Revision as of 23:02, 11 February 2021

Abstract

Project, Program and Portfolio Management is the application of processes, tools and methodologies to successfully plan and execute projects. Agile project management is an iterative approach that focuses on breaking down large projects into smaller and more manageable tasks in small cycles/sprints, which are completed in short iterations throughout the project life cycle. ^[1] The Stage-Gate model is an approach to guide a project from idea to launch by efficient project management. The large project, or even program, is separated into stages, and the end of each stage requires a review to pass a gate and begin on the next stage. These gates review whether or not the project is ready to continue and move on to the next stage, which also include portfolio management - is the project balanced and aligned with the portfolio.

Project Management is not only about achieving a purpose. It is about achieving a purpose within a limited time, cost, and meeting the preset quality criteria - this is known as the triple constraints illustrated by the Iron Triangle ^[2] [p. 71]. A combination of an Agile approach and the Stage-Gate model is a systematic way of controlling these three constraints as the project manager and make the project effective and efficient. The large project is divided into stages by the Stage-Gate model and running Agile cycles in each stage. Time, cost and quality is reviewed at each gate before moving on to the next stage. This combination is even possible for a program with several parallel projects - projects with their own individual stages but sharing gates across the program to align and keep the whole project and parts on track and without exceeding the time-, cost-, and quality limits.

Instead of looking at projects as a life cycle, the book Doing Projects: A Nordic Flavor to Managing Project ^[2], claims that projects can be analyzed through four perspectives: Purpose, People, Complexity and Uncertainty. With that in mind, a combination of an Agile approach and the Stage Gate model, we are placed mostly in two of the perspectives - Purpose and complexity. Purpose because the combination is about riding the life cycle of a project, both in the big picture from ideation to closure but also within the stages by the Agile approach. Complexity because it is about scheduling - When to do what?. If you take a deep dive into the Agile Approach, you need to know your team well as the Project Manager ^[3] [p. 51-52], in order to set aside the necessary team-roles. With that said, the combination does also belong to the People perspective.

Method description

The Agile approach and the Stage Gate model for project management are in following described. In the end of the section the hybrid consisting of the two approaches will be introduced as a strong combination for you as a Project Manager.

Agile

The history of Agile goes all the way back to 1957 when building software for IBM and Motorola. In these projects incremental development techniques were used, which today are known as Agile. ^[4] Although, not knowing what to name and how to classify the way of working with the projects they were still practicing it and knew that it was different from Waterfall. The modern way of an Agile approach and the approach today classified as Agile was officially introduced in 2001 by a group of professional software developers. These developers met to discuss alternative project methodologies and the outcome of this meeting was the Manifesto for Agile Development ^[5]. Even though the approach was discussed and mapped out by software professionals, the Agile approach of Project Management is adapted by more than IT teams. Marketers, universities, the military, and even the automotive industry are using the Agile methodology to develop and deliver innovative products/services in markets or environments who possesses uncertainty.

Over the years, the Agile approach has turned into several Agile Frameworks suited for different projects and situations. A selection of the most popular Agile Frameworks is Scrum, Kanban, Lean, and XP. ^[6] Despite of the Agile Frameworks being used in the given project, the project manager has the usual five phases to manage in the temporary project life cycle: ^[2] [p. 46-47]

1. Project Initiation
2. Project Planning
3. Project Execution
4. Project Monitoring and Control
5. Project Closure

What makes these frameworks different is how they approach these five phases.

The Manifesto for Agile Development published in 2001 clearly specifies the fundamental principles of the approach:

• Individuals and interactions over processes and tool
• Working software over comprehensive documentation
• Customer collaboration over contact negotiation
• Responding to change over following a plan

In contrast to a straightforward linear approach like the waterfall model, Agile projects consist of a sequence of steps (known as sprints in Scrum). The steps can be seen in Figure 1. This sequence can easily turn into a cycle if the product/service does not perform as expected and agreed with the client in step 5. In this case, the sequence will start up again from step 1 and keep going until satisfaction is achieved. This approach is at most used as a cycle from the beginning - a project is cut into small pieces and developed though many cycles/sprints of the Agile Methodology in close contact with the client.

