Sustainability in construction

Figure 1: Sustainability in construction

Construction is accountable for a great part of the world’s total energy and resource consumption. It is therefore highly crucial that practitioners ensure a sustainable development of construction in order to address the current global climate and environmental challenges. This requires both an environmental, social and economic point of view to obtain an ambitious effort around sustainability in construction. The quality of our buildings and the construction environment are important for society in a broad perspective and crucial to people's social activities and well-being. Buildings often have a lifespan that surpasses all other products surrounding us and therefore the consequences of the choices one makes today have long term implications.

Sustainability in construction consists as mentioned of environmental, social and economic dimensions. These three dimensions needs to be weighted balanced from a life-cycle perspective and thought through in every aspect of the construction process. Together these dimensions characterize sustainability in construction and covers a variety of conditions which must be included in the planning of sustainable constructions. This means, that the planning of buildings must be considered from a broad and long term perspective. Further, the sustainability effort must be addressed throughout the entire value chain and the implications should be beneficial for all involving parties.

A holistic concept

Figure 2:The three spheres in sustainability

The Brundtland report was the first to focus on global sustainability and launched a comprehensive approach to sustainability that included social, economic and environmental aspects. The report concluded that environmental problems are increasingly global and cross-border. They therefore require international solutions and wide cooperation between all actors. The main objective of the Brundtland Commission was to show the way to future development:

“(…) Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"

A holistic concept of sustainability involves a reconciliation of environmental, social and economic dimensions. Thus, the concept of sustainability excludes the option of focusing only on for example, economics, as the main idea is to think as a trinity. Companies have also begun to focus on managing construction as a trinity where they include the social and environmental in their economic bottom line. Thus, in addition to having a good profit performance, they must also be socially responsible and take the environment into account. The triple bottomline was hereby introduced by John Elkington in 1994 , where economic, environmental and social goals were aligned and the impact on the decisions and actions of the organization.

The concept of sustainability is distinguished by taking care of the interaction between different processes and recognizing that the world consists of mutual dependencies. In practice, however, there will be subject areas that have a heavier weighting of either economic, environmental or social.

The triple Bottom Line

Think long term and wide

Throughout the construction value chain, it is necessary to work based on some ambitious and long-term visions. Only in this way it is possible to speed up the development and achieve the necessary conversion of the construction sector. Sustainability work can be summarized in two basic paradigms that can give a superior understanding of the concept and used as a common vision in specific projects. Sustainability in construction must be ensured by:

Think long term - Life cycle perspective

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Figure 3: Life cycle perspective

The life cycle perspective is an essential part of the understanding of sustainability in construction. Buildings often have a lifespan that surpasses all other products surrounding us and therefore the consequences of the choices one makes today have long term implications. The environmental quality in the life cycle perspective consider the environmental impacts and resource consumption throughout the lifespan of the building - from construction to operation, demolition and recycling. The social dimension ensures the framework for health and well-being for all those who are affected by the construction. The economic quality deals with the considerations of the economic conditions associated with construction, operation and maintenance throughout the building life expectancy. As well it needs to consider the potential of the building to maintain its economic value despite changes in the utility of the building and societal changes.

Think wide - Holistic perspective

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Figure 4: Holistic perspective

The vision of sustainability is creating quality in all parts of the building, both in the actual construction where an appropriate balance must be ensured for environmental, social and economic considerations, and how the coherence between the city and society in which the building is a part of. In pursuit of sustainable solutions, there are many examples on choices and solutions that can a first emerge sustainable but not in a holistic perspective for sustainable solutions. For example, a unilateral focus on energy savings without regard to the indoor climate result in imbalance between the environmental and the social quality, and thus result in a poor holistic sustainable solution. Another example could be an attempt to minimize transport expenses by having a requirement to use locally produced materials without looking at the energy used to produce the local materials.

There has been a tendency for sustainability in construction to measure the magnitude of sustainability only from a unilateral point of view. However, sustainability in construction implies planning and decision making from a holistic perspective, which cannot be ensured by individual measures. The decision making and planning should at all time be aimed at the construction as a sustainable unit which helps to solve the environmental and societal confrontations and challenges that are being face.

The three dimensions in sustainability

Environmental

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• Minimizing local, regional and global environmental impacts as well as consumption of energy, resources and water throughout the life cycle of the building.
  
• Utilization of resources has been optimized for i.a. minimize the formation of building waste and optimize recycling in all construction phases.
  
• Reduced or, as far as possible, no use of problematic substances.
  
• Effective use of land and conservation or improvement of the area's biodiversity.
  

Figure 3: Life Cycle Assessment

Buildings, production of building materials and disposal of materials after demolition of buildings affects the environment, both locally, regionally and globally. Environmental quality in construction can be achieved by reducing the emission of problematic fabrics associated with construction and optimizing resource utilization.

The environmental dimension is focused on designing a building that includes low resource consumption and use of environmentally friendly materials. Problematic substances which harm the environment and human health are avoided as far as possible. We get acquainted with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which is a method used to assess and analyze potential environmental impacts and consumption of resources for processes and materials. The LCA method applies to construction as an essential part of the assessment of building sustainability. Life cycle assessment switch focus from the conditions around the finished construction to involve the entire life cycle of the building.

