International Project Management

Revision as of 01:04, 16 September 2016

Globalization has brought us a more integrated and interdependent world economy and therefore is creating an increasing number of international project, i.e. a project that reach beyond national boundaries regarding either the project purpose or the nationality of the stakeholders. However, survey shows only a 40% success rate of international effort. One would think that standard project management methods can be applied within those project as it is quite successful on a national scale. But international projects bring many different issues that are not covered by standard methods. One of the most difficult challenge companies have to undergo is cultural differences. To identify and mitigate all the new issues created by international projects, international project management requires unique methods, tools and techniques.
This article will first deal with the definition of international project management and emphasizes the main differences between international projects and standard projects. A method to identify all the challenges that ensues from international projects will be developed as, depending of the project, you can have quite different issues. Finally, the key success factors in international project management will be exposed.

What is an international project ?

General idea

In international project, you have the word project, so of course you can consider it as a directed work that is aimed at achieving specific goals within a defined budget and schedule. However, what’s make International Project different is that it involves multiple locations, entities organizations, and business units.
These are a few examples of what you can consider as international project management :

• A major construction project in another country that involves many subcontractors of different nationalities e.g. Femern Tunnel in Denmark
  
• Two companies are merging their operations e.g. AB In Bev and SABMiller
  
• A company is deploying a new product in a region e.g. l'Oréal Marketing Plan
  
• International efforts by governments e.g. war against terror or migration policy
  

Main characteristics

• Complexity

Those projects have all in common a major characteristic : they are complex project. In this case, complexity is more due to organizational and geographical causes. The manager is faced to multiple interdependencies and stakeholders spread around the world. He has to find an adequate structure to cope with interdependent interactions but also which enable communication across different time zones. In fact, the complexity of those project is one of the reason why standard management techniques did not work well.

Figure 1 : International Project Characteristics

• Risk

Because of this complexity, another characteristic is risk. In most of those project and especially in the construction field, budget and planning over-runs are expected. It is common in standard project too but the factor for uncertainty is much higher in International Project like a political instability in one of the country involve or a change of government and a new political line.

• Uniqueness

International projects have unique objectives and most of the time no former example to look for. The context in which they happened is quite different : countries have different cultures, societal and political structures, technological levels or different attitudes regarding sustainability for example.

• Diversity

Another characteristic of those projects is diversity and cultural differences is one of the biggest challenge managers will have to face. Organizational structures may differ among the different nationalities represented as well as the languages spoken. Also educational and social background may have a huge impact of the way of working of the different stakeholders and managers have to take into account this diversity.

• Dynamics

They may also face numerous and sudden changes within the project. To take into account the risks or new opportunities that may encounter the project, managers have to take the right decisions quickly. An example in a construction project may be the bankruptcy of a sub-contractors or a new regulation on construction site.

• Limited resources

Moreover, the larger scope of the project implies also more resources needed especially regarding time for planning, money for transportation and co-ordination efforts. Another limited resource is the staff : it is really difficult to find the staff with the right skills to manage language and intercultural diversity.

All those characteristics make why international projects are different than standard project. Standard management techniques cannot achieve to solve the difficulties involved in international project especially regarding the scope, the purpose, the main stakeholders and the risk intensity. So that’s why new techniques and tools have to be developed.

Identify the challenges

Cultural awareness in one of the keys to achieve successfully an international project. The Hofstede 6-D model in one of the tools that can be used to identify the different cultural challenges that a company or a manager can encounter during the project.

Hofstede 6-D Model

In his model, Hofstede identified 6 keys areas of cultural differences, hence the 6-D, and so allow you to make a comparison between two or more countries. Thanks to this tools, you can quickly notice which are the main cultural differences, you can be confront with during the project. To do this, Hofstede decided to score each of the 6 categories on a scale of 0 to 120.

Figure 2 : Hofstede 6-D Model

• Large vs Small Power Distance

Regarding of their cultural background, people have a different acceptance of unequal distribution of power. This differences could have a huge impact on the relationship between two companies and the way meeting are conducted. People in Large Power Distance societies respect a strong hierarchical order often linked to seniority. In the contrary, People in Small Power Distance society will ask for justification of power inequalities and preferred power equal organization.