Figure 1 - The cycle of Agile Methodology ^[7].

A short description of the five steps in Figure 1:

• Step 1: Mapping processes to determine the starting point and the "Actual State".
• Step 2: Optimize a process with the right combination of technologies.
• Step 3: Choose technologies and review options with the client. The client is part of the project from the very beginning and feedback is vital.
• Step 4: Weekly/monthly delivery of developments for the end user to operate and request for changes. It is ideal, that the end user is part of the process of development and testing.
• Step 5: Evaluate through Key Performance Indicators (KPI's), reports and other metrics, in order to monitor that the process is working as agreed.

Agile project management consists of five key components: User stories, Sprints, Stand-up meetings, Agile board, and Backlog ^[1].

User stories is a way of defining a work request from a client on a high level. The story contains just enough information for the team, that they can make a reasonable estimate of the effort required in order to make the user story come true. The story is written from the users perspective and tells what the client wants and why - their goals.

Sprints are these short iterations or cycles seen in Figure 1. One iteration is usually between one and three weeks. The teams attend a sprint planning meeting before the actual sprint where they get tasks assigned. The idea is to repeat these iterations until the sub-product/feature is working as agreed with the client. Once the sprint is over the product is reviewed, adjustments are made if necessary, and a new sprint can begin to improve the product with another sub-product/feature until the product or service is completely done and the client is satisfied.

Stand-up meetings is an important part of the Agile approach. It does not take up a lot of time, usually about 10 minutes, and are a way to ensure everyone is informed and on track of the ongoing sprint. The meetings got they name because all participants are required to stand up during the meeting - this help to keep the meeting short.

Agile board helps you as the project manager and your team to track the progress of the project. This can be as simple as a whiteboard with post-it notes but can also be more complex and informative within your project management software with project documents recommended by the Project Management Institute (PMI) such as activity attributes, activity list, assumption log, lessons learned register, milestone list, project team assignments etc. ^[3] [p. 198].

Backlog As project requests are added on a ongoing basis, they become great stories in the backlog. During the sprint planning, these stories in the backlog are being moved into the sprint to be completed throughout the cycle. As the project manager it is a vital task to manage your backlog in an Agile Environment.

Stage Gate

The history of the Stage Gate model goes all the way back to the 1940s and was developed for large-scale engineering projects and has been used by many organizations since then ^[8]. Often organizations driven by a need of quick idea-to-market launches. The Stage Gate model is a linear project management tool build up by stages of development followed by benchmarks for assessment, in this model called gates. This model is ideal for projects that involve many and/or large teams across departments in an organization. It is typically used for development of new products, software launches and business-wide changes.

The model consists of five key steps/stages. These stages are designed to prevent the project from getting off the track and continue to the next stage without agreement from the most important stakeholders (top-management, clients, etc.). These five steps are: Scoping, Building the case plan, Development, Testing and Validation and Launch ^[8]. Between each Stage is a gate to the next Stage. An overview of the model can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - The Stage Gate model.

Before the first stage, every project is kickstarted with a discovery phase where the idea is defined and where the project starts to take shape. Stakeholders gather and participate in brainstorming. At this point, the thoughts has no boundaries. Once the idea is more concrete, key stakeholders will gather and discuss the upcoming project and agree on the three important parts of a project illustrated by the previous mentioned Iron Triangle: Time, cost and quality (scope).

Stage 1 - Scoping: In this stage, many critical decisions and angles are analyzed and discussed between key stakeholders. There is now a new product/business opportunity in the pipe line and strengths and weaknesses need to be identified in order for the stakeholders and especially the project manager to have a 360-degree overview of the upcoming project. This stage does also require risk-management. What is the risk factors for the upcoming project? Will a possible launch bring any new competitors and how will the current competitors react to this launch?

