Design Thinking
Contents |
Astract
In Project / Program / Portfolio Management it is crucial to come up with ideas for the best solution for the problem at hand. For an optimal outcome, this solution should consider all the relevant aspects. This article will be an introduction to design thinking, which is a method that helps individuals and groups to efficiently develop with a solution that considers all relevant aspects. The process is interactive and based on feedback from the target group to ensure a result that will meet the client's needs. In project management, this can be used for planning the project optimally, in program management it can, for example, be used to optimise the running program and in portfolio management for e.g. optimised goal definition. This method will be introduced by its development and relevance, followed by a comprehensive guide on its application and illustrative examples.
Development and Relevance of the Method
Design Thinking was developed by the founders of the design- and innovation agency IDEO, who have also been offering Seminars on the topic since 1991. They are a team of inventors from different backgrounds, who take up design projects from various kinds of industries, research the goal or given problem, apply the steps described below and develop an effective and on-the-point solution. [1]
Nowadays, it is taught in numerous university courses as part of the management and communication curriculum. Also, there are many companies who attribute their success to this method, like for example Airbnb, who after a reevaluation and redesign project hit the market big, after being just a small company, as the Project leader of their revival states in an interview [2].
Design Thinking is such a successful method because it is both easy to apply without much extra effort to the normal development process and is sure to yield at least helpful insights and at best a perfectly fitted solution. By keeping close contact to the target group and seeking feedback during the development process, it ensures that the solution will be well fitted to the problem and reduces the risk associated with launching new ideas, product lines and conducting novel projects. Applying design thinking also helps organisations learn faster, as solutions are innovative and change does not just happen in incremental steps. In Project management, this would be, for example, that means the project time can be cut shorter and in program management success can be achieved faster, as the optimal solutions will be found in one process instead of steady change and improvement.
As the method of design thinking includes as its first step the focus on the consumer/ target group, it ensures that the people who are actually affected are considered and their mindsets captured, to their needs can be catered for optimally. It makes it also possible to paint a realistic picture of the opportunities and possibilities based on thes people. [3]
The Method
The Process of design thinking is usually described as having five steps. Here, both a description of the steps and possible questions for inspiration in each step are given to ease the application of the method. This desciption shall be more general to be applicable to more situations; the examples further below will illustrate further, how Design Thinking can be applied in Project / Program / Portfolio Management
Design thinking can both e applied by a single person like a project manager, or by a team of people. For optimal creativeness and a well-rounded solution, a team is composed of people with various backgrounds, as they will be able to provide input from different viewpoints and will be able to contribute more aspects to the solution.
1. Empathise
The first step is to empathize with the target group. This means communicating with as many and as diverse as possible individuals from the target group and noting down their perception of the current situation, that is to be improved upon. It is important to note down all aspects of their comments in this phase and keep an open mind - and not only to set Xses on a short form, so that a holistic impression of the situation can be reached. If working in a group, the members should investigate individually to be able to contribute their individual impressions, which will further broaden the gathered information scope.
This will make the outcome actually cater to the target groups needs and not only to those that you decided to put on the form. If applicable, taking pictures might also help the further process.
Possible Questions:
- Which issues does the user experience with the product?
- In which situations do those issues arise?
- How does the user feel about the product? What are his/ her general thoughts about it?
- What functionality does the user wish for?
- Which situations is the product most used in/for?
2. Define
Next, the Data from the first step is analysed and the common issues are defined. These common issues should then, if possible, be validated by discussing them with representatives of the target group. If they feel that not all issues were met or that the design group
- Which issues were most commonly named?
- Which situations did those commonly arise in?
- Are there any situations the product was not designed for but is commonly used in?
- Have the users expressed a common need for a specific functionality?
3. Generate Ideas
Based on the Issues found in step 2, Ideas are developed and then discussed.
- How can user issues be addressed?
- How can the product be optimized for the most common usage situations?
- How can the functionalities desired by the users be met?
- Can the product be optimized to be applicable to more situations?
- Which other solutions to the issues have been found?
- Are there other radically different solutions we can come up with? Can they be combined?
4. Prototype
Develop the Idea into one or several working prototypes.
- Which materials would be optimal?
- Which detail does the prototype need to incorporate to give a correct impression to the testers?
5. Test
Hand out the prototypes to a selected group of the target group to get their responses. It is most important to not defend the product, but keep an open ear to all comments and questions the users have. If there are any issues like the user not understanding some functionality, this needs to be fixed and a new prototype produced.
- How do the users feel about the new product?
- Is it applicable to all necessary situations?
- Do they have any suggestions?
- How accessible was the product to the users, did they need help or explanations? – revise those issues!
Examples
To better illustrate how the Method can be applied in Project, Program and Portfolio Management, some examples shall be given:
