Revision as of 14:18, 16 September 2016

As the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry evolves, the demand for more complex and unique constructions increases, and the risk for failure increases with it. The Project Manager, in the field of construction, is faced with great deals of uncertainties, high complexity and high risks of failure. In order to carry out a successful project, it is advantageous to make the project more transparent, optimize the process and the communication between the active stakeholders of the project. With the increase of digital documentation in construction, the aspect of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is of great importance, and within construction, Building Information Modelling (BIM) has become an effective tool for the Project Manager to reach the desired goals of a project within the given constraints.

Definition of BIM

BIM (Modelling) is a digital management tool, containing BIMs (Models). The concept of BIM is to create an intelligent platform for sharing data and construct the building virtually, before starting the physical construction. ^[1] The models used in BIM are parametric object based, meaning that each object contains data about how it can interact with connected objects and

Historical development

The 2D construction drawing has been used for centuries and for complex constructions, physical models have been used to get a better understanding of the physical spaces of the construction.

BIM, as we know it today, has been 40 years in the making and already in 1975, Charles M. Eastman mentioned in an article from 1975^[2] several disadvantages of both 2D drawings and the physical 3D models and described the ideal vision for a digital, multidisciplinary 3D model with the possibility of extraction of 2D drawings, lists of quantity for cost estimation and automatized clash-testing.

The “Building Description System (BDS)” approach, described by Charles M. Eastman, was further developed during the 70s and 80s and was in the USA referred to as “Building Product Models” and in Europe as “Product Information Models”. These two terms were later combined to the term "Building Information Modelling (BIM)" as we know it today and was first documented in 1992 by van Nederveen and Tolman from TU Delft in the Netherlands.^[3]

Application

Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be applied to any size of construction project as a tool or process of managing the fundemental areas in Project Management and some of the application areas, listed by Marketing Analytic, Rachel Burger ^[4], is following:

• 3D visualization of buildings

• Change management (clash tests, revisions)

By using a shared server (e.g. Revit Sever) a central model can be created, for all the discipline models to be linked into. By linking the models together, changes in one model, are automatically The 3D models from the architects and all the engineering disciplines can be tested for clashes between the models.

• Construction simulation (4D)

The time estimation can be visualized with adding the time-aspect to the 3D model The 3D model can be combined with a time schedule of the project in order to simulate the construction from start to finish.

• Data management (quantity and cost estimation)

The BIMs of today, can contain large amount of information, that are automatically shared along with the model itself.

• Operational management

When the construction is done and the building has been handed over, the model can be further used for operation and maintenance of the building. The Facility Manager can use all the detailed information, connected to each component in the model and, ideally, it can also be used for repair, as the location and specific type of product can be extracted from the model for e.g. ordering new windows or doors for replacement.

Use and Benefits

The measured percentage benefits from using BIM in construction projects are based on data from 32 major projects, gathered by Stanford University’s Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering. ^[5] The benefits of BIM as an ICT-tool in construction are closely related to the actual use of the model. BIM has the possibility to be an effective tool for managing multiple challenges in construction projects.

• Up to 40% elimination of unbudgeted change

• Cost estimation accuracy within 3% as compared to traditional estimates,

• Up to 80% reduction in time taken to generate a cost estimate,

• A savings of up to 10% of the contract value through clash detections, and

• Up to 7% reduction in project time.

Complexity

As a construction projects are highly dependent on coordination of multiple fields of construction and therefore multiple people from different organizations.^[6] By using BIM the project can be made more "transparent"

“A model can represent all three dimensions of a composition directly, while a drawing can represent only two unambiguously. Thus it takes two drawings to represent the information provided by a single model.” - Charles M. Eastman^[2]

Uncertainty and Risks

In every project, the Project Manager is faced with uncertainties and risks, wherefore it is important to be able to act and react to unexpected events, exploit possibilities and plan for the unknown. In construction, the most common uncertainties and risks are time and economy overrun due to failure in communication, changes in the work/design, complications on site etc. ^[7] By using BIM as a management tool, some of these risks can be reduced. The

Stakeholder

The stakeholders of a construction project span from the professionals in the decision making and design phase, such as engineers, users, neighbors, investors etc. The 3D visualization part of BIM can be used to manage stakeholders expectations as it gives a more relatable visual of the product, in comparison to the 2D drawings.

Cost

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Tools

When using BIM, it is important to use the right software for the extended desire of use, and to ensure, that the different chosen software are compatible.

The following list some of the more popular software for each use of BIM:

• 3D Model

- Autodesk Revit

- Archicad

• Clash Test

- Navisworks

- Solibri

• 4D model (3D + time)
  • Time schedule

  - MS Project

  • Simulation

  - Navisworks

Limitations

As mentioned previously, BIM can be applied advantageously in any size of construction project, however, at the current state of BIM adoption, the economical cost/benefit is more obvious in the larger, more complex construction projects. As BIM requires 3D modelling done for all engineering fields (e.g. water, plumbing, ventilation, construction and electrical) in order to gain the most value in terms of clash-testing,

Conclusion

Annotated Bibliography

For further reading about BIM

Books

Articles

Websites

References

1. ↑ Deke Smith, An Introduction to Building Information Modeling (BIM), Journal of Building Information Modeling, Fall 2007
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Charles M. Eastman, The Use of Computers Instead of Drawings In Building Design, AIA Journal, March 1975
3. ↑ http://codebim.com/resources/history-of-building-information-modelling/
4. ↑ http://blog.capterra.com/the-top-6-free-bim-software-tools/
5. ↑ http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29LM.1943-5630.0000127
6. ↑ Joana Geraldi, Christian Thuesen and Josef Oehmen, How To DO Projects, Version 0.5, 27. July 2016
7. ↑ http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Risk_in_building_design_and_construction