Kanban in Project Management
Kanban(看板 translates directly to signboard from Japanese aims to provide visibility, highlight bottlenecks and improve communication and work flow throughout a project, process or similar. The Kanban system was originally an inventory-control system developed by Taiichi Ohno, an industrial engineer at Toyota. The vision then was that the system would reduce the waste (muda) in the production line and improve the manufacturing efficiency. Kanban is a flow-control system for pull-driven JIT production, in which the upstream processing activities are triggered by the downstream demand signals[1]. The Kanban system is now, with some alterations, applied as an agile project management tool. It is argued that the system offers improved project visibility, product quality, team-motivation, communication and collaboration.
The basis of the Kansan system is to have a board with cards attached. Different parts of the board represent different stages of the development which all work items go through. The cards represent the different work items in the project, and move from left to right on the board. The board and the cards can be set-up and divided however the user like. Nonetheless the main concept of Kanban is always the same, and can be summarized by these six points[https://www.atlassian.com/agile/kanban ]:
- Limit WIP (work in process): The board is divided in parts, and each part can only have a set number of work items, WIP limit, thus this don't need to be the same for every part. This is true for all parts except the “backlog” and “done” part, which is always unlimited
- Cards : Each work item is represented by a card (sticky note or similar)
- Flow: The work items on the board are moved from left to right between the different parts. The person performing the work, is also the one moving the card
- Team: The team working with the Kanban board agree on some rules for when the cards can be moved
- Kaizen (constant improvement)
- The team working with the Kanban board have to get together on a regular basis to analyze the flow, focusing on work items that are stuck on the board
- There is no Kanban police - and if you need to alter the board or break your rules that's ok, but inform rest of your team
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History
Kanban is now a popular system used by teams practicing agile and lean project work. In recent years Kanban has become a popular framework for managing software development teams, and is now often implemented to complement Scrum or other agile software development methods.[2] Kanban is considered a prominent and relatively new framework, it was first introduced (to this use) in the early 2000’s. Nonetheless the Kanban methodology date back more than 50 years.
Kanban was first implemented in the Toyota factory in 1953 by Taiichi Ohno, an industrial engineer and the creator of the Kanban concept. The system was inspired by the grocery store model. The concept of this model was that grocery stores was stoking just enough product to meet customers demand. This practice enables the inventory levels to match the customer pattern and therefore be at a minimum without affecting the customers in a negative manner. Thus the store can gain efficiency in inventory management by decreasing the amount of excess stock.
Taiichi Ohno’s vision, when implementing Kanban to Toyota, was to align their massive inventory with the actual consumption of materials. In order to communicate capacity levels at the different workstation on the factory floor in real-time, workers would pass a card with capacity information between workstations. When the batch of materials used at one point in the production line was emptied, a card with this information was sent to the warehouse. Here it would be a new batch ready to be transported to the production line. Subsequently, the card would be sent to the supplier, where a new delivery for the warehouse was waiting to be shipped. This pattern can be carried on in as many steps of the value chain as desired. The Kanban framework for production lines is still very much used today, though it have been developed in tact with the the technology to a faster and more agile version of the same system.
When Kanban was introduced as a project management tool for software development by Microsoft in 2004[3]. The workstations was replaced by parts of a Kanban board and the cards was replaced with sticky notes. Other than that, the concept, value and advantages remained the same.
Kanban Step-By-Step
The Board
The Kanban boards for project management most often consists of three main parts To Do, Doing and Done. Each of these is divided in sub sections. There are many advantages to do it in this way, the main one being the visualizeation of when work items are ready to go to the next main part of the board. Each section also have a WIP-limit, this is the maximum number of work items that can be at that part of the board. These will of course be different for the different parts as the workload varies, the parts with a generally higher workload should have a higher WIP. In order for this to not limit the flow, and become a bottleneck, the number of employees assigned to the different parts of the board should be according to the maximum WIP level.
To Do
Backlog: In this section cards with work items which is to be performed in the future, but have not started on yet, is placed. This part of the board have no rules of an upper limit. The number of cards here is most often limited by your lack of knowledge of the future, as you don't know all your future work yet. To indicate which of the work items that is most urgent in the backlog they are sorted by urgency on the board. This can be done in the group meetings.
