaneously helping the team managers to adapt to changes |
*Effective leadership and management skills | *Effective leadership and management skills | ||
*The ability to find innovative ways either of solving or forecasting problems | *The ability to find innovative ways either of solving or forecasting problems | ||
Line 66: | Line 66: | ||
*Communication and collaboration skills: expressing ideas clearly while taking into account the views of others | *Communication and collaboration skills: expressing ideas clearly while taking into account the views of others | ||
− | *The ability to create relationship amongst the members of the program teams which based on trust and respect, maintaining confidences and keeping commitments | + | *The ability to create relationship amongst the members of the program teams which are based on trust and respect, maintaining confidences and keeping commitments |
4. Knowledge about specific fields: | 4. Knowledge about specific fields: |
Revision as of 13:32, 27 February 2018
Roles and responsibilities of program manager are very complex. For that reason, it is difficult to define them. They can vary from managing multiple projects to managing multiple projects with operational responsibilities, additionally to being accountable for profit or cost targets based on business strategy. Moreover, a program manager has the main supervision of the scope and status of several related projects at once which all together contain the program in order to ensure that the program goals are achieved. This accumulation of responsibilities of a diversity of projects and operations means that the program manager should be able to balance business targets and project/operational performance. His decisions are both tactical and strategic in nature. The program manager must establish an environment that allows the project managers to complete their projects successfully. In more detail, the main leadership duty is to bring more clarity to the team. Occasionally, the Project management office (PMO) may not have sufficient insight of the risk, issues, requirements, design or solution and the clarity that is given from them. In that case, the program manager may be well placed to accept calculated risk and then define clarity in his own terms or to provide this insight by actively seeking out such data from the project managers although in large and/or complex projects, a specific role may be required. However, this insight arises, the program manager needs this in order to be confident that the overall program goals are achievable. [1]
Contents |
Big Idea
Origin of Program Manager
Program manager is first and foremost a leader, who delivers a business strategy that requires multiple coordinated projects. Furthermore, he can be considered as a “super” project manager. His roles focus mainly on operational, because he is responsible for planning and supervising the successful completion of the program. Last but not least, the program manager should have previously multi-annual experience of being project manager for large and complex projects. [2]
Roles and responsibilities
The major roles and responsibilities of a program manager are listed below. [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Planning
As it mentioned before the roles and responsibilities of a program manager are many and complicated. First of all, program managers are responsible for planning and scheduling the overall program from different perspectives and supervising the progress of it by creating a road-map for it, daily Program Management throughout the program life cycle. In addition, they should be able to manage the main program documents (e.g., the program initiation document), that means to edit, version and storage all management features files. To fit all these responsibilities together, there are a lot of program management tools (Tools) that can be used for assigning tasks, adding comments, organizing dashboards and approvals.
Management and Assurance
Program managers have to focus also on the assessment and assurance of the proper functioning, the productivity, the quality and the progress of the program with verifying and validating it. For that reason, they should coordinate the separate projects and their interdependencies and interfaces. To manage this, they have to evaluate in a regular basis the performance of each project that is contained in the program and then to do reviews and reports on the entire program. Specifically, they are responsible for review and then approve the different project plans. Before that, they have to ensure that the project plans are to the appropriate level of quality, on time, within budget and that they meet the requirements of the program strategy, plan and governance arrangements.
Alignment and Infrastructure
Program managers should also focus on the internal and external consistency of the program with the infrastructure planning and its interfaces with other programs. It is important because a program consists of several activities which take place at multiple levels and have different goals. Thus, the program manager has to clarify the vision, goals and object of the program and then to align the separate projects objectives with the business/organizational strategy, in some cases with the aid of the business change manager. Apart from that, program managers are responsible for provision of infrastructure that a program needs for its proper function. This includes the program office technology, and other factors in the work environment that contribute to the development and the integrate of the program.
Governance
One of the most decisive roles of program managers is the creation and confirmation of the separate projects that consist the program with the project managers. They have to define the responsibilities and delegate work to project managers. In addition, they should track, manage and provide oversight to team activities and their performance. during the whole program. They should be able to assist and report the project managers when it is necessary.
Improvement and Integration
Another crucial role of program managers is to define the program governance (controls). Particularly, they are responsible for identifying, assessing and managing risks, issues, delays and deviations from required standards. Finally, they should be able decision-making and to resolve performance problems, so they can integrate the program by improving and optimizing its performances.
