Five Dimensional Project Management (Complexity Mapping for Transportation Projects)

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(Replaced content with " ==Introduction== ===Complexity=== ===Traditional view=== ===Five dimensional approach=== ==Five Dimensions== ===Context=== ===Cost=== ===Financing=== ===Schedule=== ===T...")
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text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l6:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l6:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l6:level7
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l6:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l6:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l7
 
−
{mso-list-id:616642887;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:721869306 134807567 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579;}
 
−
@list l7:level1
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level4
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level7
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l7:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8
 
−
{mso-list-id:949629490;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:-498573700 134807553 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579;}
 
−
@list l8:level1
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:18.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l8:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:54.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
margin-left:90.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8:level4
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:126.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:162.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
margin-left:198.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8:level7
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:234.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:270.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l8:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
margin-left:306.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l9
 
−
{mso-list-id:967008185;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:1110633474 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
 
−
@list l9:level1
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:18.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l9:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:54.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l9:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:90.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l9:level4
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:126.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l9:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:162.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l9:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:198.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l9:level7
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:234.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l9:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:270.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l9:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:306.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l10
 
−
{mso-list-id:972834210;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:1238905736 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
 
−
@list l10:level1
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l10:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l10:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l10:level4
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l10:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l10:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l10:level7
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l10:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l10:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l11
 
−
{mso-list-id:1172721723;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:-245568366 134807567 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579 134807567 134807577 134807579;}
 
−
@list l11:level1
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level4
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level7
 
−
{mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:alpha-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;}
 
−
@list l11:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:roman-lower;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:right;
 
−
text-indent:-9.0pt;}
 
−
@list l12
 
−
{mso-list-id:1481195370;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:252868436 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
 
−
@list l12:level1
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:18.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l12:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:54.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l12:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:90.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l12:level4
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:126.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l12:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:162.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l12:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:198.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l12:level7
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:234.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l12:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:270.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l12:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
margin-left:306.0pt;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l13
 
−
{mso-list-id:1636059657;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:584982778 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
 
−
@list l13:level1
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l13:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l13:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l13:level4
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l13:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l13:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l13:level7
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l13:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l13:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l14
 
−
{mso-list-id:1830436416;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:-1623818750 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
 
−
@list l14:level1
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l14:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l14:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l14:level4
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l14:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l14:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l14:level7
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l14:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l14:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l15
 
−
{mso-list-id:1905797261;
 
−
mso-list-type:hybrid;
 
−
mso-list-template-ids:-313628904 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557 134807553 134807555 134807557;}
 
−
@list l15:level1
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l15:level2
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l15:level3
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l15:level4
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l15:level5
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l15:level6
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
@list l15:level7
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;}
 
−
@list l15:level8
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:o;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Courier New";}
 
−
@list l15:level9
 
−
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
 
−
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
 
−
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
 
−
mso-level-number-position:left;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Wingdings;}
 
−
ol
 
−
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
 
−
ul
 
−
{margin-bottom:0cm;}
 
−
--></style><!--[if gte mso 10]><style>
 
−
/* Style Definitions */
 
−
table.MsoNormalTable
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
 
−
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 
−
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 
−
mso-style-noshow:yes;
 
−
mso-style-priority:99;
 
−
mso-style-parent:"";
 
−
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 
−
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
 
−
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
 
−
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
 
−
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
 
−
line-height:107%;
 
−
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 
−
font-size:11.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 
−
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
 
−
table.MsoTableGrid
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Table Grid";
 
−
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
 
−
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
 
−
mso-style-priority:39;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 
−
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 
−
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext;
 
−
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext;
 
−
mso-para-margin:0cm;
 
−
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 
−
font-size:11.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 
−
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent1
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
border:solid #BDD6EE 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-alt:solid #BDD6EE .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 
−
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid #BDD6EE;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid #BDD6EE;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-para-margin:0cm;
 
−
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 
−
font-size:11.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 
−
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent1FirstRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.5pt solid #9CC2E5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent1LastRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top:.75pt double #9CC2E5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent1FirstCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent1LastCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent1
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
border:solid #9CC2E5 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-border-alt:solid #9CC2E5 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 
−
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid #9CC2E5;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid #9CC2E5;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-para-margin:0cm;
 
−
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 
−
font-size:11.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 
−
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent1FirstRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading:#5B9BD5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top:.5pt solid #5B9BD5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-left:.5pt solid #5B9BD5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:.5pt solid #5B9BD5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-right:.5pt solid #5B9BD5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
 