Breakdown: The Breakdown part is managed by a rule limiting the work item size. An example of this can be that all work items must be limited to take approximately two working days. If the work item initially is longer/larger than this, it is divided into several smaller work items before moving on to this part of your board. The work items are broken down like this to enhance the flow of work items in the project. If a work item is too big it is a higher chance it will get stuck at one part of the board, and it can be difficult to diagnose why. When a work item is placed in the breakdown part of the board, it is ready for the next main part Doing.
Doing
All work items that are undergoing some kind of work is located in this part. This part of the board is almost always divided into several smaller parts as it is where the most complex and challenging activities take place. An example of this can be Plan, Develop´and Test. In each of the subsections of this part of the Kanban board, it should be a limitation as to how many work items can be at each part. This is to limit the WIP, and secure a agile project work. In some cases a work item is stuck in a section of the doing part due to interdependencies of outer work items or people, and there is no current work to be done on the work item. In this case you can mark the activity as stuck and the work item does not count in your WIP-limit.
Plan: In this section the work is planned, this includes both allocation of resources and finding possible ways to perform the work.
Develop: In this section the work item is developed from an ide to a product. This section is often divided in two sub sections, In Process and Done. The reason for having a Done part, is to make it visually clear when the work items is ready to be transferred to the next stage, testing.
Testing: After the development, the work item/product is tested or checked, before being marked as finished. This is often done by a different person than the developer. This stage often have some rules set by the team to secure the quality of the end product. When this stage is completed the work item moves to the last and final part, for this Kanban board, Done.
Done
When the work items arrives at the ‘’done’’ area of your Kanban board it means that your team is done with this work item. The done area, of course, do not have any WIP-limit, but it can be a good idea to set some goals and milestones related to this part of the board. This should be related to the throughput of work. Nonetheless it is important to remember that all work items do not have the same work load, and that is it the workload throughput that should be celebrated, not the number of work items.
The Cards
The cards include critical information about the particular work item. This includes a short description of the job, the time estimation for the job, and so on. In the virtual Kanban cards it is possible to add more information, as pictures, technically detailed information and other documents that may be valuable.
Kanban cards can have three stages pending, undergoing work or finished. When a team member is finished with his or her work they go to the board and mark their work item as finished. If there is room for the item in the next part of the board, it is moved there, the status is now pending. Now the team member can choose a new work item matching their capability and with the highest prioritisation on the board, this should now be marked as undergoing wok.
Kanban in Software Teams
As previously mentioned Microsoft first introduced Kanban for software development. This have later been adapted around the world, and is the most prominent software management after Scrum. The methods are in many ways similar but have some differences that will be discussed below. After this it will shortly be explained how a team can transfer from Scrum to Kanban
Kanban vs. Scrum
Both the Kanban and the Scrum method focus on quick response to changing customer requirements, and full utilisation of resources. The methods can therefore be described as both agile and lean (3). Both methods are also highly adaptive and are based on self-managing teams with a high level of cooperation. The methods depends on a visual representation of future and ongoing work and includes short stand-up meetings with the project-teams.
The most prominent difference between the stand-up-meetings is that in the Scrum meetings every team member states what they did and what you are doing next, but in the Kanban meetings only the blockages on the board are discussed. Thus the Kanban meetings are severely shorter and less informative, if you would like to obtain this information you have to do so from the information on the Kanban board.
Opposite to Kanban, the Scrum method does not visualize continuous flow and delivery, and it is not possible to make managerial changes during a ‘’sprint’’. The work items is also released in batches so that there is a WIP-limit for the system, but not for each piece of the system (as in Kanban). The scrum method also requires the team to define a “scrum master” and in kanban there is no predefined roles. To get an overview of the previous mentioned differences, see table 1.
| Number | Kanban | Scrum |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | No roles in team | Predefined Scrum-master |
| 2 | Continuous delivery | Deliver after every sprint, predefined |
| 3 | Work is pulled through system in single pieces | Work is pulled through the system in batches |
| 4 | Changes can be made continuously | Changes only allowed between sprints |
| 5 | Optional commitment to work load | Mandatory commitment to workload over a time period |
| 6 | Direct WIP-limitation | WIP only limited per sprint |
| 7 | Persistent board | Board rest between sprints |
| 8 | Talk only about problematic work items in meetings | Talk about all flow of work items before the previous and current meeting, and between current and the next meeting |
