Hoshin Kanri

Revision as of 17:23, 23 February 2018

Abstract

The point of convergence for this article is to present and explain the "Hoshin Kanri" (or Policy Deployment) method, presented by Dr. Yoji Akao, a leading Japanese author, in Hoshin Kanri: Policy deployment for successful TQM (1991). Hoshin Kanri is defined as a "form of corporate-wide management that combines strategic management and operational management by linking the achievement of top management goals with daily management at an operation level ^[1]. This method is an essential support for TQM ^[2] and is based on the PDCA cycle. Hence, at the strategic level, the method can be applied by scanning the context of the company in order to further understand how to position in the market. To do that, the external and the internal environments need to be studied utilizing the Porter's 5 forces analysis and the Porter's generic strategies (for the external environment). On the other hand, for the internal environment, which is about understanding the available resources of the company in order to develop a competitive strategy, a Business Model Canvas, SWOT analysis or a Balanced Scorecard is more applicable. Subsequently, during the planning step, the long and mid-short term goals are decided and through the X-Matrix, which is the way of implementing the Hoshin Kanri, the operational and organizational goals are aligned. After the implementation, the progress has to be continuously monitored, keeping track of all the activities and improving them. Furthermore, the article will give attention to the Catchball process, which is a necessary communication process aiming to obtain successful implementation of the Hoshin Kanri throughout all of the company levels.

Different names of Hoshin Kanri

Yoji Akao, was the first Japanese author in 1991 writing an authoritative text about the implementation of the Hoshin Kanri ^[3]. The approach was first utilized in Japan in the 1950 and 1960s, after the Second World War, because the local companies were facing difficulties to regain competitiveness. Many years later, in the 1980s, it was introduced to the Western audience, then named "Policy Deployment" by western writers ^[4]. Interestingly, the method is still referred to by various names, also within companies (for instance at AT&T and Texas Instruments, it is called "Policy Deployment"; at Hewlett-Packard and Proctor & Gamble, it is labeled "Hoshin planning"; in the Xerox Corporation it is called "Managing for Results" and at Unilever it is called "Management into Action" ^[1]).Also many writers refer to it differently, this leaves space for the term to be interpreted and used improperly ^[4].

The Hoshin Kanri

Hoshin Kanri, or Policy Deployment, is a strategic planning tool used to manage complex portfolio management processes in lean enterprises. It combines the strategic management with the daily management, tying up the long-term activities with the daily ones ^[5]. The words HOSHIN KANRI can be divided into four sub words:

1. Ho - means Direction
2. Shin - refers to Focus
3. Kan - refers to Alignment
4. Ri - means Reason

Hence, the Japanese term Kanri means management and hoshin is translated as direction, shining needle or considered together as compass. From this translation, Hoshin Kanri is seen as a compass that assists employees to be focused towards the Vision and Aims of an organization in order to continuously improve its processes ^[6]. Promoting the involvement and alignment of all the employees, this method intents to build a strong connection between the daily activities performed at the operational levels with the business goals set at the strategic level, in order to achieve higher performance in all of the organization's business objectives ^[7].. Furthermore, the process of Hoshin Kanri is endless, being applied as a strategic improvement cycle repeated each year.

Hoshin Kanri is based on the PDCA cycle and can be broken down into 7 steps:

1. Establish the Vision and Mission of the organization
2. Develop a long-term strategic plan (3-5 years)
3. Develop the annual objectives
4. Define the projects
5. Implement the projects
6. Check the organization's progress (every month or four months)
7. Annual review of the projects

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Competitive Strategy: Scanning process

The development of the long-term strategy of an organization is part of the scanning process. In this step, top-managers aim to understand where to position the business in the market analyzing two fundamental aspects: the external and the internal environment.

Analysis of the external environment: This can be done making use of two models by Michael Porter:

• The Porter's 5 forces analysis: the external environment is analyzed by looking at the five most potential threats ^[8]:

- The power of larger customers (at the bottom of the supply chain): bargaining power of customer

- The power of larger suppliers (at the top of the supply chain): bargaining power of supplier

- The level of rivalry among organizations in an industry: Industry rivalry

- The threats of substitute products

- The potential to entry in a new industry

• The Porter's generic strategies: to create a competitive advantage and reducing the threats of the five industry forces, managers have to choose between two ways of increasing the value of an organization's product ^[8]: differentiating the product to increase its value to customers or lowering the costs of making the product. Further, Porter discusses that managers have to give focus to the market as a whole (Broad Target) or in a specific segment (Narrow Target). Hence, managers are provided with four choices:

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Cost and Differentiation have to be balanced.