Finance
Managing and utilizing resources across program is also one of the responsibilities of program managers. They are accountable for executive budget and for financial management that means implementation of specific fiscal practices and controls. In more detail they have to track the costs of the program and manage its budget by monitoring expenditure and costs of delivered and realized benefits during the program development.
Communication
Another role of program manager is to manage the stakeholder's communication and beside that to communicate with executive sponsors and program steering committee and finally to conduct periodic status updates
Leading
Finally, the coaching and developing of the employees either the existing or new ones could be a key role of program managers. They should be able to lead project managers and employees through high-level sessions either communicating knowledge about program and schedule development or motivating them.
During complex and large programs, sometimes it is required, other managers to be appointed who will contribute to the integration of the program manager work. They take over some of the program manager responsibilities that are listed above, for instance a risk manager, a communications manager or a benefits manager.
Application
Skills\Behaviors
In order a program manager to accomplish all the roles and responsibilities should have some skills and behaviors. A lot of surveys have be carried out to find out which should be the required behaviors of a successful Program Manager and they resulted that although knowledge about business is significant, there is more importance on program management skills. The most crucial of them are the following four policies: [2] [4] [7]
1. First of all a Program manager has to see the organization strategically and for that are needed:
- Strategic/Critical thinking to plan and foresee future implications, thinking broadly and understanding the long term impacts of decisions.
- The capability to clarify team dynamics and communicate the organizational culture
- Leading change: instigating constructive change and simultaneously helping the team managers to adapt to changes
- Effective leadership and management skills
- The ability to find innovative ways either of solving or forecasting problems
2. Another skill is to understand how to lead the organization toward the future:
- Analyzing cases effectively and making sound decisions
- Setting and achieving short and long term goals
- Driving results from two perspectives: delivering results personally by following commitments and requirements of a program and achieving business objectives through others by holding people accountable
3. Working harmoniously with others is a very important feature that the manager needs to have:
- Communication and collaboration skills: expressing ideas clearly while taking into account the views of others
- The ability to create relationship amongst the members of the program teams which are based on trust and respect, maintaining confidences and keeping commitments
4. Knowledge about specific fields:
- Good knowledge of finance: Good sense of budgeting and resource allocation procedures
- Good handling of project and program management methodology and techniques. For instance, how to plan, monitor and control programs
- The ability to develop a sound business case
Tools
The roles and the responsibilities of a program manager can be performed using a wide set of tools. These techniques can be used to develop ideas and thinking in a program management environment. There are plenty of them and depending on the type of program are differed. On the Table below, the most important tools and techniques that can be used by program managers related to the roles and responsibilities that are referred above, are presented. [6] [8]
Comparison with project manager
Frequently, the processes of projects and programs are described as being similar in nature due to their close link, although they are different in detailed level. [3] For that reason, the differences of these two concepts are presented in this article. Program managers are often described as the higher organizational hierarchy level over project managers. They are specified as the combination between higher management and operational-level implementation of a company's tasks. [9] A program is as a set of projects managed together in order to achieve a higher-level common scope, that will be impossible if each of these projects acts alone. [9]
The main difference between a program manager and a project manager can be described by two actions: creation and compliance. The former one is responsible for creating the business environment culture and the project manager should comply with it. Furthermore, the project manager's responsibilities are based on the triptych of time, cost, and scope of the project. On the other hand, the program manager is judged not only on these three subjects but also on a level that is cumulative for all the projects and operations within the program. This summation of responsibilities for a variety of projects and operations means that the program manager should manage frequent trade-offs between business targets and project/operational performances. Moreover, program management decisions have basically strategic character. The strategy aspects must take into account multidimensional impacts beyond the short-term deliveries of the projects. In contrast to the program manager, the project manager should complete and deliver projects within the time schedule and based on the instructions set by the program manager. To sum up, the project manager should focus on deliveries and execution of the projects whereas the program manager is also responsible for the overall organization and efficacy of the program over the long-term. [10]
Example
Big construction companies often undertake complicated projects, such the construction of metro. In this case, the program manager has the largest portfolio, which includes multiple projects on multiple sites and the program manager should be responsible for all the metro stations. Program managers have the overarching control, budget and schedule of a program. If the owner is not an expert in facility design and construction, the program manager provides leadership in this field. He cooperates with the stakeholders, including the client, the superintendent, and district officials. Moreover, in this example, the program manager defines the project managers each of them has to manage work on one of the metro stations. They are responsible for pre-design, design process, construction, integration and delivery of the project. In recent years, the construction manager has been joined as a member to the project-process. They are are the most appropriate to provide important knowledge during the design and construction phase.
