Variation Orders in Construction Projects
(→References) |
(→References) |
||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
<ref name="levy">Levy, S. M. (2000). Project Management in Construction. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.</ref> | <ref name="levy">Levy, S. M. (2000). Project Management in Construction. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.</ref> | ||
<ref name="fidic">International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999). FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer. </ref> | <ref name="fidic">International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999). FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer. </ref> | ||
| − | < | + | <ref name="fidicarticle">Kotb, M., Razik, M.I.A. and Sabry, R.A. (n.d.). Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs Conseils (FIDIC) Variation Order Clause. American Journal of Operations Research.</ref> |
| − | < | + | <ref name="cause">Muhammad, N. &. (n.d.). Causes of Variation Order in Building and Civil Engineering Projects in Nigeria. Jurnal Teknologi. 77. 91-97. 10.11113/jt.v77.6404.</ref> |
| − | < | + | <ref name="effect">Osman, Z., Omran A. and Foo, C.K. (2009). The Potential Effects of Variation Orders in Construction Projects. Journal of Engineering. 2: 141-152.</ref> |
| − | < | + | <ref name="impact">Ruben, N. (2008). An Analysis of the Impact of Variation Orders on Project Performance. Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Theses & Dissertations, Paper 33.</ref> |
Revision as of 19:59, 14 February 2021
Abstract
Construction projects are complex long-term projects with dynamic nature. They bring together multiple parties within different disciplines and require them to work coherently in a designated area to construct a structure with a constrained budget within a specified time. Most of the construction projects are incomplete in terms of design, procurement, contracting prior to the start of the construction due to their complex nature. Project properties are determined and finalized during the construction of the project and changes are exerted within the process.
Although the ultimate goal during the planning phase would be to minimize the changes and unexpected situations, it is almost impossible to plan a construction project without subjecting it to change during the construction phase. While these changes may stem from so many different reasons like material quality, change in design, time considerations, etc. they can be minimized as much as possible with careful planning and execution.
Any deviation from the work scope agreed in the contract is considered as a variation in a project. A variation order (also called change order) is a formal document issued either by the contractor or the client for changes in the project such as changes in the project scope, design, completion date, contract price, etc.
By keeping in mind that variations will be needed at some point of the project, these possible changes must be foreseen before the start of the construction phase. To be able to protect the project from the unforeseen extra costs and disputes with the contractors, variation order format should be prepared carefully within the planning phase of the construction. Variation orders must be clear and detailed without leaving any important information related to description of the work, pricing and timing missing.
Contents |
Variation Order: Definition & Content
Content of a Variation Order
Causes of Variation Orders
Things to Avoid When Preparing Variation Orders
Impacts of Variation Orders
Benefits
Disadvantages
Annotated Bibliography
The following list provides resources for further research and study on variation orders:
- Edward R. Fisk, Wayne D. Reynolds (1997): Construction Project Administration
- This book can be used as a guide for the successful management of a construction project from design phase to close out. It has a complete chapter dedicated to variation orders; in that it is very useful if one wants to learn more about it.
- Sidney M. Levy (2000): Project Management in Construction
- This book aims to provide relevant information about each phase of the construction projects for the managers and general contractors.
References
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
Cite error: <ref> tag defined in <references> has group attribute "" which does not appear in prior text.