LCA is included in European Standards for Sustainable Construction , building materials regulation and certification schemes for sustainability in construction which is influencing governmental construction policy strategy. LCA provides the involved actors basic knowledge of which parameters contribute to resource consumption and potential environmental impacts in the life cycle of the building. By incorporating LCA as a tool in construction design phase, can the construction products be seen in conjunction with, for example, energy consumption on site and operating energy consumption. Thus, LCA is used as a part of environmentally friendly design buildings and to document the results.

Building life cycle

Life cycle assessment of buildings usually entails assessments of the entire life cycle of the building. It means that all phases are included in the assessment, concerning extraction of resources for the construction products, the use phase, demolition and the materials disposed or recycled.

The life cycle of the building is thus divided into five phases: Product phase, construction phase, use phase, end of service and next production system.

In practice, there may be challenges to obtain sufficient data for the calculations of the first two phases (product phase and construction phase). The following three phases are different since they are scenario-based, which means assumptions must be made concerning how the building is used, maintained and finally demolished. Recycling of construction waste needs to be reported separately as a part of the calculations, according to the European Standard EN 15978: 2011.

Life cycle of the building

Life cycle phases	Explanation
Production	This phase concerns the processes associated with the production of the construction products which is used in the building: Extraction of raw materials, transport to production site and the final production of construction products.
Construction process	This phase covers the processes that is related to the construction products' path from production until the time of installation as part of the construction: Transport from manufacturer to construction site and installation in construction.
Use	This phase concerns the processes related to the continued performance of the construction products as part of the building, i.e. maintenance, replacement, repair, etc. In addition, processes relating to the continuous consumption of water and energy for the operation of the building. The processes will often rely on scenarios, which is, conceptions of how the processes will take place.
End of service	The processes in this phase are also scenario-based. These scenarios deal with what happens when the building is worn, i.e. the demolition of the building and the subsequent processes for reprocessing or treatment of building materials until disposal or further use in other product systems.
Next production system	This scenario-based phase contains the calculated gains and disadvantages of recycling and recycling of building materials. Contributions from this phase shall, according to the European standards be considered outside the boundaries of the system and reported separately.

Social

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• Health, comfort and good indoor climate
  
• Security, comfort and accessibility for all
  
• The general impression and use is supported by good architecture and functionality, good outdoor facilities and a good local environment, in order to make a positive contribution to the users of the building and the local community
  
• The use of sustainable transportation is supported by the location of the building and special facilities
  
• Responsible procurement and traceability of building materials and services
  

Social quality is about creating safe conditions for the human health and well-being inside buildings and around buildings in the urban or social context. Creating good conditions for social interactions between people is also very essential. This involves a great deal of focus on i.a. Indoor climate, working environment, architecture, functionality, accessibility and adaptation to the local community, as well as safety and health.

Social quality inside the building

An important part of the social quality concerns the well-being of the daily users of the building. Physical comfort depends on i.a. indoor climate such as temperature, air quality, acoustics and noise, as well as lighting and daylight conditions. All these parameters are measurable and have specific requirements through legislations. Other parameters such as good architecture, interior design, spatial quality, view and functionality are also crucial for social quality and well-being inside the building. Increasing comfort and well-being often result in positive economic effects.

Sustainability in buildings must accommodate the users and provide equal opportunities for all. Therefore, accessibility is also an essential part of social quality. To encourage more health-promoting user behavior in buildings is often involved as part of social quality, i.e. motivating the user to use the stairs instead of the elevator. Another aspect of social quality is the safety of users, which concerns building safety, such as security procedures and measures in case of fire or other serious incidents.

Social quality around the building

Access to attractive outdoor facilities is an important quality for the user of the building. To be able to access open-air increases well-being and health and increases user satisfaction, i.e. establishing terraces, green areas and roof gardens. Very attractive outdoor facilities entice users in the surrounding area to use the facilities and thereby strengthening of social quality while contributing to a positive perception of the building. The sense of safety and security around the building is also important for the overall quality. For example, interplay in the access conditions for cars, pedestrians and cyclists.

Social quality in relation to society

The social significance of the building is of great importance, whether it is in an urban area or in the countryside. The building needs to be considered on basic of how it contributes to the surrounding environment instead of solely be considered as an isolated unit. Architectural considerations such as taking the surrounding architecture and historical context into account, respect the nature surroundings the building and how the building interacts with the traffic conditions in the area. Throughout the construction process must the neighbors and other stakeholders in terms of noise, dust, vibration, heavy traffic at the site and the difficulty of surrounding traffic be taken into thorough consideration by early project planning.

Economic

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• Balance of overall economy- and quality of the building
  
• Value stability is guaranteed by high quality, functionality and high flexibility.
• Efficient utilization of building area.

Overall economy

Economical aspects in construction

Construction cost
Derivative costs for operation of the building
Derivative financial gains for owner / tenant
Derived socioeconomic winnings