The Blake and Mouton's Managerial (Leadership) Grid

Abstract

Managing a project successfully is not a trivial task and it requires capable managers. In Project Management the terms "Manager" and "Leader" are often used with the same meaning. However, several theories about the differences between Management and Leadership have been developed over the years. Even defining exactly what characterizes a good leader is not an easy task and academics have been trying for decades to provide a definition. Despite these attempts, scholars could not find a universal definition and only theories are available.

One of the most relevant theories was firstly introduced by Blake and Mouton in the early 1960 and it has been revised by the authors for more than two decades. The original name of this theory was "The Managerial Grid", however, it was renamed "The Leadership Grid" to better describe its relevance in the Leadership field . It belongs to the group of theories that follow the Behavioral approach, which emphasizes what is the behavior of the leader in the activity of leading an organization. Other relevant perspectives are the Trait approach, which is mainly focused on the personality of the leader, and the Skills approach, which emphasizes his/her capabilities.

The Leadership Grid is a matrix that shows how leaders can be effective in leading an organization by taking into account two parameters: Concern for results and Concern for people. The first one is represented on the x-axis of a 9x9 matrix and the second one on the y-axis. The combinations of the respective relevance of these two factors define five main approaches to leadership that have been analyzed by the authors.

This article aims to describe the main aspects of this theory together with its applications, and its limitations. Appropriate documentation for further readings about the Grid is included.

Introduction

Leadership and Management are often considered interchangeable terms. Even if it is true that these two fields have some similarities, it is also relevant to analyze their differences. Over the years, many authors have tried to define clearly the characteristics of a manager and a leader and which are the respective roles in an organization. According to Fayol (1916), the managerial role can be summarized in five functions: Planning, Organizing, Command, Coordination, and Control (p.53). In other words, a manager is responsible to provide stability and order to a company. On the contrary, leadership is about guiding the organization in the process of changing and adapting to a new situation. So, Management and Leadership are not the same, however, they are both relevant to making a company successful.

Managerial power usually comes from the position of the manager in the organizational structure. The authority does not come from personal skills or abilities, it is determined by a formal structure in the company. Identifying from where the authority of a leader comes from is not as easy and different theories argue for different sources. One of the most famous questions in the Leadership field is "Are Leaders born or made?" and it has not a universal answer.

The trait approach supports the theory that Leaders are born and only a few people have these innate qualities. It was the first attempt to define why some are better than others in leading a group and these efforts led to the Big Five personalities framework. During the years, this approach led also to some failures. For these deadends, scholars started to develop theories based on the idea that good leadership comes from the way the leader behaves and that this ability can be trained. This is the fundamental idea of the Behavioral approach and the Leadership Grid belongs to this group of theories. However, neither traits nor behaviors can guarantee success. Supporters of the Contingency approach believe that the context matters as well (ch.12).

Relevance of Leadership in Project Management

1. It can totally be improved

Managing successfully a project is not an easy task and it requires capable leaders. However, a project that is considered a success might not have been as successful from the project management point of view. Indeed, the planned deadline might need to be postponed or a higher budget than expected could be necessary to complete it. On the other hand, effective leadership does not guarantee that the project will be a success.

Leading a team towards success requires skills, a leader should be able to inspire and create commitment in his followers. Many different approaches have been studied and analyzed to understand what makes a person a good leader, however, there is no easy answer. The aim of this article is to provide a better understanding of the behavioural approach and, in particular, of the Leadership Grid.

The Leadership Grid

The Leadership Grid aims to describe different approaches that a leader can adopt in leading an organization. The authors defined two main factors that influence managers' behavior: Concern for production and Concern for people. These two factors are used to define a 9x9 matrix where Concern for production is represented on the x-axis and Concern for people on the y-axis (p.140).

Concern for production refers to the importance of achieving organizational goals for the leader. These goals might be represented by the organizational mission, a specific level of performance, profits, or results that need to be achieved. This concern can be expressed in different ways, for example, through efficiency measurements. In this theory, the definition of "Production" is quite broad and it includes any type of goal or task people are hired to accomplish in a company.

