Eisenhower Decision Matrix

Revision as of 15:15, 9 April 2023

Abstract

Prioritising work tasks as an individual or a team is crucial for ensuring success and avoiding stress. One popular method for doing this is the Eisenhower Decision Matrix. Former president of the USA, Dwight D. Eisenhower, once said: "What is important is seldom urgent, and what is urgent is seldom important.^[1] These are the words behind the concept of the Eisenhower Decision Matrix. Later on, Stephen Covey made the method popular in relation to time and task management by including the method in his book, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People.^[2]

The concept of the Eisenhower Decision Matrix is to prioritise tasks based on their urgency and importance, by categorising them into four quadrants: "Q1: Urgent and Important," "Q2: Important but Not Urgent," "Q3: Urgent but Not Important," and "Q4: Not Urgent nor Important." ^[3] By analysing tasks in this manner, teams and individuals can concentrate their energy on the most important and urgent tasks while delegating or postponing the less important ones. In a normal workday this can be done very easily by simply numbering the tasks on your to-do list according to the quadrants in the matrix, and then starting by doing the tasks numbered 1, then delegating the tasks numbered 3 and planning/doing tasks numbered 2. As for the tasks which are numbered 4, they should be done at last or simply deleted.

The Eisenhower Decision Matrix is a useful tool for project managers and team members, as it provides a clear framework for determining task priority and making informed decisions about allocating time and resources.

Prioritisation of tasks (Big Idea)

Time and task management

Time and task management are essential skills that help individuals and organizations effectively prioritize and use their time to achieve their goals.^[3] Effective time management involves planning and organizing tasks, setting goals and deadlines, and prioritizing activities to make the most of the available time. Task management, on the other hand, involves breaking down larger projects or goals into smaller, more manageable tasks and efficiently managing these tasks to ensure timely completion of the project.

Time and task management are critical in both personal and professional settings, as they help individuals manage their workload, reduce stress, and improve productivity. Effective time and task management skills can lead to better work-life balance, increased motivation, and improved overall well-being.

Time and task management are becoming more and more crucial in today's fast-paced society when we are continuously confronted with distractions and conflicting demands for our attention. With the right strategies and tools, individuals and organizations can optimize their time and accomplish more, all while maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

Urgency vs. Importance

There are two terms that need to be defined and discussed, before the discussion of the Eisenhower Decision Matrix can begin: Urgency and importance. These two terms define any activity. Urgency means that the activity needs immediate attention and insists on action. ^[2] Urgent matters psychologically press on us and insist on action. However these matters are often popular with others, pleasant, easy and fun to do. But they are very seldom important.

On the contrary, importance is related to the outcome.^[2] Important matters contribute to your highest priority goals and values. Often, more initiative and proactivity are needed for these important but non-urgent matters. For things to happen, we must take action and take advantage of the opportunity. We are easily distracted into attending to the urgent matters instead, if we do not have the end in mind, or have a clear understanding of what is important or what outcome we wish for.

The Eisenhower Decision Matrix

Before starting prioritising tasks, one should have a clear goal in mind, either a personal goal or an organizational goal.^[3] This is crucial to be able to evaluate the task's importance.

The Eisenhower Decision Matrix (EDM) is a 2x2 matrix in which all tasks can be arranged by urgency and importance. The purpose of the EDM is to get an overview of all the tasks and to see how the tasks should be prioritised. The EDM consists of four quadrants, which now will be further described.

The Eisenhower Decision Matrix (own figure, inspirations from ^[2]

• Explaining the four quadrants of the matrix:
  • Q1: Urgent and Important
  • Q2: Important but Not Urgent
  • Q3: Urgent but Not Important
  • Q4: Not Urgent nor Important

How the tasks in each quadrant affect a person

• Too much time spent in certain quadrants, can lead to short-term focus, crisis management, and feeling out of control and stressed.
• which tasks should you have your focus on?

Application

• How to use this matrix in your everyday life to prioritise tasks:
  • Q1: Urgent and Important -> Do it NOW
  • Q2: Important but Not Urgent -> Schedule the task
  • Q3: Urgent but Not Important -> Delegate the task
  • Q4: Not Urgent nor Important -> Delete
• Example

Limitations

• Discuss the illusion of urgency ^[4]
• This matrix only considers two factors: urgency and importance.
• Compare with the Sung diagram ^[1]

Annotated bibliography

Stephen R. Covey (2013). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change

In this book, Covey explains how the Eisenhower Decision Matrix(EDM) can be used, and how it can affect people's effectiveness and accomplishments.

D.R Kennedy, A.L. Porter (2022). The Illusion of Urgency

This article describes how the illusion of urgency can affect people's perception of urgency, and thereby also their prioritisation of tasks.

Hannah Bratterud et al. (2020). The Sung Diagram: Revitalizing the Eisenhower Matrix

This paper addresses the limitation of the EDM and proposes an extension to the matrix, which provides a third factor in the decision matrix. Having these three factors should in some scenarios clarify some misleading suggestions that the EDM would otherwise make.

References

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1} Bratterud, H., Burgess, M., Fasy, B.T., Millman, D.L., Oster, T., Sung, E. (2020). The Sung Diagram: Revitalizing the Eisenhower Matrix. In: Pietarinen, AV., Chapman, P., Bosveld-de Smet, L., Giardino, V., Corter, J., Linker, S. (eds) Diagrammatic Representation and Inference. Diagrams 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12169. Springer, Cham. https://doi-org.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/10.1007/978-3-030-54249-8_43
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3} Covey, Stephen R. (2013). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change, 25th anniversary edn. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-3961-2
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2} Jyothi, N.S., Parkavi, A. (2016) A study on task management system. In: International Conference on Research Advances in Integrated Navigation Systems. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/RAINS.2016.7764421
4. ↑ Kennedy, D.R., Porter, A.L. (2022). The Illusion of Urgency. In: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, vol 86. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8914