The 6C Model

Abstract

During a design process, knowledge is produced in many ways, especially in multidisciplinary teams where several approaches are implemented to drive innovation, sustainability, and functionality. Non-design fields are increasingly influencing the traditional deign methods, including sketching, prototyping, planning and development. To facilitate a holistic approach, a designer must have an understanding of how knowledge is produced and sombine/integrate diverse fields to ensure shared understanding.

To help expand the designer's understanding the 6C Model has been developed, which describes six types of knowledge production in a design process. The model is designed to help the team members actively observe and become aware of different approaches when designing, and help translating knowledge into practical approaches. Together with a collection of co-creation cards, the method helps translating knowledge into practical approaches (Friis, S.A.K.) . The model takes the design process through fours stages: Collect, Comprehend, Conceptualize and Create, not necessarily in that order. This is held together using collaborative tools and continuous communication.

The term knowledge production is referring to everything shared, used or implemented in the design process, which may contribute to a project. The method combines theory of cross-functional teamwork and understanding of design process, similar to the 3 Cs and the Double Diamond, respectively.

This article will explain the 6C Model and its comparison to similar models. Finally, benefits and limitations using this model will be discussed.

Introduction

Background

The 6C Model was originally developed by Friis and Gelting in 2016, with a focus on integrating co-creative design methods into everyday design practices. The model is a developed version of the 5C Model by the same creators. It is a framework to facilitate the design process through observation, understanding and then conscious acting on diverse approaches of designing. The method aims to accommodate collaborations across different disciplines and cultures and expand design principles into new areas of application (Friis, S.A.K, Section 3.2).

Elements in the 6C Model

The model is structured around four stages of the design process: Collect, Comprehend, Conceptualize, and Create. Together with Collaborate and Communicate the model has six categories involving different types of knowledge production. A visualization of the 6C Model is shown in Figure 1.

The vertical axis in the model is a scale with opposite modes on each side: By experience or thinking, including some sort of subjective mental processing. The horizontal axis is relating to the orientation and focus of the production of knowledge, considering whether it is produced about an existing situation, so what is, or a future situation asking what might be (Friis, S.A.K, Section 3.2).

Figure 1: The six types of knowlegde production

The Six Categories

The six categories are listed below with a brief description of the type of knowledge production, (Friis, S.A.K.) (Kjær, L.B., et. al.).

• Collaborate

This category puts emphasis on the team members and dynamics, mapping out what expertise, skills, perspectives and values are present in the team. The collaboration category is respecting the relationships within the team roles and creates a set of ground rules. Successful collaboration utilizes sharing knowledge and learning from each other.

From a stakeholder and company point of view the collaboration field puts emphasis on visiting companies, having conversations, and making observations. Knowledge is shared so everyone knows the process flow, strategy, and vision within the organization.

Examples of co-creation cards are Personal Pictures, Check-In and Check-Out, Walk & Talk and Expectations.

This category gives value to team familiarities which may seem irrelevant to the project, but clarifies that projects are driven by people, and personalities are inevitably affecting the project.

• Collect

The design phase collect is about wondering, research and exploring and thereby gaining experience on the topic of the problem. This phase can be considered being on the objective side of the spectrum, by observing what the existing situation and context is. Knowledge is produced by physical engagement with the world, including interviewing people, going to the physical site of which the project is going to take place, and searching for information online.

Understanding comes from experience and helps supporting the design process. In an organizational approach this can be done by collecting information on stakeholders and perform Stakeholder mapping. This is also where opportunities and challenges of the future are identified.

The Co-creation cards supporting this topic are for example Experience Mapping, Photo & Collect Boards, Questionnaires, Visual Experiencing and Experiments.

• Comprehend

Comprehending is knowledge about the existing situation and can be produces by processing information mentally as well as analyzing, sorting and organizing the collected data. :The phase process introduces analytical thinking that opens up for new insights and descriptions of opportunities and challenges. Methods include Desktop Research, Challenge Framing, Clustering and Personas.