−
color:white;
 
−
mso-themecolor:background1;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent1LastRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.5pt double #5B9BD5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent1FirstCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent1LastCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent1OddColumn
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading:#DEEAF6;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:51;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent1OddRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 1";
 
−
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading:#DEEAF6;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:51;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent5
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
border:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 
−
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid #B4C6E7;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid #B4C6E7;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-para-margin:0cm;
 
−
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 
−
font-size:11.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 
−
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent5FirstRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.5pt solid #8EAADB;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent5LastRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top:.75pt double #8EAADB;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent5FirstCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent5LastCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 1 Light - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:46;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent5
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
 
−
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
border:solid #8EAADB 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-border-alt:solid #8EAADB .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
 
−
mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid #8EAADB;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-insideh-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid #8EAADB;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-insidev-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-para-margin:0cm;
 
−
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
 
−
font-size:11.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
 
−
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
 
−
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
 
−
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent5FirstRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading:#4472C4;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top:.5pt solid #4472C4;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-left:.5pt solid #4472C4;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:.5pt solid #4472C4;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-right:.5pt solid #4472C4;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
 
−
color:white;
 
−
mso-themecolor:background1;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent5LastRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.5pt double #4472C4;
 
−
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent5FirstCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:first-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
−
table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent5LastCol
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:last-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
 
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table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent5OddColumn
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
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mso-style-unhide:no;
 
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mso-tstyle-shading:#D9E2F3;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent5;
 
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mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:51;}
 
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table.MsoTable15Grid4Accent5OddRow
 
−
{mso-style-name:"Grid Table 4 - Accent 5";
 
−
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
 
−
mso-style-priority:49;
 
−
mso-style-unhide:no;
 
−
mso-tstyle-shading:#D9E2F3;
 
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mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent5;
 
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mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:51;}
 
−
</style><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"><o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/></o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-GB style='tab-interval:36.0pt'><div class=WordSection1><div style='mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #AAAAAA 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'><h1 style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.2pt;margin-left:
 
−
0cm;mso-line-height-alt:14.4pt;border:none;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #AAAAAA .75pt;
 
−
padding:0cm;mso-padding-alt:0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm'>'''<span style='font-size:19.0pt;
 
−
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'>Five Dimensional Project Management
 
−
(Complexity Mapping for Transportation Projects)</span>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:19.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></h1></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Five
 
−
dimensional project management (5DPM) is a framework for handling complexity
 
−
transportation projects. In addition to the three fundamental sources of
 
−
complexity 1.Cost, 2.Schedule, 3.Technical the framework recognizes and
 
−
elevates to the same status two other 4.Context and 5.Financing. Moreover 5DPM
 
−
suggests several complex project management tools, one of the most essential
 
−
being complexity mapping used in early project planning. <span
 
−
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:2'><span
 
−
style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Abstract</span>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
 
−
normal'><span style='font-size:11.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;
 
−
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-fareast-language:
 
−
EN-GB'>Traditional three-dimensional project management theory is based on
 
−
optimizing the cost-schedule-technical dimensions. Recent studies have shown
 
−
that current approach may not be sufficient to address interrelated and
 
−
dependent variables encountered on complex projects. This article, divided in
 
−
two parts, describes a framework upon which a complex transportations project’s
 
−
scope of work can be better conceptualized (Part I) and a tool with which a
 
−
projects complexity can be graphically displayed for better understanding and
 
−
prioritization of available resources (Part II).<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:2'><span
 
−
style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Introduction<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Over the past two
 
−
decades transportation project management has changed considerably. Projects
 
−
have a larger scope yet shorter delivery periods while external factors like
 
−
sources of financing and environmental policy dictate the design solutions for
 
−
most transportation projects. <ref>[[FWHA]]</ref> Factors driving
 
−
the success of projects evolve from a narrow and technical (requirements/design
 
−
loads) focus into a broader and holistic approach including aspects such
 
−
as<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>public acceptance, political support,
 
−
capacity or budget. <ref>[[<span class=SpellE>Jugdev</span> and Muller
 
−
2005]]</ref>
 
−
 
−
5DPM aims to allow the project manager to take on a holistic approach using
 
−
proactive tools to deliver complex transportation projects. <ref>[[JOMIE]]</ref><o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;
 