On the other hand, concern for people is entirely about the members of the organization that are involved in the process of achieving the objectives. Leaders have different ways to express this type of concern as well. For example, it includes activities like building trust and commitment to the company, improving working conditions for the employees, and promoting good social relationships (p.10).

By combining the respective relevance of these two concerns, Blake and Mouton defined five different managerial approaches. To define the position of each one of them, a score is assigned to both concerns for people and production. The grading scale goes from 1, which represents the minimum concern, to 9, which represents the maximum level of concern. Different leadership styles are obtained by plotting the scores for both axes in the matrix. The authors argue that managers usually have a dominant style, that is the one mostly adopted, and a backup style. the second one becomes dominant in difficult situations, where the usual style does not provide results.

The main Managerial style are Authority-Compliance, Country-Club Management, Impoverished Management, Middle-of-the-Road Management, Team Management.

Leadership Styles

Figure 1: Based on Figure 4.1. The Leadership Grid, in Leadership: Theory and Practice (p.141).

Authority-Compliance (9,1)

This approach is mainly focused on the importance of achieving organizational goals. Indeed, it is located in the bottom-right corner of the matrix with a score of 9 for Concern for production and a score of 1 for Concern for people. It emphasizes the relevance of the tasks over the people involved. This managerial style almost considers employees only a tool to achieve the objectives of the company. This approach is entirely goal-oriented and communication is limited to providing instructions to complete tasks. The main characteristics of this type of leader are authority and control (p.141).

Country-Club Management (1,9)

This approach is completely the opposite of Authority-Compliance Management. It is located in the top-left corner of the matrix with the highest possible score for Concern for people and the lowest one for Concer for production. The main concern of the leader is the well-being of his followers over the achievement of organizational goals. The manager aims to create a good working environment with a friendly atmosphere where employees feel comfortable. The leader is usually eager to help, comforting, and uncontroversial and he tries to ensure that the social needs of the workers are always met (p.141).

Impoverished Management (1,1)

This Management style is located in the bottom-left corner of the matrix and has the lowest possible score in both Concerns for production and people. The leader laks interest in both organizational goals and interpersonal relationships among the employees. The main characteristics are indifference, apathy, and almost no contact with the followers (p.142).

Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5)

The 5,5 style is located in the middle ground between concern for production and people and it is mainly based on the ability of the leader to compromise. The leader shows an intermediate concern for the people who perform the task and the task itself. This results in a style that, at the same time, pushes the production and shows attention towards the workers' needs. Leaders who belong to this group are usually conflict-avoiding, they prefer the middle-ground, and renounce their beliefs in the interest of the organizational progress (p.142).

Team Management (9,9)

This type of management is located in the top-right corner of the matrix with the highest score in both concerns for people and production. The leader usually promoted teamwork and the goal is to create commitment in the workers in order to increase the level of their performance. This type of manager is often described as open-minded, determined, interested in their work, and good at stimulating the followers in participating in the activities. Organizations led by 9,9 leaders are characterized by an environment based on trust and respect (p.142).

Additional Management Styles

The authors have identified two additional managerial styles that come from the incorporation of multiple aspects of the Leadership grid.

The Paternalism/Maternalism approach includes both 1,9 and 9,1 without being able of integrating them. This type of leader is usually defined as a "benevolent dictator" because he acts benevolently with the employees but with the only purpose of achieving organizational goals. The company is considered similar to a family and the manager, that is in a position of authority, is responsible to make decisions and punish or reward the followers (p.143).

The last approach is called "Opportunism" because this type of manager is willing to adopt any kind of combination of the grid with the only purpose of obtaining personal advancement. The efforts of the leader are towards achieving his personal goals and he will shift and adapt his managerial style to achieve them. Some argue that these leaders are strategic and adaptable while others define them as ruthless and self-motivated (p.144).

Applications

The Leadership Grid is a theory that belongs to the Behavioural approach. Theories that are part of this approach aim to define which are the main components of a manager's behavior rather than identifying the characteristics of a good leader. In other words, the grid is a good management tool if it is used by people in charge to understand their way of leading. Different situations require a different approach and leaders should be able to combine the two approaches. For example, followers might require a manager who is task-oriented and shows exactly how to proceed, or they could prefer a leader more relationship-oriented that mainly shows support to their activities. It is important to underline that the right way of leading a specific organization depends on the response of the employees to the two different approaches and a leader should be able to adapt in order to improve his management style (p.145).

