Revision as of 19:38, 27 February 2022

Author: Marcus Randrup

Abstract

This article aims at providing insights into what a war room is in a project management related context, how to properly construct one, and an introduction to how Virtual War Rooms can be implemented and utilized. Virtual War Rooms refer to the digitalization of war rooms. The details and information presented are greatly based on the works of C.W. Getz, Mika P. Nieminen, Mari Tyllinen, Mikael Runonen, Willem Standaert, Steve Muyelle, and Amit Basu. The specific journals and papers issued from these authors can be found in the References at the end of this article. This article is produced as a part of the course 42433 – Advanced Engineering Project, Program and Portfolio Management E22 at the Danish Technical University (DTU).

• Introduction: A war room is typically a well-equipped and well-designed meeting room to help the company plan their strategy, share information between all project teams and departments, and provide a specific space for collaboration.^[1]
• War Room Developement: Typically used during times of war, war rooms proved to be an effective tool in planning effective strategies and creating an organized environment to operate in.
• War Room Characteristics: C.W. Getz outlines the seven main aspects of creating an effective war room environment. Specifically, these are: Control Room, Master Program Records, Program Management Representatives, Management Policy Committee, Staff Review Meetings, Publications, and Set Procedures within the company.
• Virtual War Rooms: These war rooms implement the concepts, tools, and methods used for online meetings and make effective adaptations to better serve the purposes of the war rooms. You have increased learning, greater motivation, and better coordination between the team, however prolonged meetings and big groups lead to a few issues of demotivation and ineffectiveness.

What is meant by 'Virtual War Room'?

By purely looking at the nomenclature of the term 'Virtual War Room' (referred to as VWR for the rest of this article), the classic war room will be transitioned into a virtual environment. A war room is defined by Joao Sarmento as a room dedicated to a project to provide communication and collaboration space for a project team, and a room where people meet to exchange plans, ideas, and information in an active way.^[1] The term 'virtual' refers to the application and use of digital technologies.

By putting these two terms together, one definition for a VWR is: 'A room deliberately equipped with digital technologies to support team communication, team collaboration, and the exchange of information within the team. As technology keeps evolving, bigger collections of tools are ready to be exploited to support the activities related to war rooms. VWRs then attempt to implement these new, yet only relevant, technologies into the workspace. Furthermore, the term does not correlate to an Online War Room which is solely located on an online platform, but it simply means a war room that seeks to implement technologies to support the activities in a physical war room.

War Room Developement

The first appearance of the term War Room was during World War 2.^[2] The term referred to the room at the military headquarters where only generals, war strategists, and relevant military leaders would meet.^[2] The purpose of the meetings was to discuss tactics and plan strategies to defeat their enemies. The rooms included large tables and boards to allow for visual representations of the proposed ideas and give all members a clear overview of the plan.^[2]

Example of a 'War Room' used in 1971 by a group called 'The Dirty Dozen'. Semi-monthly meetings held here to discuss the upcoming assignments. ^[3]

As war rooms had shown to be effective during the times of war, certain companies started to implement similar rooms and meetings into their own business practices. The war room that we know today is referred to as the Business War Room, or Project War Room. Like the Military War Room, this room provides a communication and collaboration space for the project teams.^[1] The rooms would typically be equipped with whiteboards and computers, while also providing a generous amount of space for the team to operate in.^[2] As explained by Nieminen et al., it is critical that these rooms are pleasant to be in^[4] and directly encourage active collaboration between the group members. This also includes being wary of exactly which equipment and technologies will support the groupwork, and which might be irrelevant.

War Room Characteristics

War rooms are one of the effective tools of management control, and perhaps one of the least understood.^[5] One person who tried to undertake the challenge of completely defining the war room was C.W. Getz. Within their book (reference number 5 in the reference section) they describe the two main types of war rooms, the four main reasons why a war room is needed, and ultimately the seven basic elements to make for an effective war room in relation to larger projects and programs. A summary of the points they made have been listed here. For a better and more detailed explanation of each point, you are further directed to the original work of the author.

The two main types of war rooms are Operational and Management War Rooms. Operational War Rooms are best used when operations are constantly changing, where systems must constantly be monitored, and where data is often represented in real-time.^[5] Examples of this include Military War Rooms, Cockpits of airplanes, and Spacecraft Control Centers.

Then we move on to Management War Rooms which are ‘generally a horrible waste of time and money if used incorrectly.’^[5] The purpose and use of such rooms are typically misunderstood, and the rooms tend to become overly complex, too fancy, and ineffective to work in. However, if a Management War Room is properly utilized, it ‘can be very effective at helping the organization see where it is going, what it takes to get there, and where it is right now.’^[5] In order to be effective, this type of war room must be incorporated into a comprehensive management control system^[5].