−
margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Complexity<o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
 
−
normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><span style='mso-fareast-language:
 
−
EN-GB'>The College of Complex Project Management (CCPM) states that routine
 
−
projects and complex </span>projects differ by <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
 
−
normal'>“the degree of disorder, instability, emergence, nonlinearity, <span
 
−
class=SpellE>recursiveness</span>, uncertainty, irregularity and randomness,
 
−
including a high uncertainty about objectives”''. The US Federal Highway
 
−
Administration (FWHA) offers a more specific description focusing on projects
 
−
that <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>“have a high-level of public or
 
−
congressional interest; are unusually complex; have extraordinary implications
 
−
for the national transportation system; or are likely to exceed $500 million in
 
−
total cost.”<o:p></o:p>''<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
 
−
normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'>Both these definitions
 
−
recognize that complex projects have factors which lie beyond the control of
 
−
the PM and as such need to be identified, evaluated and recognized in the PM plan.
 
−
<span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><ref>[[JOMIE]]</ref><o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>“It is worth noting
 
−
that neither the CCPM nor the FHWA approach mentions technical factors such as
 
−
the actual engineering design of the complex project. Therefore, a project can
 
−
have a complicated technical design without becoming complex.”<o:p></o:p>''<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;
 
−
margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Traditional
 
−
view<o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>In the traditional
 
−
approach the three main partners: owner, designer and builder assume their
 
−
isolated duties.
 
−
 
−
In general the owner (usually a Department of Transportation) secures
 
−
financing, manages land acquisition (ROW) and handles the communication between
 
−
shareholders. The designer ensures quality, functionality and compliance with
 
−
standards. The builder is responsible for managing cost and schedule.<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.5pt;line-height:107%'>The primary
 
−
responsibilities of the designer and builder form the traditional project
 
−
management “Iron Triangle” of quality, cost, and schedule. </span><span
 
−
style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><ref>[[SHRP2]]</ref><o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;
 
−
margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Five
 
−
dimensional approach<o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Apart
 
−
from the traditional three dimensions complex projects are exposed to high
 
−
levels of uncertainty and dynamic interactions between the management
 
−
activities of all project partners. A case study of 18 complex transportation
 
−
projects in Canada, New Zealand, the United States and the U.K found that these
 
−
external factors, which have a significant impact on the project, can be
 
−
grouped in two major categories: project context and project financing. One of
 
−
this study’s conclusions was that given a five dimensional model a complex
 
−
project is one in which the PM must manage at least four of the five possible
 
−
dimensions. </span><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><ref>[[JOMIE]]</ref>
 
−
Therefore a routine project can be complicated, technically, but not complex if
 
−
the issues of context and financing have an insignificant magnitude.<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The aim of 5DPM is
 
−
to allow for a better optimization of resources to ensure the success of a
 
−
complex project.<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><span
 
−
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='background:white'><o:p></o:p></span></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:2'><span
 
−
style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Five
 
−
Dimensions<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The
 
−
five dimensions of complexity can be briefly described as follows:<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo3;
 
−
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOT483a8203'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203'>Technical: all the typical engineering requirements including scope
 
−
of design and construction, quality, and need for integrated delivery;<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:
 
−
l4 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOT483a8203'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203'>Schedule: the calendar-driven aspects of the project;<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:
 
−
l4 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOT483a8203'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203'>Cost: quantifying the scope of work in monetary terms;<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
.0001pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:
 
−
l4 level1 lfo3;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOT483a8203'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>4.<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203'>Context: external influences impacting project development and
 
−
progress; <o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l4 level1 lfo3;
 
−
mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203;mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOT483a8203'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>5.<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203'>Financing: not cost but the sources of the project</span><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203+20",sans-serif;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
AdvOT483a8203+20'>’</span><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"AdvOT483a8203",serif;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:AdvOT483a8203'>s funding.<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
 
−
normal;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none'><o:p> </o:p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>5DPM
 
−
begins by identifying the project’s requirements and constraints and
 
−
associating each with a given dimension. The goal is to provide the project
 
−
manager with knowledge of the projects constraints as early as possible so that
 
−
s/he can reach out to the affected stakeholders for input, support and
 
−
resources, and by doing so ensure that the final project can satisfy all
 
−
parties. The division of requirements and constraints in performed using the
 
−
following structure.<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:2'><span
 
−
style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Factors
 
−
affecting complexity<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:4.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
 
