The Double Diamond Framework

Revision as of 15:32, 21 February 2021

Abstract

Managing design projects has traditionally been understood as preplanned and predefined phases followed in a linear sequential flow. This approach is no longer sufficient as today´s business environment is very dynamic where the technology is advancing rapidly, customers' preferences are everchanging. Organizations are therefore affected by both external and internal factors which increases the complexity and uncertainty in projects. Exploring the right methods to manage the design, innovation, or problem-oriented projects that would speed up the innovation processes and shortening the life cycle of projects is an ongoing challenge for any project manager. Project managers are accountable for the quality and outcome of a project and to produce successful results and meet the stakeholder needs, the project manager must provide the right tools and techniques for the project teams. One widely applied approach for design projects is the Double Diamond framework developed by the Design Council in 2004^[1]. The Double Diamond framework is a graphical representation of a design process. The framework presents four phases: Discover, Define, Develop, and Deliver. The phases are divided into two diamonds where each phase is characterized by either divergent or convergent thinking. It is an iterative design process that helps the design team to understand the customer needs through collaboration with customers, thus developing solutions based on those needs. This article aims to describe the concept of the Double Diamond, elaborate upon why and when project managers or design teams could utilize the framework and a description of how to apply the framework in practice as well as providing potential tools and methods that can be applied within each phase to successfully progress the different phases. Moreover, the advantages and limitations will be discussed as well as the opportunity for extending the framework.

Background

The Double Diamond framework is derived from the Design Thinking concept. Some sources are claiming that its origins go back to the “Dynamics of Divergence and Convergence” model introduced in 1996 by Bela Banathy^[2]. However, the framework has the same underlying principles as many other design-related models such as Human-Centered Design, by IDEO^[3], and the Design Thinking process^[4]. The framework is developed by the British Design Council back in 2004. The Design Council´s origin is Industrial Design which is about designing products, devices, objects, and services. The development of the model has been based on qualitative case studies gathered from 11 global companies, amongst other LEGO, Microsoft, Sony, Starbucks, Virgin Atlantic Airways, Xerox^[5]. The study specifically looked at the way design was used in these companies, how designers collaborated with staff cross-functionally, and how the design process was managed. The Framework has been revamped incrementally since its publication. These revisions are both done by the Design Council and other companies that have adapted and adjusted the model into their projects. When searching for the Double Diamond on the internet, one can find the model in various shapes and descriptions that are made from different companies and stakeholders based on the type of design projects, however, the standard graphical description is similar to the depicted framework in Figure 1^[6].

Introduction to the Double Diamond

The double diamond is as mentioned a structured design approach that tackles the design process and challenges in four phases. These are Discover, Define, Develop and Deliver. The phases are divided into two diamonds, where the first diamond presents the Problem Space that indicates doing the right thing, and the second diamond focuses on the solution space of doing things right.

The phases within the diamonds are changing between divergent and convergent principles which are all about coming up with many ideas and then thinking about what to do with those ideas. The divergent phase, in essence, is to generate as many ideas as possible and exploring possibilities in a broader sense, whereas the convergent phase is about taking the ideas, analyzing, improving, reflecting, and evaluating them. Based on these making decisions and narrowing into one or two key ideas, problems, or solution.

• Discover – The first phase is a divergent thinking practice that aims to help the design team to explore and understand the initial problem from a broader perspective. It involves research and collaboration with potential customers and stakeholders that are affected by the problem.

• Define – The second phase is a convergent thinking practice where the focus is to narrow the findings or ideas from the discovery phase, analyze, and evaluate them. Based on the findings and experiences with customers and stakeholders, narrowing the findings and define one or two clear ideas or problems to be solved.

• Develop – The third phase, focus on developing a solution. The solution would depend on the type of the project whether it is a physical prototype, a service prototype, or an integrated solution.

• Deliver – In the fourth and last phase, the focus is on testing and evaluating the solution, and make the concept ready for production and launch.

The Double Diamond is a good and simple framework that can guide a design team through the design process and allows them to get from an idea through problem identification, validation, design, and to an ultimate solution. As design processes used to be complex and chaotic, the framework explains that the process can be structured systematically and yet encourages working iteratively. The Design Council's objective was to develop this framework to analyze the designer´s work and to ensure creative outputs, and the result has been evidently successful among a wide range of companies.

The problem space

Discover

Define

The solution space

Develop

Deliver

Application

Limitation

Alternatives

Conslusion

Annotated Bibliography

References

1. ↑ Design Council. 2021. What is the framework for innovation? Design Council's evolved Double Diamond. [online] Available at: <https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/what-framework-innovation-design-councils-evolved-double-diamond> [Accessed 19 February 2021].
2. ↑ Zamarrón. 2020. Iteration and divergence-convergence are not alternative approaches. [Online]. [16 February 2021]. Available from: https://medium.com/@albertozamarron
3. ↑ Ideo. 2015. The Field Guide to Human-Centered Design. [Online]. [16 February 2021]. Available from: https://bestgraz.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Field-Guide-to-Human-Centered-Design_IDEOorg.pdf
4. ↑ Dam and Siang, R.,.T. 2021. The Field Guide to Human-Centered Design. [Online]. [16 February 2021]. Available from: https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/5-stages-in-the-design-thinking-process
5. ↑ Design council. 2014. A study of the design process . [Online]. [17 February 2021]. Available from: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/sites/default/files/asset/document/ElevenLessons_Design_Council%20(2).pdf
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named D