Analysis of the internal environment: The analysis of the internal environment is about understanding the available resources of the company in order to develop a competitive strategy. The Business Model Canvas, Blue Ocean strategy, SWOT analysis, Balanced Scorecard, Product/Market matrix and Importance/Performance matrix are assisting tools that can be utilized in order to analyze the internal environment.

• Blue Ocean: developed by Kim and Mauborgne, is a potent method for questioning Value Propositions and business models and exploring new Customer Segments. It develops two Oceans: the Blue, which is about creating a new innovative business value without threats and the Red, which considers all the threats (competitors).
• Business Model Canvas: The Business Model Canvas complements Blue Ocean by providing a visual "big picture", through nine building blocks, which helps us understand how changing one part of a business model impacts the other components.
• SWOT analysis: Is a powerful tool to identify possible external threats and opportunities and internal weaknesses and strengths of an organization.
• Balanced Scorecard: It is a strategic tool based on four core areas: Financial, Customer, Internal business processes and Learning and Growth.
• Product/Market matrix: also referred to as Ansoff matrix, is a tool that provides information about the risk of growth/expansion in other markets.
• Importance/Performance matrix: also called the Slack matrix, is a tool that ranks a list of competitive factors (i.e. quality, costs...) and their performance in order to define the real importance of each factor to define a set of strategic operations ^[9].

From the A3s to the X-Matrix

Toyota was the first company utilizing the A3 to develop the X-matrix. The A3, which name stems from the paper format (approximately 11x17 inches), is a status report that helps managers to gather information into a visual form facilitating the comprehension when communicated with others and hence applying efficiently in the PDCA activities ^{[3] [10]} . An A3 is developed around 8 key points:

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In the Hoshin Kanri six A3 points are described in order to handle the process.

A3-i: Competitive information report

The result of Scanning process (needed to define the long-term goals) is represented by the A3-i (intelligent report), which are used" to build consensus about changes in the conditions of demand and supply before building the A3-X" ^[3]. The aim of the A3-i is to gather all the information that managers have and then later, share it.

Supply conditions: change in price of materials, advances in technology, innovations in management methods, new products introduced in the competing market that may require action to develop new capabilities.

Demand conditions: change in the willingness of customers to buy the company products or services.

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Observation: In this space it is asked to report all the changes about demand and supply that might influence the strategy, thus modifying it.

Analysis: In this area, the observations are explained via the tools used in the external and internal environment.

Implications for the business: In this area, the specific implications are shown due to the change of the demand and supply. Therefore, it is required to explain which changes in the market, which may make an impact on the demand of products and services in the long-term and short-term period.

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A3-X: The X-Matrix

The A3-X represent the X-Matrix, described as the implementation part of the Hoshin Kanri. The X-Matrix supports the planning process of the Hoshin Kanri model in which the mid-term strategies are set (A3-T) and deployed through all the organizations. It is useful to align the organizational structure with its strategic goals, helping top-managers in the difficult process of prioritizing objectives and monitor the organization's performance via different indicators (i.e. KPIs) in order to continuously improve all the organization's processes throughout the PDCA cycle.

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It all begins with the Strategies (on the left side of the matrix), previously defined in the A3-i. For each of them, tactics are set (top side of the matrix), explaining how to pursue the strategies during a period of 6-18 months. The tactics are analyzed by indicators and some employees are responsible to keep them on track (right side of the matrix). Finally, results are reported in the bottom side of the matrix. The four main aspects of the X-matrix (strategies, tactics, process and results) are linked two per two using the symbols in the Legend box, hence analyzing the level of correlation/contribution between the two.

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A3-T

The A3-Ts supports the planning process of the Hoshin Kanri, appearing as "tactics" in the X-matrix because they are the mid-term proposals about how to achieve the long-term strategies (A3-i) using the PDCA cycle.