• Conzeptualize

In this phase the design process moves into a potential solution space. The focus is on generating ideas and developing concepts for drafting possible solutions. Questions of what might be is produced by collectively sharing subjective visions and possibilities. This phase cannot be considered to be either converging or diverging but can go through the entire framework of the Double Diamond.

Knowledge production is derived from intuitive thinking, innovative conceptualizing and selection of most promising ideas. For organizational projects this stage includes drafting, prototyping and testing for identifying whether a concept is useful and beneficial. Methods include Show & Tell, Inverse Brainstorm, Direct Inspiration and 5 Senses.

• Create

In this stage, the focus is on physically producing and/or trying out new possibilities towards a final product that fits the problem scope and project objectives. Creative tools such as collages, models and sketching are used for sharing the concept with and present solutions to relevant stakeholders. An understanding of the result is derived from evaluation, active engagement with the concept, and reflection. Co-creation cards in this stage are Creative Constraints, Zen Walk, and Sketching Together. De-creation or inverse solution is helpful to support decisions on why certain solutions are made/not made, and can be carried out using the cards Take a Different Path, Let Go and The Other Hand.

• Communicate

Communication, together with collaboration, is not a project phase but a requirement throughout the entire process. Within all phases of the design process knowledge about content and process is shared by articulating opinions either verbally or through models, sketches, text, logbooks, emotionally etc. It is important to stress that verbal communication should be a fraction of the communication, and visual and written communication is equally as important. Communication and interaction serve the understanding and dialogue between team members, the team, and stakeholders in all or the four project phases. Continuous communication creates more viable, desirable and implementable design results, and is guided using the cards Storytelling, Data Wall, Elevator Speech and Behind the Scenes.

Co-creation Cards

As an extra toolbox the Model includes a collection of 89 co-creation cards (developed from the traditional 62 cards included in the 5C Model), which are designed to help translating understanding and knowledge into complex problem solving and design progress. The cards help the team investigating the situation and provides a shared language.

The cards are considered a tool and can be interpreted and followed more organically rather than considered a strict rule book. Oftentimes in team work many of the cards are followed without the team knowing, since methods included are following traditional procedures within design thinking and processes. The cards are simply framing the methods to give the team a pinpoint to where in the 6C circle they are located. In a creative process it is not uncommon that the team is in a stage of overlapping phases.

The cards are related to the 6Cs, but the cards themselves can also be put into categories that are not necessarily phase specific. The categories are

1. Data - Designed to help team members collect and organize data.
2. Insights - Designed to help the team share knowledge, analyze, and interpret data.
3. Concepts - Helps the team generate ideas, develop concepts, and prototype.
4. Evaluation - Gives an overview of the project and solution, which is then related to success of the design process.

Discussion

Example of how it is used in a project

Section 5.3 and 5.4 in (Friis, S.A.K.)

Limitations

While the 6S model offers a useful framework for understanding knowledge production in a creative design process, there are a few limitations of the use of the model.

The model has been cited to have an overly prescriptive approach. Furthermore, the model does not account sufficiently for complex social and cultural contexts in which the design takes place.

Future Application

The role of collaboration and emphasis on multi-disciplinary team work are key aspects in the model, and it would be useful and interesting to further explore ways in which collaboration is integrated in the model to support a virtual or remote team in an increasingly digital world.

Annotated Bibliography

Books:

Kjær, L.B. & Eskholm, L. &, Tøstesen, T. & Lagoni, T., Gain Power - An empowering tool kit for designers to understand Business & Organisational Context . First edition, first printing 2017, Published by Design School Kolding, ISBN: 978-87-93416-22-2

The booklet describes the 6C Model related to Design Thinking and Sustainability

Articles and Web-pages:

Friis, S.A.K. (2016), The 6C Model: The Contribution of Design to Open, Complex, Problem Solving . The International Journal of Design in Society; Rome Vol. 10, Iss. 3, 13-30. DOI:10.18848/2325-1328/CGP/v10i03/13-30

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