Revision as of 11:45, 16 September 2016

Introduction

In project management exists a tight connection between results and resources optimization. An inadequate planning of resource allocation might lead to a non-manageable or non-reasonable budget formulation.

Each organization must wisely allocate resources to avoid delays, rework, nonconformity and to ensure an overall company efficiency in the long run. All companies face the same dilemma at one point, how best allocate resources. Allocating resources to wrong ideas or projects that eventually fail will lead to wastage. On the other hand, not allocating resources in the right ones can lead to even greater opportunity costs. Under and over allocation are the main problems that arise in a non-planned resource allocation scenario.

Is critical to have a planned approach in RA to manage a project portfolio effectively. Being able to allocate the correct resources, in terms of skills and quantity, to the right ideas, projects and products should be the final goal of each project manager.

Resource Allocation

The process of assigning and managing assets in order to support an organization's strategic goals is called resource allocation. In project Management, is the scheduling of activities and resources required by those activities taking into consideration both the project time and the resource availability. It involves balancing competing commitments and priorities in order to determine the most effective course of action to best utilize a limited pool of resources and maximize the return on investment.

Core Resources

• Land: Natural resource required in production process, land, mineral, forest, oil and water resources.

• Labour: The aggregate of humans physical and mental effort used to generate goods and services. It is a primary factor in production. The labor force is determined by the adult population of a nation.

• Capital:Wealth in the form of money or assets, sign of the financial strength of an individual, organization, or nation, and assumed to be available for development or investment.

Allocation Decisions

The basic allocation decisions begin with the choice of what is going to fund the project, it is important to avoid allocating resource merely in terms of meeting milestones, but also in terms of timing and utilization of scarce resources. The challenge

Resource Allocation Problem

• Time Limited: Projects must be finished on an agreed time, using as few resources as possible.

• Resources Limited: Projects must be execute by not exceeding specific level of resource usage or general resource constraints.

• Resource Over-allocation: Assign more tasks than what resources can handle within the standard workweek time frame. A company with multiple projects and a limited pool of resources often risk to encounter this issue, this can lead to overtime and overspending on financial resources.

Resource Allocation Techniques

“The schedule produced for a project assumes that enough manpower and equipment is available to get the activities done as scheduled. This is not always the case, and in a large or complex project, it might not be obvious that a deficiency exists.” ^[1]

“Resources required by activities are unlimited, while some resources are highly limited in practice. In most real construction projects, scheduling without considering resource limitations may result in a non-credible schedule, since the start-ability of activities is affected by resource availability.” ^[2]

There are different solutions and techniques to tackle the problem of resource allocation, identify the right one for a specific business is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of the procedure.

Resource Leveling

The aim of leveling resources is to minimize the variations in resource loading by "Shifting tasks within their slack allowances". ^[3]

The technique is applied to resolve conflicts and to create a smoother distribution of resources, determine the correct resource requirements to ensure availability at any given time and to schedule the activities in order to secure the smoothest achievable transition across usage levels.

In resource leveling resources should be assigned to those activities with:

• Minimum slack ^[4]
• Shortest duration
• Earlier start
• Most amount of successor tasks
• Highest resources requirement

Steps

Figure 1 - Activity Network Diagram - Construction Building Example

• 1- Create a project activity network diagram.

It is the sequence of project activities that shows the sequential relationships between them with arrows and nodes. This tool is widely used in project management and is required to identify a project’s critical path (used to determine the expected completion time of the project). The nodes represent the nine activities required to build a construction, the arrows that connect the different nodes show the process flow. [Figure 1] It is possible to identify different type of activities, A,B,C run in series, i.e. is not possible to proceed with the activity B if A is not completed. D,E,F run in parallel, they must all be completed before G or H can be executed. A network diagram is also essential in identify the critical path, the path which has the longest completion time. ^[5]

• 2- Create a table showing resource requirements, duration and available slack for each activity.

In order to allocate resources optimally and identify project resource gap it is important to have create a complete overview of each activities' requirements. This will help in identify the difference between available and required resources. This stage is crucial as different approaches can be taken, e.g. adding more resources, prolong the schedule, hire more labor force. ^[6]

Figure 2 - Gantt Chart Example

• 3-Develop a resource loading table or Gantt chart .

"Is a instrument that addresses the determination of realistic due dates and other important milestones for new customer orders, as well as the resource capacity levels that are a result of the actual set of orders in the system" ^[7]

Gantt chart is a project planning tool used in project management, it is used to show the timing of tasks necessary to fulfill project's requirements. Each line represent a different task and they are represented on a time-phased scheme, the expected time is represented by a horizontal bar where the left end represent the expected beginning of the task and the right end the expected completion date. As in the network diagram tasks may run in sequence, in parallel or overlapping. ^[8]

Prioritize Projects

Organizations often struggle to balance a growing list of incoming projects while the need for core services continues. Prioritizing projects avoid pressure on individuals or teams in presence of over-allocation or task conflict. It is essential to decide how to prioritize projects and separate high priority projects from lower ones. A prioritization matrix can overcome such problems.