−
bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>'''<span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
 
−
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
 
−
background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Context</span>''''''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:4.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
 
−
bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>'''<span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
 
−
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
 
−
background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Cost</span>''''''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:4.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
 
−
bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>'''<span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
 
−
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
 
−
background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Financing</span>''''''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:4.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
 
−
bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>'''<span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
 
−
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
 
−
background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Schedule</span>''''''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:4.0pt;margin-left:36.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;
 
−
line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3;mso-list:l13 level1 lfo1'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-font-weight:
 
−
bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>       
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>'''<span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:
 
−
"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;
 
−
background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Technical</span>''''''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;
 
−
margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span>'''
 
−
{| class=MsoTable15Grid1LightAccent5 border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0  style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;  mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;  mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'
 
−
|- style='mso-yfti-irow:-1;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;mso-yfti-lastfirstrow:yes'<td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.6pt;border:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;border-bottom:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;
 
−
mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:
 
−
102;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:5'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Cost<o:p></o:p></span>'''<td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.6pt;border-top:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;border-left:
 
−
none;border-bottom:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:102;mso-border-alt:
 
−
solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:1'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Schedule<o:p></o:p></span>'''<td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.6pt;border-top:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;border-left:
 
−
none;border-bottom:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:102;mso-border-alt:
 
−
solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:1'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Technical<o:p></o:p></span>'''<td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.65pt;border-top:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;border-left:
 
−
none;border-bottom:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:102;mso-border-alt:
 
−
solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:1'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Context<o:p></o:p></span>'''<td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.65pt;border-top:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;border-left:
 
−
none;border-bottom:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:102;mso-border-alt:
 
−
solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-alt:solid #8EAADB 1.5pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:153;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;
 
−
text-align:center;line-height:normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:1'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Financing<o:p></o:p></span>'''
 
−
|- style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'<td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.6pt;border:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;
 
−
mso-border-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;border-top:none;
 
−
mso-border-top-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-top-themetint:102;mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-themetint:102;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:8.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-8.55pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo10;
 
−
mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>   </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Project estimates <o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:8.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-8.55pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo9;
 
−
mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>   </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Uncertainty <o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:8.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-8.55pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo9;
 
−
mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>   </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Contingency <o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:8.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-8.55pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo9;
 
−
mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>   </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Project-related costs
 
−
(i.e., road user costs, right-of-way) <o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:8.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-8.55pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l12 level1 lfo9;
 
−
mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
 
−
font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>   </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Project cost drivers and
 
−
constraints <o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:
 
−
normal;mso-yfti-cnfc:4'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:
 
−
bold'><o:p> </o:p></span><td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 
−
none;border-bottom:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:102;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-top-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:
 
−
solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:
 
−
102;mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:102;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:10.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-10.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>    </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Time<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:10.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-10.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>    </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Schedule risk<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:10.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-10.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>    </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Prescribed milestones<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:10.1pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-10.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l8 level1 lfo7'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>    </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Availability of resources<o:p></o:p></span><td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.6pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 
−
none;border-bottom:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:102;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-top-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:
 
−
solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:
 
−
102;mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:102;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:11.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-11.6pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>     </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Scope of work<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:11.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-11.6pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>     </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Internal structure<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:11.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-11.6pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>     </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Contract<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:11.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-11.6pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>     </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Design<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:11.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-11.6pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>     </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Construction<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:11.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-11.6pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>     </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Technology<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:11.6pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-11.6pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>     </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Nature of constraints<o:p></o:p></span><td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 
−
none;border-bottom:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-bottom-themetint:102;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
−
accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-top-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
−
mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:
 
−
solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:
 
−
102;mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
−
mso-border-themetint:102;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-7.05pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Stakeholders<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-7.05pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Project-specific issues<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-7.05pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Local issues<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.05pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Environmental<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.05pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Legal/legislative<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
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margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.05pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Global/national<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:6.05pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.05pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt'>Unexpected occurrences<o:p></o:p></span><td width=121 valign=top style='width:90.65pt;border-top:none;border-left:
 
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none;border-bottom:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
 
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mso-border-bottom-themetint:102;border-right:solid #B4C6E7 1.0pt;mso-border-right-themecolor:
 
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accent5;mso-border-right-themetint:102;mso-border-top-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;
 
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mso-border-top-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-top-themetint:102;mso-border-left-alt:
 
