Fishbone diagram

The Fishbone diagram is named for its resemblance to a fishbone with the investigated problem being in the place of the head and the identified root causes coming out of the spine (see picture). It is also called an Ishikawa diagram after its creator Kaoru Ishikawa or a Cause-and-Effect diagram. Identifying the root causes of a problem makes it a valuable tool in Risk Management, as it can help the team figuring out how best to handle this with ARTA.

This article will focus on the fishbone diagram. It will consider how the diagram is appropriately used in Risk Management as well as its purpose ans limitations. It will also touch upon tools that can be used in conjunction with the diagram to strengthen a project's management of risks. The article will be based on previous literature on the subject.

The Purpose of the Fishbone Diagram

The purpose of the fishbone diagram in risk management is to identify various root causes of a potential problem for a project or program. It does so by having the user brainstorm over various causes for the problem and continuously going to deeper levels by finding the cause of the previous cause. Thus a cause-rib might have more subcauses, see the Illustration. The process of making new "ribs" on the fish continues until the team agrees, that the root cause has been reached. In this way the tool aims at organising the causes for the investigated problem. But the team does not have to find deeper levels for each cause they identify, only for those that they deem are "Very Likely" or "Somewhat Likely" to happen and will be "Very Easy" or "Somewhat Easy" to control or fix (see "Application" step 4 for reading more about these gradings). The reason for this is so that the team does not waste time and effort on treating a cause that is unlikely to happen or that they won't be able to do anything about anyway. If the team is hard pressed for time and have a lot of causes to look into, they can start with the ones they deem will have the highest impact or effect in causing the problem.

Application of the Fishbone Diagram

When a team is doing risk management they will often need several fishbone diagrams as each one only corresponds to one problem while several problems may arise during a project. A problem could, as suggested earlier be something like the risk of customers not buying a car. Thus the problems are the risks the team will want to manage. It is also called an effect which is how the diagram also got the name Cause-and-Effect diagram. When using the fishbone diagram it is particularly useful to do so on a large surface -such as e.g. a whiteboard, with lots of space for categories, subcategories, and causes, since the team cannot know at the beginning of the process just how many of these will be needed. Following is a step by step guide to using the fishbone diagram:

1. The investigated problem should be written in the far right side of the whiteboard and a horisontal line to the left of it. Some make it an arrow aiming at the problem to illustrate that this is the effect of the causes that are to be identified. But whether it is an arrow or just a line is of no consequence to the functionality of the diagram and is so up to the personal preferences of the team.
   
   
2. Now the categories -or causes for the problem, should be written a good distance of to each side of the line -there should also be some distance between the categories themselves. Lines ar drawn from each category to the line. Again these lines could be made into arrows or not.
   
   
3. The appropriate subcategories or "sub"-causes can now be fitted into each of the categories by making horisontal lines on either side of the line connecting a category and "spine" of the fish, and writing the subcategory or cause in it. Whether subcategories are needed or not is largely up to the team and how detailed they want to do the diagram. It is entirely possible to solve the problem without a subcategory -in this case what would otherwise be the subcategory is now a cause. An example could be that for a category named "People" a cause could be "Employees not showing up for work". In this case the team could decided that this a root cause and a brainstorm on how to solve the problem could be to change the way employees are paid to depending on how much time they spend at work or put a limit on how many sick days employees are allowed. Another action could be that the team decides that "Employees not showing up for work" is a subcategory to which there is the cause "Employees bully each other". Now the team can brainstorm other ways to manage the problem, and will probably reach other conclusions than in the previous scenario. If the first scenario happens it is likely that that the work environment will worsen further and that one or more employees will leave the company. This of course creates new problems for the company as it is symptom treatment rather than doing something about the root of the problem, the root cause, which as it turns out the team had not managed to find after all. To find the root cause the team must continually ask why this happens. Why do the employees not show up for work? Why are the employees bullying each other? This approach is called "The Five Whys" as this is the approximate amount of whys a team will need to ask in order to reach the root cause.
   
   
4. Once the causes have been found the team can grade them in regards to how easy to fix or control they are and how likely they are to happen. This will help the team prioritising which causes to treat and how to manage their time and effort. A way of grading this could be, "Very Easy", "Somewhat Easy", "Not Easy" and "Very Likely", "Somewhat Likely", "Not Likely". The causes the team should focus on have the combinations "Very Easy-Very Likely", "Very Easy-Somewhat Likely", and "Somewhat Easy-Very Likely".

It should be noted that though this is presented as a step by step guide it might be that the team e.g. fills out a category before making the next or once having filled out all the categories realise that some of the causes from several of the categories are connected and is better treated in a new category made just for them. It is possible to go back in the steps to alter the output of it. It means that team didn't know all they thought they did at the beginning and is figuring out something new about the project. If the team used any tools or methods to find the categories or causes, the team might need to go through those again to make sure they have all relevant categories or causes, if this is the case.

The Team

As mentioned earlier in Purpose it is usually an advantage to have a diverse team.