Figure 2 - Gantt Chart Example

Prioritization Matrix

"A prioritization matrix is a simple tool that provides a way to sort a diverse set of items into an order of importance." ^[9]

A Prioritization matrix bring different benefits:

• Quantifies decisions with numeric rankings.
• Facilitates agreement on priorities.
• Provides a quick and reliable to evaluate options.
• Help in the prioritization of complex issues.

Steps

• 1- Agree on the objective to be reached and identify the key project stakeholders

It is necessary to ensure that the whole team, working on the matrix, is fully aligned on the ultimate goal to achieve

• 2- Identify which projects should be evaluated for prioritization.

The expertise and the knowledge of the involved participants are required to outline which projects should be compared on the prioritization matrix.

• 3- Identify the criteria required to meet the goal

Create a list containing all the characteristics needed to achieve the prefixed objective. Through brainstorming and discussion the team should align on these criteria. Few examples:

-Ease of implementation

-Customer satisfaction

-Use of technology

-Potential Saving

-Investment cost

• 4- Compare criteria importance by allocating a value to each criterion on a agreed scale.

Judge the importance of each criteria comparing it with the other. These number will results at some extent arbitrary. However, by keeping them constant and applying them in a prioritization matrix it will be possible to reach an accurate standard.

• 5- Compare each project's impact on each criterion by rating them with the same scale used in step 4.

• 6- Compare the projects against the weighted criteria

Once the importance of each criterion and project is stated is possible to evaluate how they meet each other. By multiplying each project rating with each criterion rating it is possible to retrieve the score for each project for each criterion.

• 7- Compare the final result

Once all the scores are added up for each project is possible to outline which ones should be prioritize ^{[10] [11]}

Linking Tasks

Linking similar task to different projects. If a resource have been allocated to a task which is similar across to different projects

Leaving Breathing Room

Avoid "Putting out Fires" approach to PM

References

1. ↑ The Associated General Contractors of America(AGC) (1976). The Use of CPM In Construction.
2. ↑ Kim, Kyunghwan (2003). “A Resource-constrained CPM (RCPM) Scheduling and Control Technique with Multiple Calendars” - Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University PHD. Dissertation. - https://theses.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06272003-143644/unrestricted/ETD.pdf.
3. ↑ Schwalbe, Kathy (2007). Information Technology Project Management 5th Edition.
4. ↑ Scheduling projects: How to determine the critical path using activity slack calculations? - http://www.pmknowledgecenter.com/dynamic_scheduling/baseline/scheduling-projects-how-determine-critical-path-using-activity-slack-calculations - Online, Checked on 15/09/2016
5. ↑ Six Sigma Daily (2012). “The Activity Network Diagram” - http://www.sixsigmadaily.com/the-activity-network-diagram/ - Online, Checked on 15/09/2016
6. ↑ I.T. Toolkit. “How to Use Resource Leveling for Project Planning and Scheduling” - https://www.ittoolkit.com/how-to-it/projects/resource-leveling.html - Online, Checked on 15/09/2016
7. ↑ Willem Hans, Elias (2001). “Resource Loading by branch-and-price Techniques” - Twente University Dissertation - https://www.utwente.nl/bms/iebis/staff/hans/phdhans.pdf - Online, Checked on 15/09/2016
8. ↑ Durfee, W. (2008). “Project Planning and Gantt Charts” - University of Minnesota - http://www.me.umn.edu/courses/me2011/handouts/proj_planning.pdf - Online, Checked on 15/09/2016
9. ↑ Gosenheimer, Carol. (2012). “Project Prioritization, A Structured Approach to Working on What Matters Most” - Office of Quality Improvement, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Division of Enrollment Management - https://oqi.wisc.edu/resourcelibrary/uploads/resources/Project_Prioritization_Guide_v_1.pdf - Online, Checked on 15/09/2016
10. ↑ Jain, Ankur. “Using a Criteria-Based Matrix to Prioritize IT Projects” - I, Six Sigma - https://www.isixsigma.com/operations/information-technology/applying-criteria-based-matrix-prioritize-it-projects/ - Online, Checked on 16/09/2016
11. ↑ Bonacorsi, Steven. (2011). “7 Steps to Using Prioritization Matrices” - PEX, Process Excellence Network - http://www.processexcellencenetwork.com/lean-six-sigma-business-transformation/articles/process-excellence-methodologies-using-prioritizat - Online, Checked on 16/09/2016