Stage 2 - Building the case plan: The second stage is actually quite similar to the ideation stage and the scoping stage, the difference is the level of details - now the project starts to become very concrete. This stage is typically resource-intensive and can be divided into four key steps: Define and analyze your product, Build your business case, Build your project plan, review the feasibility.

Stage 3 - Development: As the name suggests, now it is time to get started - the development teams starts to develop the product step by step. This stage is also known as the prototype stage.

Stage 4 - Testing & Validation: This stage is a quality assurance of the developed product. Does the, almost finished product, live up to the standard agreed with the client? It is also at this stage, where market/field testing is prepared. A good idea is to test the product on the target user. After testing the product adjustments can be made and the product is ready for the last stage (if is pass though the gate - more on that later).

Stage 5 - Launch: When all of the stakeholders agreed on a finished product and have signed off, the quality has been tested and the product is ready for the final launch into the market. This is the moment where the project managers, product managers and the leadership review whether or not the Stage Gate process was a success or not and whether the outcome/product was a success or not.

The project management part can easily be a success without a successful product/service in the end after market launch, and reverse. ISO 21500 acknowledge the role of context and states that external factors may impact project performance and success. This includes factors outside the organizational boundaries such as socio-economic, geographical, political etc. ^[9] [p. 5] The project manager have the responsibility to consider these factors before the beginning of the project, but some external, and sometimes also internal factors, is not possible to predict and may occur during the project.

The hybrid

They complement each other quite well - Stage Gate is a predictive way of managing project and Agile is adaptive (p. 49 in doing projects).

(p. 46-47 in doing projects - what is a project lifecycle? Stage Gate define the life cycle and Agile is used within the phases. DS p. 11 - monitoring/controlling is connected to all the phases.

The hybrid can be used for innovation for both digital solitions, physical products and service products.

"First, because this novel Agile-Stage-Gate® hybrid approach provides a framework for dealing with uncertainties and ambiguity in the front-end, accelerates the process through the use of time-boxed iterations, and focuses on the results via development of tangible product increments as the measure of progress."

Application

As the project manager you need to know, setup and controle the key components of the Agile Approach (User stories, sprints, stand-up meetings, agile board, backlog) and be aware of the team roles (scrum master, product owner, team members, stakeholders).

Limitations

(All approaches and methods got their limitations and this combination is no exception.)

References

Citation

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} Workfront, Agile Project Management, accessed 10 February 2021, https://www.workfront.com/project-management/methodologies/agile
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2} Geraldi, J., Thuesen, C., Oehmen, J. & Stingl, V.. Doing Projects: A Nordic Flavour to Managing Projects, 2nd edition, 2017, ISBN: 978-87-7193-076-4.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Project Management Institute, Inc., Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 6th edition, 2017, ISBN: 978-1-62825-184-5.
4. ↑ Altexsoft, Agile Project Management: Best Practices and Methodologies, accessed 11 February 2021, https://www.altexsoft.com/whitepapers/agile-project-management-best-practices-and-methodologies/
5. ↑ Fowler, M. & Highsmith, J., The Agile Manifesto, August 1, 2001 accessed February 11, 2021, https://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/the-agile-manifesto/184414755
6. ↑ Agile-Mercurial, Comprehensive List of Agile Frameworks, accessed 11 February 2021, https://agile-mercurial.com/2019/02/06/agile-frameworks-fact-sheet/
7. ↑ Sudarsan Reddy, Agile Project Management Methodology - Manifesto, Frameworks and Process, accessed 10 February 2021, https://medium.com/@sudarhtc/agile-project-management-methodology-manifesto-frameworks-and-process-f4c332ddb779
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} Project Manager, Phase-Gate Process in Project Management: A Quick Guide, by Scavetta, A., Nov 5, 2019, accessed 11 February, 2021, https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/phase-gate-process
9. ↑ International Standard, , ISO 21500:2012, Guidance on project management, 1st edition, 2012.

Annotation

1. Yes this is good