• Strong vs Weak Uncertainty Avoidance

This is the degree to which members of a society feel uncomfortable about flexibility and sudden changes. It is linked to the acceptance of uncertainty and the way people of a different social background reacts to ambiguity and the time it takes to them to react on it.Uncertainty avoidance is, in fact why people tends to believe in institution which aim to create rules and protect conformity. Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Society does not tolerate deviant or too unconventional attitudes and will not reward innovative people, whereas Weak Uncertainty Avoidance society will just let the future happens and work in a more relaxed atmosphere. In this kind of society practice is more important than rules or theory, it is what make people acts well and fast when a sudden change appears. Time, by definition bring uncertainty and this criterion help to understand the reaction of society regarding that fact, will they try to control it and let a small room for risk or will they just let it run its way without any barriers. Of course, it has a huge impact on the way people build their organizations and instances like Power Distance.

• Individualism vs Collectivism

This mostly concerns the way people think about themselves : is it as a “I” or a “we” ? Individualist think first about themselves and their immediate family. Their own achievement in the company is one of the most important thing during their carrier. They are inclined to work against the needs of the group if it means a bigger reward. Collectivism, its opposite, prefers a very tight social network, people will do anything for the team without looking after their personal involvement, but ask in exchange, for unquestioning loyalty. In a society with a high individualism culture, it might be the best solution to engage directly with the key person and allows him to recognize some part of the work as his own success.

• Masculinity vs Femininity

People in a masculine society tends to value achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material success, whereas in feminine societies, caring for others and quality of life are more important. Moreover, a high masculinity rate means that males dominate a significant portions of the society, they are the leader. The closer you get from the source of power, the higher chance you get to find only male representatives. This will provide societies based on performance. On the contrary, feminine societies strive for minimum social differentiation between the sexes. Men are willing to take modest, caring roles. Those societies even if still showing a high rate of men in their institution, have a mentality more oriented towards care and quality of life. They are called “welfare societies”. This criterion mostly concerns the self-perception of people and the role they think they have to play in the society.

• Long vs Short Term Orientation

This is the one of the latest dimension added to Hofstede Model. It measures the preferences of the long term horizon over the short term. It can explain to which extent a society shows a belief in absolute truth and conventional or short term point of view instead of having a pragmatic vision oriented toward future perspectives. Long term orientation society will show more perseverance in achieving a task and won’t stick to deadlines and milestones. In the contrary, people from Short term society will look more for personal steadiness and stability and therefore try to fulfil all their obligation on time. They need a very tight framework and a well-planned project.

• Indulgence VS Restraint

We can also add another cultural dimension : Indulgence Vs Restraint. This is basically a measure of the happiness in a society, it is related to the way people enjoy life and have fun. In a restrained society, gratification will be held back by strict social norms and people are not in control of their emotion and life because the society dictates how they have to behave. In a more indulgent society, people feel free to receive gratification and to express themselves. Social pressure is less important : people can act as they want and therefore really enjoy their life.

Some worldwide results

Thanks to this two diagram, we can make some useful remarks. For example, both China and France have a high power Distance whereas Denmark have one of the lowest. This means than in France and China there is a strong sense of leadership and respect toward the powerful people but in Denmark, equality is prevalent. But it is the strong individualism of the French that is strange because it does not quite get along with strong Power Distance. This means that even if the French seems to respect hierarchical order and leadership, they think first about their own life and commitment. In the contrary, American low power distance combine with a high individualism is quite characteristic of their country as they worship liberty. This can explain why there is so many strikes. Moreover, regarding masculinity, both Denmark and France have a low score which can be explain by french “welfare state” and Danish culture where men have more responsibility at home and quality of live take a huge place. Regarding Uncertainty Avoidance, both Chinese and Danish have a low rate, so they comfortable with ambiguity and sudden changes, whereas French need norm and rule as well as a well-planned structure and activity. Finally, we can say that both American and Danish try to enjoy their life as much as they can and have their own life under control. This is not surprising when we know that Denmark is the happiest country in the world.

Implementation of international project management

Launch the project

Define the project

Identify the Project Leaders

Nail Down the Project Organization and Team

Develop the Project Plan

Manage your International Effort for success

Key success factors

Limitations

Annoted Bibliography