For large projects, programs, and portfolios, there are seven basic elements that make for an effective war room implementation.^[5] The following list can be used as inspiration for smaller projects as well, but not all elements might be relevant.

• Control Room

This is the physical room where the project teams will meet. The room should generate an ‘environment which creates awareness of information and time.’^[5] Once the professional setting has been created, the project members partaking in the room activities should then start by presenting ‘the objectives and status information related to their responsibilities.’^[5] This will ensure every member gets an overview of what other teams are achieving, what they are currently working on, and enable other teams to keep them accountable for their responsibilities. The objective of the room is support activities such as these in a beneficial way. The control room is in essence going to be ‘the symbol of the organization’s management control system’^[5]. A Management Control System refers to the system built around the seven elements in this list.

• Master Program Records

As the name implies, this is where data and notes should be stored. The system should be accessible by everyone, but certain editors and verification procedures must be enabled to ensure that no miscellaneous changes are made in the database.^[5] Version history would also be recommended to include in case a mistake has been made or another unforeseen event has corrupted the current version. Thereby, the data and ‘information contained in the records will be recognized by all parties as OFFICIAL.’^[5]

• Program Management Representatives

These are the main project, program, or portfolio coordinators. Typically, this role falls onto the main project managers, and should also encompass project team managers.^[5] The persons selected as representatives have mandatory and crucial involvement in war rooms, as they have top executives relying on them to properly handle their responsibilities and ensure that the necessary tasks get completely.

• Management Policy Committee

One way for ‘top executives to aid and get involved in the programs and projects of their firm’^[5], is through communication with the Committee. The committee is a group of employees within the organization ensuring that policies and procedures of the company represent the consensus of the project teams. It is like a mediator who operates between the individual employees and the top executives.

• Staff Review Meetings

Staff review meetings are typically meetings conducted on a set time schedule, monthly or bimonthly, and they are designed to allow for a review of program charts and records within the organization. All ‘project teams are brought together to update charts and records, and then authenticate them’^[5] with signatures of the people involved in the respective changes. A further benefit of these meetings is that top executives get an assurance that staff responsible for the day-to-day operations are creating a functioning structure and upholding their responsibilities.^[5]

An important aspect of these types of meetings is that presentations should be done by a variety of people, even the people who are ‘three of four levels below the top executive’^[5]. This can contribute to good team morale, can help clear up misunderstandings, and provide different views on the evolution of the project.^[5] It is a crucial element of the meetings as lower staff seldom have the chance to speak directly to their superiors.^[5]

• Publications

Publications include ‘hard copy reports or summaries for top executives’^[5], and can also include relevant charts, graphs, and data which are important for the project. The information should come straight from the Master Program Records, and further ‘have authenticating signatures to verify’^[5] the accuracy of the information provided.

• Set Procedures

Some procedures that should exist within any organization include a summary of responsibilities, as it will reduce the number of misunderstandings and allow for harmony within the system.^[5] Additionally, a reporting system should be implemented to both accumulate and distribute data throughout the organization in an organized and fluid way.

Virtual War Rooms

Requirements and Recommendations for the Physical Room

Based on the criteria and aspects mentioned in the previous section, the relevant aspects will be discussed in terms of setting up a VWR.

• Physical Project Room

The first criteria necessary in having a successful VWR is that there must be one dedicated project room. This will reduce time loss from setting up and tidying the room each day.^[6] Once the specific room as been identified, it must be furnished and renovated accordingly. As the entire life of the project will revolve around this single room, the area must be pleasant to be in and motivating to work in.^[4]

• Appropriate Technology

The next key aspect is that the appropriate technology is implemented into the VWR. During this phase, one critical aspect is to only implement the necessary technologies. As mentioned in section 'War Room Development', it is crucial to identify which technologies are necessary for the project team, and which technologies are superfluous. If unnecessary technologies are implemented into the war room, they may reduce the overall effectiveness of the teamwork, as well as consume scarce and costly resources for the company.^[7]

• Display Screens

In terms of common technologies to implement into war rooms, one evident technology would be display screens. These screens must be placed such that all users are able to view them. According to one study, users mostly prefer a screen which is in a 45-degree angle straight in front of them.^[4]

The displays can be a combination of smaller and larger screens, but it is important to consider the reachability and viewability of the screens from a distance. Due to these concerns, ‘a virtual grabber can be used to manipulate objects that are beyond the user’s immediate reach.’^[4] This solution is preferred over the use of a mouse pointer. Mouse pointers tend to be difficult to follow from the audience, especially if multiple displays are being utilized in tandem, so intentionally designed virtual grabbers tend to be used. While conducting a presentation and manipulating the displays, it is of the utmost importance to ensure that the audience is aware of which display is being controlled at all times.^[4]

• Software Capabilities & Requirements

Transitioning to the next aspect of the virtual displays, the selected or developed software must offer ‘the possibility for multiple users to interact with digital and physical materials at the same time.’^[4] The space should allow for the comparison between several alternatives effectively, which is an essential component of most teamwork.^[4] This aspect can be translated to system requirements such as allowing for fluid and fast interactions.

Regarding software requirements, the top executives should promote and adopt digital processes to accelerate workflow and introduce new information and communication technology tools to the project groups.^[4] These digital processes should enable the users to ‘work on separate sub-tasks without interfering with others.’^[6] This is a reason why many companies have been observed to use multiple displays, as it ‘allows for parallel tasks and a comparison of different alternatives.’^[4] If teams are able to communicate and share documents in real-time, it will create and promote an interactive group workspace.^[6] In the past, virtual settings have seen issues such as being tiresome and uninspiring. However, now that technologies are improving and are allowing for simultaneous collaboration on the same documents, these issues are being slightly amended.

• Sharing Information and Data Warehouse

The sharing of information and updating of records is also at the center of importance for keeping all stakeholders and project members up to date on the latest developments within a project. Therefore, there must be a ‘fluent sharing of documents within the facility and an ability to comment on them’^[4] if there are any related doubts or inquiries. The creation of the Master Program Records is therefore recommended for any project of any size. The system should then provide ‘versatile connectivity for personal devices as well as access into corporate data systems.’^[4] Due to the ease of connectiveness, it becomes integral for the ‘team members’ activities to be carefully monitored.’^[6] As mentioned earlier, however, having authentication protocols in place will ensure that no tampering occurs within the database.

If it is necessary for teams to ‘communicate asynchronously, video recordings and note discussion databases’^[6] could be created to accommodate for it.

• Referencing

To ensure that stakeholders stay updated on changes within the project, all activity within the space should be saved for future reference.^[4] Annotated notes and list of decisions made are vital for the stakeholders to see as they must have knowledge of any changes made, and ideally a reasoning as to why the changes have been made. This can be integrated into the Master Program Records, where users are able to present and directly share the documents to other users in the interactive space.^[4]

One design idea for how a VWR could look. Image used from an article written by Cory Treffiletti. ^[8]

Advantages and Benefits

• The Classic War Room provided certain innate benefits. It has been reported that teams working in a physically collocated environment will observe certain benefits such as “increased learning, greater motivation to work, and better coordination”^[6] within the team.
• By previously only utilizing whiteboards and flip charts, the most common problem was saving made notes.^[4] This is no longer a problem as there has been made digital versions of the notes and models, making it easier to save and store the necessary documents for later reference.
• In certain cases, it has been noted that the clients and stakeholders who partake in war room meetings tend to build more trust with the company.^[9]
• Besides being a useful part of the image of a company, it has been reported that ‘two all day sessions sometimes enable a project team to complete a week or two’s worth of work’^[9], further showing the effectiveness of the VWRs.
• “Effective meetings are important vehicles for organizational effectiveness.”^[7]

Limitations and Drawbacks

• As it could be argued that a VWR would allow for members to join from remote locations, this is heavily discouraged. If some members are meeting online and some are physically present, a ‘hybrid’ environment will arise. These types of environments typically result in the team ‘struggling to stay coordinated’^[6] since it is generally difficult to get immersed properly in the teamwork.

• Virtual meeting technologies must be used with caution, especially when the scheduled meetings involve larger groups or longer durations. These meetings become less effective, and there should also be paid special attention to the organization of the meetings.^[7]

• The biggest hinderance regarding war rooms is the top executive. It is possible to make the war room work, it just requires that the boss desires it, and that the objectives are kept in proper focus throughout the project.^[5] If the correct support, technologies, and structure are provided to the war room, the tool will prove to be an effective and powerful addition to the company’s project, program, and portfolio management.

Other Names for 'War Rooms'

For further research on the topic of war rooms, it is important to be aware of the different names and terms associated with War Rooms. Throughout the research conducted for this article, the following list of terms were used both to describe war rooms and to relate to War Rooms. Any terms with an asterisk (*) were the most frequent and popular.