How to use the grid

In "The Managerial Grid III", the authors Blake and Mouton explain how to effectively use this tool. The aim of their work is to provide a guide that could help leaders improve their skills and strengthen their contribution to their company. They argue that, by using correctly the grid, leaders would get a better understanding of their way of working and, from this starting point, improve their performance (p.1).

Blake and Mouton identified six fundamental components of leadership. These elements are initiative, inquiry, advocacy, conflict resolution, and critique. For each one of them, the authors defined six statements that represent the different managerial approaches described in the same work. Leaders are asked to identify which statement better represents their approach in leading and this exercise should help them better understand their practice. All six components are analyzed in this section.

Initiative

Initiative is related to starting something that has been done before, stopping ongoing activities, or shifting the current direction (p.2).

Initiative

A	I put out enough to get by
B	I initiate action the help and support others
C	I seek to maintain a steady pace
D	I drive myself and others
E	I stress loyalty and extend appreciation to those who support me
F	I exert much effort and on others to join in enthusiastically

Inquiry

Inquiry is strictly related to the leader's thoroughness. Indeed, it is the ability to obtain information and data from people or other sources. Generally speaking, a leader might be more or less interested in learning as much as possible about the activities in his company (p.2).

Advocacy

A	I respond if asked, but avoid taking sides by not revealing my opinions, attitudes or ideas.
B	Even having some reservations, I embrace opinions, attitudes and ideas of others.
C	I try to meet others halfway and express my opinions, attitudes and ideas.
D	I stand up for my opinions, attitudes and ideas, even if it means rejecting others.
E	I hold strong convictions but let others express ideas and help them to think objectively.
F	I tell my convictions and concerns but if others’ idea is sounder, I acknowledge it.

Advocacy

Advocacy refers to taking a position and standing by it facing its risks. A leader that does not advocate is usually not sure about his position (p.3).

Table 1: Based on The Managerial Grid III, Chapter 1

Conflict resolution

Conflicts arise easily and managing them in the right way is not trivial. A good leader should be able to handle and resolve them while evoking respect. On the other hand, a manager that is unable to deal with conflicts could be perceived as not worthy of respect (p.3).

Table 1: Based on The Managerial Grid III, Chapter 1

Decision making

Decision-making is a key ability for a leader. He might have to take solo decisions or he is required to delegate responsibilities while working with a team (p.4).

Table 1: Based on The Managerial Grid III, Chapter 1

Critique

Critique is related to problem-solving activities. Indeed, a capable leader should be able to anticipate and avoid activities that risk having adverse consequences. This ability comes mainly from experience and feedback from other people in the organization. Both elements are key work more effectively (p.4).

Table 1: Based on The Managerial Grid III, Chapter 1

Limitations

The main limit of the Leadership grid, together with the behavioral approach, was the impossibility to identify a relationship between being a leader task or people-oriented and a higher level of performance or employees' morale.

Furthermore, the approach has failed in identifying a style of leadership that is universally recognized as suitable for all the different situations. The aim was to identify a set of managerial behaviors that would lead consistently to successful leadership. This goal has not been achieved and the behavioral approach failed in a similar way to the trait approach that tried to define the right personal characteristics to be an effective leader.

Some argue that this approach did not lead to consistent results because it failed in taking into account the impact of the context. They argue that the managerial style should be based on the requirements of every single team that needs to be led. This argument is partially based on the idea that a 'high-high' approach is not always the answer. The Leadership grid suggests as the best style is the Team Management that has the highest score in both concerns for people and production. However, different situations might require a different approach that does not have such a high score in both the concerns. It still remans unclear if the Team Management is actually the best style of leadership.

Conclusion

Bibliography

The following sources have been used as the main references for this article and they can be used for further readings.

- Northouse, P. G. (2018), Leadership: Theory and Practice (8th Edition), SAGE Publishing

- Robbins, S. P. and, Judge T. A. (2013), Organizational Behavior (15th Edition), Pearson Education

- Blake, R. and Mouton, J. (1985), "The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence", Houston: Gulf Publishing Company.

References