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A3-SR: The Status Report

Being the A3-SR or Status report A3 part of the checking process of the Hoshin Kanri, its aim is to report monthly to managers regarding the progress made on an individual project, set in an A3-T or an A3-P, listing all the difficulties encountered and how to solve them.

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A3-SSR: The Summary Status Report

The A3-SSR is a summary report for managers done less frequently than the A3-SR report, in which are given information regarding the status of multiple hoshin projects defined as tactics in the A3-X. The summary status report is part of the checking process of the Hoshin Kanri.

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A3-P: The Problem Report

The A3-P or problem report highlights a problem not predicted in the annual hoshin that the team-work is not able to solve. This belongs to the checking process of the Hoshin Kanri.

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The Catchball: The Deployment process

The Catchball or deployment process represents the core of the Hoshin Kanri. It is both a top-down and a bottom-up communication process that aims to coordinate the objectives to the lowest levels of the organization and across the functional departments ^[11]. Being an interactive process that goes back and forth through the organization hierarchy, it empowers not only the managers but also the subordinates to toss ideas in order to help mangers achieve organizational goals, enhancing a higher level of understanding combined with a higher level of commitment in order to achieve the organizational goals ^[12].

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The PDCA Cycle

The PDCA cycle, developed by Walter Shewhart, is not only used to develop and deploy the organization strategies through all the levels of the company, but is also used as a problem solving-method in order to iron out problems that may arise during the needed processes, concluding into increasing the quality of them ^[7]. The PDCA cycle can be seen as an ongoing improvement process that never ends; that is due to its nature of being a problem-solving method ^[3].

The four steps are:

1. Plan: establishing objectives and process to achieve specific results.
2. Do: implementing the processes.
3. Check: the processes are monitored and assessed against the specifications.
4. Act: in order to meet the specifications actions are taken.

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Benefits: Hoshin Kanri, a tool that makes the difference

According to the Project Management Institute, a Portfolio is "a collection of projects or programs and other work that are grouped together to facilitate effective management of that work to meet strategic objectives". Regarding the link between portfolio management and operations management it has been stated that "the achievement of portfolio objectives may impact functional groups within an organization in their daily operations" ^[13] .

The high effectiveness of the Hoshin Kanri, is due to the synergy between the deployment process, (called Catchball) and the PDCA cycle (applied to all the levels of the organization), and leaves no doubt about the coherence to apply this tool in a Portfolio management process, hence improving the linkage between strategic goals and daily operations. The anticipated result is a lean organization in which the corporate's strategies are well understood by the workforce as a whole, thus enhancing a better achievement of the organization's goals ^[3]. The companies making use of Hoshin Kanri typically move towards a concept of self-control manager, in which managers in all the departments and teams are empowered to self-monitor their performance targets within daily work, in order to achieve the objectives of the strategies ^[14].

The main difference between a company and a company utilizing the Hoshin Kanri, is that it can be seen in how the PDCA cycle is applied, therefore in how portfolio objectives impact daily operations. In specific, from the picture below, the left side shows how

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"normal" organizations use the PDCA cycle: top managers deploy strategies without engaging lower level managers and the hourly workforce. Being told only what they have to do, the consequence is a reduced understanding of the objectives that cause a poor success in the Do stage of the PDCA cycle ^[3]. Instead, on the right side of the picture, the effect of a lean organization using Hoshin Kanri is depicted. In this, there is a cogeneration of PDCA cycles: empowering employees with a deployment process, it allows them to gain the ability to change the strategic course of the planned activities because they can act based on new information (due to the top-down/bottom-up flow of information), resulting in changes in all the other cycles which translate to a continuous organizational improvement.

The benefits of the Hoshin Kanri are briefly summarized here:

- It helps the planning process to be continuously improved;

- It empowers and integrates the workforce encouraging cross-functional cooperation to achieve breakthrough objectives;

- It creates alignment and involvement towards the organizational objectives.