• Management Information Center- War room of the Management Control System
• Management Control System*- References the entire system around a war room
• Corporate War Room*- War room in a corporation
• Project War Room*- War room for projects
• Control Room*- Direct substitute for war room
• Military War Room- Military context
• Mini-war Room- Smaller war rooms used for smaller projects
• Decision Pit- Describes small and inexpensive control rooms (Jules Due used this^[5])
• The Pit- References older war rooms (assumed based on context), similar to the Decision Pit
• Black Friday- References top management review meetings (monthly) in war rooms, military use

Annotated Bibliography

• Getz, C. W. (1977). MIS and the war room. In Datamation (12th ed., Vol. 23, Ser. 00116963, pp. 66–70) For the detailed description of all of the different aspects and building blocks of a good war room, read pages 66-70 from C.W. Getz's book Datamation from 1977. It goes through the seven basic elements in great detail, as well as providing examples of how war rooms were used in some of the major projects around the world.

• Nieminen, M. P., Tyllinen, M., & Runonen, M. (2013). Digital war room for design requirements for collocated group work spaces. Human Interface and the Management of Information. (pp.352-361) This excerpt specifically defines how a virtual war room should look. They talk about the specific requirements for Collocated Group Work Spaces, such as project war rooms. It is from a book that the three authors have collaborated on, and it gives really good insights and pointers to how an effective digital working space should look and be structured. This is becoming evermore relevant as we are in a more digitalized world, and we need to make use of the technology around us in a meaningful and beneficial way. The main example and direction they guide their publication in is skewed towards a collocated 'Design' team for what is assumed to be a graphical design company.

• In person vs virtual meetings: Why you need both. Trackmind. (2018, November 19). Retrieved from https://www.trackmind.com/meeting-toolkit-person-digital/
• Standaert, W., Muylle, S., & Basu, A. (2021, February 26). Business meetings in a post-pandemic world: When and how to meet virtually? Business Horizons. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681321000665?casa_token=pPM-zE2CfNQAAAAA%3AK24iINlclIFD5vmg1JsqVlWkNw89IYJGxJ6VUCa82Hx2WUChfv-bVx9hNkD-7BbGLtSSXnBh-D7j

These two documents can be used to further read up on how online and physical meetings can be used for different objectives, as well as giving recommendations for how to meet after the corona pandemic has taken its tool on society. Although it might not be too relevant for this article, it was interesting to see if online war rooms could be useful, but there are still a lot of drawbacks to these and currently it seems to be impractical. War Rooms function best in person, using up-to-date technology and software.

The remaining three references simply describe what a war room is and provide some history surrounding the term.

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.2} Sarmento, J. (2020, January 12). War Room. ProjectManagament.com. Retrieved from https://www.projectmanagement.com/wikis/398722/War-Room
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3} Markovic, I. (2019, December 23). What is a war room and how to use it in Project Management. TMS. Retrieved from https://tms-outsource.com/blog/posts/what-is-a-war-room/
3. ↑ Laschinger, J., Farrell, D., & Stevens, G. (n.d.). Introduction. In Campaign Confessions: Tales from the War Rooms of Politics (p. 19)
4. ↑ ^{4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13} Nieminen, M. P., Tyllinen, M., & Runonen, M. (2013). Digital war room for design requirements for collocated group work spaces. Human Interface and the Management of Information. (pp.352-361)
5. ↑ ^{5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22} Getz, C. W. (1977). MIS and the war room. In Datamation (12th ed., Vol. 23, Ser. 00116963, pp. 66–70)
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6} Covi, L. M., Olson, J. S., Rocco, E., Miller, W. J., & Allie, P. (1998, June 5). A Room of Your Own: What Do We Learn - Springer. SpringerLink. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-69706-3_7
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.1 7.2} Standaert, W., Muylle, S., & Basu, A. (2021, February 26). Business meetings in a post-pandemic world: When and how to meet virtually? Business Horizons. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007681321000665?casa_token=pPM-zE2CfNQAAAAA%3AK24iINlclIFD5vmg1JsqVlWkNw89IYJGxJ6VUCa82Hx2WUChfv-bVx9hNkD-7BbGLtSSXnBh-D7j
8. ↑ Treffiletti, C. (2016, November 16). Coming soon: The creative war room of the future. Eicoff. Retrieved from https://www.eicoff.com/drtv-blog/coming-soon-the-creative-war-room-of-the-future
9. ↑ ^{9.0 9.1} In person vs virtual meetings: Why you need both. Trackmind. (2018, November 19). Retrieved from https://www.trackmind.com/meeting-toolkit-person-digital/