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solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-left-themecolor:accent5;mso-border-left-themetint:
 
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102;mso-border-alt:solid #B4C6E7 .5pt;mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
 
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mso-border-themetint:102;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
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margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:7.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
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mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
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style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt'>Public financing<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
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margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:7.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
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mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
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style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt'>Financing a future revenue stream<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
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margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:7.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
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style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt'>Exploiting asset value<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
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margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:7.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-7.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt'>Finance-driven project delivery methods<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:7.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-7.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
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style='font-size:9.0pt'>Financial techniques to mitigate risk<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:7.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
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auto;text-indent:-7.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Differential inflation rates<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;
 
−
margin-bottom:0cm;margin-left:7.55pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-7.1pt;line-height:normal;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;
 
−
mso-bidi-font-family:Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>  </span></span></span><![endif]><span
 
−
style='font-size:9.0pt'>Commodity-based estimating<o:p></o:p></span>
 
−
|}<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:8.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:4.0pt;
 
−
margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:3'>'''<span
 
−
style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
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"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'><o:p> </o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The rest of this
 
−
section defines the factors driving complexity. A proper codification of these
 
−
factors is essential as it ensures that external stakeholders and project team
 
−
members understand and use the same terminology. Moreover when each factor is
 
−
categorized to a single PM dimension it can be further associated with a
 
−
specific tool for resolution. Lastly a consistent project record makes it a
 
−
useful reference for future complex project management plans. <o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>The following
 
−
definitions serve as examples and inspiration and by no means cover the full
 
−
range of possible factors. <o:p></o:p></span><h2>Cost</h2><p class=MsoNormal>The Cost Dimension of complex project management consists of
 
−
all factors that must be addressed to quantify the scope of work in monetary
 
−
terms. According to the Authority for Total Cost Management International
 
−
(AACEI) Recommended Practice 34R-05: Basis of Estimate, the factors defined for
 
−
this dimension should satisfy the following performance standards:<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Document the overall project scope<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Communicate the estimator’s knowledge of the
 
−
project by demonstrating an understanding of scope and schedule as it relates
 
−
to cost<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Alert the project team to potential cost risks
 
−
and opportunities<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Provide a record of key communications made
 
−
during estimate preparation<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Provide a record of all documents used to
 
−
prepare the estimate<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Act as a source of support during dispute
 
−
resolutions<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Establish the initial baseline for scope,
 
−
quantities, and cost for use in cost trending throughout the project<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:
 
−
auto;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Provide the historical relationships between
 
−
estimates throughout the project lifecycle<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='margin-left:18.0pt;mso-add-space:auto;
 
−
text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l9 level1 lfo8'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Facilitate the review and validation of the cost
 
−
estimate (AACEI 2010)<h3>Project Estimates</h3><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>                </span>Construction
 
−
estimating is based on understanding what is included and excluded in a given
 
−
estimation. It’s a fundamental factor and every transportation agency has a
 
−
policy for making cost estimates. That said most of these policies were
 
−
developed considering routine projects and may not adequately cover all the
 
−
requirements of complex projects. Therefore, while these policies set the
 
−
groundwork for estimation, it is important to ensure that the project estimate
 
−
satisfies the following criteria:<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Be factually complete, but concise<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Be able to support facts and findings<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Identify estimating team members and their roles<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Describe the tools, techniques, estimating
 
−
methodology, and data used to develop the cost estimate<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Identify other projects that were referenced or
 
−
benchmarked during estimate preparation<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Establish the context of the estimate, and
 
−
support estimate review and validation<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span
 
−
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Qualify any rates or factors that are referenced
 
−
in the estimate (AACEI 2010)'''<o:p></o:p>'''<h3>Uncertainty</h3><p class=MsoNormal>There is a direct relation between uncertainty and the risk
 
−
that needs to be distributed in the 5DPM plan. There is a multitude of available
 
−
tools for managing risk and many agencies use a specific toolset on a routine
 
−
basis. However, again, these tools may not be sufficient for complex projects. AACEI
 
−
suggests the following set of performance criteria to guide the analysis and
 
−
quantification of complex project risks:<p class=Default><o:p> </o:p><p class=MsoNormal>Meets project objectives, expectations and requirements <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Facilitates an effective decision or risk
 
−
management process <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Identifies risk drivers with input from all appropriate
 
−
parties <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Clearly links risk drivers and cost/schedule
 
−
outcomes <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Avoids iatrogenic (self-inflicted) risks <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo12'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Employs empiricism <p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo13'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Employs experience/competency<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l10 level1 lfo13'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Provides [the input for the] probabilistic
 
−
estimating results in a way the supports effective decision making and risk
 
−
management (AACEI 2008)<h3>Contingency</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Contingencies are used to quantify risk in a cost estimate.
 
−
Common methods for developing contingencies include sensitivity analysis,
 
−
probabilistic estimating and Monte Carlo simulations.<h3>Project-Related Costs</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Project-related costs are those which are necessary to
 
−
complete the project but may not be financed with the project funding e.g.
 
−
agency soft costs for personnel or facilities.<h3>Project Cost Drivers and Constraints</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Cost drivers and constraints connect the Cost dimension with
 
−
the Context and Financing dimensions. An example of these can be a highway
 
−
project connecting two existing highways. One of the cost drivers will be the
 
−
requirement to pave the whole distance and there will be little room for
 
−
adjusting the pavement thickness based on the forecasted traffic. In such a
 
−
situation it is essential to detail the pavement design as soon as possible as
 
−
the project relies on that aspect to be fully operational. Should the scope
 
−
need adjustment to meet the budget the PM will have to search for savings in
 
−
aspects other than pavement.<h2>Schedule</h2><p class=MsoNormal>Schedule includes all calendar-driven aspects of the complex
 
−
project. Since many complex projects are delivered at a faster pace than
 
−
routine projects, ensuring a high quality schedule that accurately reflects the
 
−
relationships between activities is essential to minimizing or eliminating
 
−
delays.<h3>Time</h3><p class=MsoNormal>According to AACEI Recommended Practice 38R-06, a
 
−
comprehensive schedule and its associated basis document contain the following
 
−
elements:<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
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Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Scope of work<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Work breakdown structure<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Key assumptions and constraints<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Execution strategy (sequence of work)<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Key project dates (milestones)<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Critical path<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Path of execution (sequencing of multi-activity
 
−
work packages rather than individual activities)<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Issues and impacts (risk)<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Inclusions and specific exclusions<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Schedule change order process<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Integration and progress reporting process<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo15'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='font-family:Symbol;mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;mso-bidi-font-family:
 
−
Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>        
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Key procurements and submittals (AACEI 2009)<h3>Schedule Risk</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Schedule risk, like cost risk, is handled by establishing
 
−
contingencies to address each risk to on-time completion. These contingencies
 
−
can be expressed either in time (e.g. rainy days) or money required to mitigate
 
−
the risk (additional workforce to recover from a delay).<h3>Prescribed Milestones</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Milestones should be connected with the path of execution as
 
−
they are often used for coordination between stakeholders.<h3>Availability of Resources</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Design and construction activities are resource based.
 
−
Therefore it is important to ensure the availability of the necessary
 
−
workforce, materials, equipment and financial resources. The project’s resource
 
−
profile should also differentiate between critical and noncritical resources.
 
−
(Critical being e.g. scarce equipment like a very large crane which has to be booked
 
−
months in advance and can be available only for a limited period.)<h2>Technical</h2><p class=MsoNormal>Technical dimension includes the engineering requirements,
 
−
quality of construction, scope of the project as well as the contracting
 
−
language and possible implementation of new technologies.<h3>Scope of Work</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Scope is a broad term but it’s essentially the purpose of
 
−
the project and defines what needs to be built to fulfil that purpose.<h3>Internal Structure</h3><p class=MsoNormal>The internal structure factor focusses on how the
 
−
agency/owner operates (matrix organisation, traditional hierarchy…) to
 
−
effectively manage the complex project<h3>Contract</h3><p class=MsoNormal>A contract is the main legal documentation between the owner
 
−
and the projects partners. It includes three factors contributing to complexity
 
−
i.e. prequalification, warranties and disputes.<h3>Design</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Different aspects of the design can be presented as factors.
 
−
These may include reviews and analysis which secure the quality and accuracy of
 
−
the design<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>or existing conditions
 
−
referring to the structural limitations which are already in place and need to
 
−
be considered in the design. <h3>Construction</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Safety, quality, climate and optimization define the
 
−
trade-offs and limitations that go into the construction factor.<h3>Technology</h3><p class=MsoNormal>The current technological progress and the fact that
 
−
intelligent transport systems begin to become common practice demands that
 
−
technology is included when evaluating complexity.<h3>Nature of Constraints</h3><p class=MsoNormal>The projects extremes may be a source of complexity. These
 
−
can for example include high bridge light to accommodate large transport
 
−
vessels, extreme topography, crossing areas of high historical or natural
 
−
significance etc. Recognizing these constraints is a crucial factor for
 
−
understanding and managing complexity.<h2>Context</h2><p class=MsoNormal>Context dimension considers the external factors that can
 
−
impact the project. These factors can be very difficult to predict before or
 
−
during the construction.<h3>Stakeholders</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Stakeholders are the parties affecting or being affected by
 
−
the project. The factors include<p class=MsoNormal>The public which is directly affected by and can potentially
 
−
affect the project. After all the transportation project is made for public
 
−
interest.<p class=MsoNormal>Politicians are typically involved in during financing yet
 
−
they will surely step in should the project be seen negatively by the public.<p class=MsoNormal>The owner/agency is the obvious stakeholder. They run and
 
−
manage the project as well as have most at stake.<h3>Project-Specific</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Project-specific factors are directly related to the project
 
−
and include things like maintaining capacity (e.g. lane closure, detours, time
 
−
of construction activities) or work zone visualization meaning alerting the
 
−
public about traffic anomalies due to the construction. It can also consider
 
−
the necessary cooperation with authorities managing other modes of
 
−
transportation. <h3>Local issues </h3><p class=MsoNormal>Local issues is the broadest category, including several
 
−
factors for identification while undertaking a transportation project. These
 
−
factors are:<p class=MsoNormal>Social equity – focused on maintaining equality between all
 
−
social classes affected or using the project.<p class=MsoNormal>Culture and demographics – focus on how the project is
 
−
perceived by the public.<p class=MsoNormal>Growth inducement, land use and economy – a potential
 
−
transportation project can have a significant impact on the region’s economy.
 
−
On the one hand it can spur growth and alter zoning plans for the region. On
 
−
the other hand it can affect businesses relying on that mode of transportation
 
−
by introducing detours or shutdowns during construction.<p class=MsoNormal>Public services can indirectly impose changes to the project
 
−
by e.g. requiring emergency routes for fire and medical staff.<p class=MsoNormal>Utilities – including all public and private installations
 
−
that may need to be repositioned (sewers, power, gas, data etc.). <p class=MsoNormal>Land and ROW – being part of the cost dimension these
 
−
factors need to be considered contextually as well. Intruding an area of high
 
−
importance/difficulty can drastically affect the complexity of a project. Identifying
 
−
these areas early can allow implementing evasive adjustment to the alignment.<h3>Environmental</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Sustainability and limitations fall under the environmental
 
−
category. The former considers any<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> 
 
−
</span>requirements for the use of specific materials in construction, the
 
−
latter defines the scope of necessary environmental studies as well as any site
 
−
specific environmental factors that may affect the design and construction.<h3>Legal/Legislative</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Factors here are the procurement law, defining the
 
−
availability of alternative delivery methods (Design-Build, Public Private
 
−
Partnership), and local acceptance, describing the ability and willingness of
 
−
parties to use these alternative methods should they be unrestricted by the
 
−
former.<h3>Global/National</h3><p class=MsoNormal>Global and national economics and incidents may increase the
 
−
complexity of a project.<h3>Unexpected Occurrences</h3><p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Unexpected
 
−
Occurrences or unknown unknowns include weather and superior force. Although
 
−
climate was addressed in the technical dimension in the contextual sense it
 
−
means unforeseen, abnormal conditions. Superior force can weather induced e.g.
 
−
catastrophic weather events but may also include effects such as terrorism.<h2>Financing</h2><p class=MsoNormal>When considering complex projects it’s no longer enough to
 
−
simply know the project cost. The owner needs to know how the project is paid
 
−
for and adjust the scope of work accordingly. To visualize: a small town issues
 
−
bonds to finance infrastructure improvements. The bond underwriters will not
 
−
give the owner a blank check, instead they will limit the bonds to an amount
 
−
that fits with the towns tax base and ability to repay the debt over an
 
−
acceptable period. The city engineer must then adapt to this situation meaning
 
−
that the design is no longer driven by technical requirements but by the
 
−
available funding. It is therefore crucial for the complex project manager to
 
−
identify the sources and constraints related to financing/debt. However, unlike
 
−
the four other dimensions which are rather clearly defined, financing is more
 
−
difficult to specify.<p class=MsoNormal>Public Financing<p class=MsoNormal>Traditional PM assumes that, given a technical scope, necessary
 
−
money can simply be obtained from public coffers. <p class=MsoNormal>In the U.S. public financing for complex projects comes from
 
−
two sources: state and federal. State is the traditional source, based on taxes
 
−
and fees, making it fairly flexible. Federal aid on the other hand puts a set
 
−
of demands on the project and requires an annual project financial plan in
 
−
order to qualify. <p class=MsoNormal>Financing a Future Revenue Stream<p class=MsoNormal>A typical example of a revenue stream is a toll road or
 
−
bridge. In this model the capital cost is financed with a bond which is later repaid
 
−
using the revenue. This creates three issues.<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo16'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
 
−
style='mso-list:Ignore'>1.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>The size and expiration of the bond is decided
 
−
very early, using cost estimates which don’t yet include all the contingencies
 
−
associated with potential cost growth. This means that the project manager must
 
−
design to a budget and timeframe imposed not by the technical demands but by
 
−
the financing.<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo16'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
 
−
style='mso-list:Ignore'>2.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Post-construction revenues must be sufficient to
 
−
cover both the debt as well as operation and maintenance. This must be
 
−
considered in the design since should an element e.g. pavement fail prematurely
 
−
it would damage the financial plan.<p class=MsoListParagraphCxSpLast style='text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo16'><![if !supportLists]><span
 
−
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'><span
 
−
style='mso-list:Ignore'>3.<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>      
 
−
</span></span></span><![endif]>Revenues are directly related to the amount of
 
−
traffic in the future. Therefore financing depends on the traffic estimations
 
−
and as such may demand increased resources and effort to develop these
 
−
assumptions.<p class=MsoNormal>Exploiting Asset Value<p class=MsoNormal>This category is a step forward from a simple revenue based
 
−
financing. One method is to allow a private entity to take over an existing
 
−
road for a specific period, derive revenue from it and then return it back to
 
−
the original state before turning it over to the agency or another private
 
−
entity.<p class=MsoNormal>Another method can be franchising. Here private companies
 
−
would be allowed to build and operate income-producing facilities on the public
 
−
land in exchange for a portion of the profits. Common examples are rest areas
 
−
with restaurants and gas stations.<p class=MsoNormal>Finance-Driven Project Delivery Methods<p class=MsoNormal>Lastly some delivery methods are based on financial
 
−
considerations. An example being Public-Private Partnerships. Typically these
 
−
projects are tolling facilities however they differ from a the previous
 
−
categories by involving both public and private investors in the process. The
 
−
essence of this category is to gain public access to private capital. <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-top:10.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:
 
−
10.0pt;margin-left:0cm;line-height:normal;mso-outline-level:2'><span
 
−
style='font-size:14.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Complexity
 
−
Mapping Radar Map (tool)</span>'''<span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:
 
−
"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-language:
 
−
EN-GB'><o:p></o:p></span>'''<p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>For
 
−
better clarity and comparison, impact from factors described above can be
 
−
showed graphically. One of the tools to do this is a radar map. In essence,
 
−
during early planning, the project leadership should <span class=SpellE>analyze</span>
 
−
and evaluate the factors driving complexity in each dimension. The results of
 
−
this analysis are then scored by dimension in a range of 0-100.
 
−
 
−
Finally the scores can be used to make a Radar Chart in an Excel Spreadsheet.
 
−
The resulting pentagon provides an overview of both the overall complexity of
 
−
the project (area of the pentagon) as well as the nature of complexity (skew of
 
−
the pentagon).
 
−
 
−
Note that for an individual project it’s important that the team agrees on the
 
−
relative score for each dimension not the absolute number. However a
 
−
standardized approach (using surveys, experience) would allow to compare
 
−
complexity maps across projects.<o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><span style='background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-GB'>Moreover
 
−
it should be <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>remembered that complexity
 
−
is changing dynamically as the project progresses in time. Therefore as
 
−
specific factors driving complexity are addressed the complexity map should be
 
−
revised to realistically depict the current relations. <span
 
−
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><o:p></o:p></span><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></div></body></html>
 
  
 
==Introduction==
 
==Introduction==

Revision as of 18:06, 22 November 2014

Contents

Introduction

Complexity

Traditional view

Five dimensional approach

Five Dimensions

Context

Cost

Financing

Schedule

Technical

Radar Map (tool)

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