Limitations: Western culture vs Hoshin Kanri

Hoshin Kanri is referred to by different names (as reported at the beginning of the text) giving space for possible misinterpretations of it. The misinterpretation/misunderstanding is about the purpose of the Hoshin Kanri: for the Western companies it is seen only as a Lean tool to achieve a result; while for the Japanize companies, it is a leadership system in which the focus is based on how the breakthrough processes are done in order to achieve the organization goals (focus on quality, productivity and teamwork) ^[11]. The reason why there are two versions of the Hoshin Kanri is because the Japanese literature comes from local experiences in Japan (practitioners), instead the Western one is due to the consultancy know-how ^[5].

Another factor of the Hoshin Kanri that strives to be implemented in the right way is the Catchball process, or rather the fundamental step in which the deployment of the strategic objectives matches the daily operations gaining consensus from the workforce. This process finds great difficulties to be adopted in the Western companies as it is highly time consuming and requires complete involvement and commitment from top-managers to successfully implement it through the whole of the organization ^[12].

The limitations of the Hoshin Kanri are briefly summarized here:

- Culture barriers;

- It requires to be adopted as a lean system and not as a tool;

- It requires complete involvement and commitment from all the employees;

- The Catchball process is very time-consuming.

Conclusion

The concept's main purpose gives a project direction ^[15], this is the same as Hoshin Kanri is doing in a macroscale context. It is described as a compass that helps employees to focus towards a common goal, ensuring alignment and giving reason. This is highly correlated to the purpose perspective, since the purpose perspective serves as the guideline for a similar approach of focus, vision and alignment in a project process.

What is clear so far is the capacity of this strategic tool to link the long-term strategies with the daily ones, delivering through the Catchball, a clear scope: improvement of the processes in order to have better organization results. A better performance can only be achieved when all the parts involved are committed to give their best, from the willingness of the top-managers to carry out a Catchball process, as well as from the workforce perspective to be committed to the daily tasks, supporting managers with feedbacks for the A3s as part of a continual improvement process.

References

[1] HOSHIN KANRI: POLICY MANAGEMENT IN JAPANESE-OWNED UK SUBSIDIARIES, Barry J. Witcher and Rosemary Butterworth, Journal of Management Studies 38:5 July 2001, University of East Anglia

[2]Policy management of strategy (hoshin kanri) ,Barry J. Witcher, School of Management, University of East Anglia, UK

[3]HOSHIN PLANNING, The Flyover to Strategic Planning, Dr. HEMA BHALAKRISHNAN, Dr.Sangeetha Natarajan, Institute of management Studies Coimbatore,INDIA

[4]Hoshin kanri: A preliminary overview,B. J. Witcher & Rosie Butterworth, School of Management, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK

[5]Using Hoshin Kanri to improve the Value stream, Elizabeth A. Cudney, 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

[6]Hoshin Kanri for the Lean Enterprise: Developing Competitive Capabilities and Managing Profit,Thomas L. Jackson

[7]USING QFD TO DRIVE TQM IMPLEMENTATION,Dr. Robert A Hunt,Director Centre for Management Innovation and Technology Graduate School of Management, Macquarie University,Sydney, Australia 2109

[8]Hoshin Kanri for Improved Environmental Performance, Conrad Soltero, 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

[9]Policy deployment: an examination of the theory, R.G. Lee and B.G. Dale Manchester School of Management, UMIST, UK

[10]Hoshin Kanri, The Strategic Approach to Continuous Improvement,David Hutchins

[11]Essentials of Contemporary Management Sixth Edition, Gareth R. Jones, Jennifer M. George, Rice University

[12] Business Model Generation, Alexander Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

[13]Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy: Implications for managerial effectiveness and development, Fred Luthans Department of Management, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, Suzanne J. Peterson,Department of Management,MiamiUniversity,RichardT.Farmer School of Business Administration, Oxford, Ohio, USA

[14] Hoshin Kanri: Implementing the Catchball Process,Charles Tennant and Paul Roberts,School of Engineering, University of Warwick

[15]The Standard for Portfolio Management, Second Edition,Project Management Institute

[16]THE BASICS OF HOSHIN KANRI,Randy K. Kesterson, 2015 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

[17]How to DO projects: A Nordic flavour to managing projects,Joana Geraldi, Christian Thuesen, Josef Oehmen, & Verena Stingl, Danish Standards Foundation 2017

[18]The Importance-Performance Matrix as a Determinant of Improvement Priority,Nigel Slack,Warwick Business School, UK