Revision as of 18:43, 22 February 2019

Developed by Shri Tejas Vedula

Abstract

Performance measurement is an important aspect in organisations all around the world. The performance measures should help align the activities to the objectives of a project or an organisation. Indicators for performance hence, aid in transforming and communicating performance measurement to the respective members involved in an organisation. Key Performance Indicators or KPIs are critical indicators that aid in tracking the progress of a project, program or portfolio. Firstly, the article intends to cover the explanation and intended development and use of KPIs in the existing literature i.e. The PMBOK, The standard for project management and Prince2. Secondly, the article focuses on the design and practical application of KPIs in order to control and monitor project decisions and actions. Furthermore, the article will emphasize on the challenges faced by modern day managers in relation to deriving meaning from the plethora of the available key performance indicators.

A KPI can be dissected as the following.

• KEY= A great contributor to the success or failure of the project. A KPI is not just an ordinary metric,it can make or break a project.
• PERFORMANCE= Defines a metric that can be quantified, adjusted, measured and controlled. In order to improve performance, the metric must be controllable.
• INDICATOR= It has the ability to clearly represent the present and future performance.

As an aspect of the Project Communications Management in the PMBOK® Guide, the collection, analysis, and the reporting of metrics and especially performance metrics is important for the monitoring and controlling the progress of any project. These metrics are important for both the project manager and any related stakeholder connected to the project.

A brief history of the application of KPIs

KPIs were used by the Wei dynasty rulers in China to rate the performance of the members of the royal family ^[1]. Performance management and its concepts moved to the industry in the 20th century when there was a need for monitoring the performance of individual employees during the industrial revolution. The use of financial indicators and operational performance management became widespread in the 1930's when a dashboard-like "tableau de bord" was introduced in France to monitor performance. However, the creation of the balance scorecard by Dr Robert Kaplan and Dr David Norton was revolutionary in terms of introducing the first modern KPI framework.

KPIs as seen in project management standards and knowledge bodies

The PMBOK presents the potential use of KPIs under the umbrella of Project Integration Management. KPIs are represented as an aspect of project management information system which are in turn presented as tools and techniques to direct and manage project work^[2]. The primary uses of it also lie in project governance where monitoring performance is key. They can also be used in assessing the project's performance in comparison to the plan at the control point in the project life cycle. Monitoring and controlling project management process group.

PRINCE2 defines the use of KPIs as a measure of success. It is defined as a measure of performance that denotes how successful an organisation is in progressing towards its organisational objectives. It recommends the KPIs to be designed keeping balance in background. The balance should be achieved between qualitative and quantitative measure, project inputs and outputs and leading and lagging indicators which allow managers to track project progress during and after the completion of events^[3]. Additionally, PRINCE2 suggests the use dashboards to graphically represent the project progress. It suggests the use of common graphical tools such as pie charts and histograms to depict the project progress. These tools allow for easy understanding for stakeholders at all levels.

The PMI standard defines the Monitoring and Controlling Process Group which consists of processes that are required to track review and regulate the performance of a project (source: PMI standard). Monitoring refers to the collection and production of performance data and measures respectively. Controlling, on the other hand refers to the comparison of the actual project performance to the planned performance and project scope baseline. Hence, KPIs in such instances are critical tools.

Designing and defining the KPIs

PRINCE2 suggests that the KPIs should be meeting the "acceptance criteria" and quality expectations which are defined in project product description while also satisfying the project tolerances such as time, cost, scope etc. which are defined in the project initiation documentation. The quality criteria particularly pertains to the KPI being SMART i.e. Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-Bound (PRINCE2 Source).

The design and identification of KPIs will be easier pertaining to the fact that the Critical Success Factors (CSF) for the project are defined and identified. A KPI provides a leading indication if the CSF for the respective project is on track to be met.

It is critical to choose the right KPIs because:

• They allow for better decision making
• They improve project performance
• They improve customer-contractor-stakeholder relations
• They help in quick identification of problem areas

The SMART methodology is a good reference map for defining KPIs but Wayne Eckerson has developed a much more rich and detailed characteristics to design a KPI. According to Eckerson, KPIs are to be:

• Strategic
• Simple
• Owned
• Actionable
• Timely
• Referenceable
• Accurate
• Correlated
• Game Proof
• Aligned
• Standardized
• Relevant

Relevant examples and KPI types

KPIs can designed in multiple categories such that they benefit a project manager. Primarily, these categories include: Time based KPIs such as Cycle time, On-Time completion percentage, Number of adjustments to the schedule etc. Budget based KPIs such as budget variance, number of budget iterations etc. Quality based KPIs such as customer satisfaction and complaints, number of errors produced etc. KPIs depicting effectiveness such as number of project milestones completed on time.

Steps for successful KPI implementation for projects and organisations

Figure 1:Building blocks for achieving successful implementation of KPIs in organisations and projects

According to the "KPI-Developing, implementing and using winning KPIs " book by David Parmenter, seven foundation stones are required in order to successfully develop, utilize and implement KPIs in an organisation. These steps and foundation principles can be translated from an organisation and workplace based application to a project, program or portfolio based one.

• It is perennial for a project to have the CEO and top management on board and committed to change

• It is important to assign a home grown chief measurement officer who

• Leading and selling organisational change using John Kotter's model of leading change.

• Critical Success Factors (CSF) are the origin of all performance measures. It is important for a project manager to recognize the project's CSFs.

PRINCE2 correlates the success of business performance to the maturity of an organisation.

KPI systems for the modern project manager

There are three primary ways to implement, monitor and keep tabs on the selected KPIs. They are namely:

1. Scorecards: Primarily, used for aligning operational execution to the business strategy. Real world execution is mapped to a specific strategy.A balance scorecard KPI example can be "Profitable sales growth" which is the amalgamation of multiple customer and financial based metrics. A scorecards belongs in the most on the business decision making spectrum.

2. Dashboards: A dashboard provides the project manager with an overview of the key information in an intuitive and insightful manner. The dashboard as a tool is lesser strategic in nature in comparison to the balance scorecard. Hence, it falls a level below in the business decision making process. The execution of the operational goal directly contributes to the strategic goal of the project.

3. Reports: Reports are the most common and simple way of presenting KPIs. They offer an easy to read, classic yet deep overview of the project progress to the respective stakeholder.

References

1. ↑ Christian Steven, "The History Of KPIs And Their Rise To Popular Use Today", 2017 https://go.christiansteven.com/bi-blog/the-history-of-kpis-and-their-rise-to-popular-use-today
2. ↑ Project Management Institute, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Fifth Edition, 2013
3. ↑ AXELOS limited, Managing successful projects with PRINCE2, Sixth Edition, 2017