How they can coordinate together:
The most critical thing is in every construction program, each manager has a distinct set of responsibilities and the clearer is for each of them what exactly are his or her roles on a project, the better result will come out. In more detail, the responsibilities of construction manager focus only on site-works, dealing directly with the contractor, project and program managers. The program manager works basically from an office and visits the different sites, if required. About the project manager, he has to be based either at office or the construction site.
The same philosophy applies to smaller and also larger construction programs involving multiple projects, such as airports.
Limitations
Although it seems that a program manager contributes for a better development and performance of a program avoiding issues and problems during its process, there are ways in which the program may evolve wrongly. Some of the most common limitations are outlined below: [12]
- Firstly, the role of a program manager could become too bureaucratic and have a lot of constrains on the program development. That means that the program manager has a more implementing role than assisting essentially the process of the program.
- To clarify the responsibilities for each of the team members seems to be an easy job, especially if the program ranges on a small scale. However, in case that the program is more complex, it is necessary to define the roles, tasks and prioritize them, otherwise it may complicate its evolution. An extension of this limitation could be the wrong allocating of resources, which should distribute evenly according to the program needs in order the program to be accomplished properly.
- Additionally, a program manager can not guarantee that the program will follow the original scope because of constant change. This limitation is one of the main reason why a lot of programs are completed either over their initial budget or with delays. For that reason, Program Management recognizes the formal participation of Change Management in the program.
See also
Related subjects
- Project management office (PMO)
- project manager
- Program Management
- decision-making
- Change Management
Reference
- ↑ .F.John Reh. November 26, 2017, ‘The Role and Responsibilities of a Manager’ [1]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 .Zein Omar. January 1, 2010, ‘Roles, responsibilities and skills in program management’ / Project Management Institute [2]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 .Blomquist Tomas, Müller Ralf. January 2004, ‘Program and portfolio managers’, ‘analysis of roles and responsibilities’ / Project Management Institute [3]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 ‘An Roinn Airgeadais’, ‘Roles and responsibilities of the Programme Manager’ [4]
- ↑ .Michael F. Hanford. May 14, 2004,‘Program management: Different from project management’ [5]
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 .Jason Westland. May 30, 2017, ‘Best Program Management Tools for Managers’, ‘6 Tools That Help Manage Programs’ / Project Manager [6]
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 .Lynda Carter, Kristin Tull and Donna VanRooy. ‘Key Leadership Behaviors Necessary to Advance in Project Management’, ‘Project/Program Management Research’ [file:///C:/Users/nikol/Downloads/Key%20Leadership%20Behaviors%202013%20BW%20PRADCO.pdf]
- ↑ ‘An Roinn Airgeadais’, ‘Programme and project management tools and techniques’ [7]
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 .Pellegrinelli, S. 2002, ‘Shaping context: The role and challenge for programmes. International Journal of Project Management, ch.20, p.229-233’,
- ↑ .James T Brown. 2008, ‘The Handbook of Program Management: How to Facilitate Project Success with Optimal Program Management ’
- ↑ .Christopher Dunne. December 2, 2015, ‘Blog: Drive to Discover’, ‘Construction Management, Program Management and Project Management: What's the Difference?’ [8]
- ↑ .David Goulden. October 10, 2017, ‘The Advantages and Disadvantages of Project Portfolio Management’ [9]
Annotated Bibliography
- Roles, responsibilities and skills in program management: This paper taken from the PMI web page captures the meanings of program and project management. It aims to clarify the main roles, responsibilities and skills in program and project managers.
- Program management: Different from project management: The purpose of this article is to analyze the main aspects of program management. They are summarized to five categories: governance, management, financial management, infrastructure and planning. Each of these features is explained analytically in this article and simultaneously is compared with those of project management. It also points out for each of these aspects the effort and outcomes needed in order to achieve success.