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| − | == Abstract ==
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| − | The successive principle is a method for managing uncertainty and can be applied to budgeting and scheduling, as well as other disciplines of Project Management, Systems Engineering, Risk Analysis and Cost Engineering.<ref name="LIC2006" /> It was developed by Steen Lichtenberg, a former professor at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU).
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| − | Uncertainty is part of every project and marks the base for risks. Managing risks in a project proactively is of high importance, which can not only be a threat, but also be an opportunity with positive influence on the project success. <ref name="PMI2019"/> Especially infrastructure and construction projects suffer from underestimation of costs. Depending on the geographical area, the costs for infrastructure projects overrun in 9 of 10 cases and the real costs drift far off the cost estimations. The projects might fail and therefore seriously hazard the involved companies. Too optimistic and subjective estimations can arise from technical, economic, psychological and political pitfalls. <ref name="FLY2002"/>
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| − | The successive principle tries to minimize the subjective influence by successively eliminating uncertainties with a top-down approach and can be contextualized next to other classical risk analysis techniques. It differs from them through focusing on a cooperation of experts from estimating, scheduling, technical specifications, etc. and therefore creates a precise whole picture without disregarding a single aspect. Moreover, it synergizes subjective estimations with statistical theory and faces uncertainty also as an opportunity. <ref name="LIC2000" /> A diverse analysis team follows a given procedure successively defining new uncertainties and eliminating these through the combination of subjective (psychological) and objective (statistical) techniques. It is implemented into organizations mainly in the Nordic countries and has lead to success even in project with very high uncertainty. Although already being implemented successfully, criticism arises from the extensive preparations, a non balanced composition of the analysis group and human error in calculations. <ref name="LIC2016" />
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| − | The basic idea and procedure of the Successive Principle is described in detail and a simplified calculation example is given. Furthermore, example applications, as well as limitations and a critical reflection of the method in relation to project management standards are given.
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| − | == Idea and Background ==
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| − | === Principles ===
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| − | === Statistical background (Bayesian theory)===
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| − | == Procedure of the Method ==
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| − | ===Qualitative Phase===
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| − | * Definition of objective and scope
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| − | * Establishing a group
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| − | * Ensure perfect conditions
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| − | * Consensus
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| − | * Identifiy and order most imporant issues
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| − | ===Quantitative Phase===
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| − | * Quantification
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| − | * Successive specification
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| − | * Action plan
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| − | == Example Calculation ==
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| − | == Comparison to Risk Management Standards ==
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| − | == Limitations and Critical Reflection ==
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| − | == Annotated Bibliography ==
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| − | * Lichtenberg, S. (2000). Proactive management of uncertainty using the Successive Principle - a practical way to manage opportunities and risks. Polyteknisk Press
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| − | ::The main publication explaining the methodology
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| − | * Lichtenberg S., Klakegg, O.J. Successful Control of Major Project Budgets. Administrative Sciences. 2016; 6(3):8.
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| − | ::Peer reviewed paper, Latest publication
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| − | * Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI). (2019). Standard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects. Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI)
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| − | == References ==
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| − | <references>
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| − | <ref name="LIC2000">Lichtenberg, S. (2000). Proactive management of uncertainty using the Successive Principle - a practical way to manage opportunities and risks. Polyteknisk Press</ref>
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| − | <ref name="LIC2016">Lichtenberg, S., Klakegg, O.J. Successful Control of Major Project Budgets. Administrative Sciences. 2016; 6(3):8.</ref>
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| − | <ref name="LIC2006">Lichtenberg, S., (2006) The Successive Principle – a scientific crystal ball for management. Conference Paper. The international Cost Engineering Council </ref>
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| − | <ref name="PMI2019">Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI). (2019). Standard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects. Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI) </ref>
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| − | <ref name="FLY2002">Flyvbjerg, B., Skamris Holm, M., Buhl, S. (2002). Underestimating Costs in Public Works Projects: Error or Lie? , Journal of the American Planning Association, 68:3, 279-295 </ref>
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| − | <ref name="ARC2016">Archibald, R., Lichtenberg, S. (2016). Experiences Using Next Generation Management Practices The Future Has ALready Begun, PM World Journal, 5:8 </ref>
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| − | </references>
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