The Gantt Chart

Revision as of 20:40, 21 September 2015

This article will introduce the Gantt Chart by giving a basic introduction to the understanding of the Gantt Chart, providing a simple example of the use of a Gantt Chart as well as pointing out some of the limitations. The Gantt Chart was the first time created by a Polish engineer named Karol Adamiecki (born March 18th 1866) but was later also created independantly by an american engineer called Henry Gantt (born in 1861) ^[1]. It is a tool that is very commonly used in project management as it is great for displaying different activities against time. Depending on how much information you put into the Gantt Chart the Gantt Chart can become increasingly complex to use. Because of todays technology it has become much easier to create a Gantt Chart and get an overview of the interdependencies of the different activities within a project as many different computer programs can help to create a Gantt Chart fast and easy.

It can however be very confusing to create a Gantt Chart by using different computer programs as there are a lot of different informations that can be put into a Gantt Chart. So choosing the right program compared to how detailed you want it to be can be a hard choice.

History of the Gantt Chart

The first version of the Gantt Chartt was created in the mid 1890's by the Polish engineer named Karol Adamiecki who was born on March 18th 1866. The world known version that we know today was developed approximately 15 years later than the first version, by an American engineer and consultant called Henry Gantt who was born in 1861. This version of the Gantt Chart was created by Henry Gantt while he was working with the construction of Navy ships during World War One and is today known as "the Gant Chart"^[2]. Already from the mid 1920's the Gantt Charts were acknowledged as a production planning tool. ^[3] In the beginning the Gantt Charts were created by hand which caused a lot of re-work when a change in the current planning happened. Though the Gantt Chart were a popular tool since the beginning it encountered some problems with the limited handling of information and it was speculated that computers would replace the Gantt Charts. Then in the 1950's and 1960's the Gantt Chart lost its popularity as the large scale production complexity were considered too complex. ^[4] Today we have the technology advantage of computers and a lot of different project managing software to help create a Gantt Chart which can be updated a lot easier than back in the days where it had to be done with a pen. ^[5]

Though the use of technology seems very tempting as it eases the manual work a lot, a project director of a large construction company commented that: "I believe that computer-based project management has set the subject back 20 years". ^[6]

Basic understanding

The Gantt Chart is a type of bar chart where the bars are represented in relation to a x-axis and a y-axis. The x-axis represents the time which can be hours, days, weeks, months etc. depending on the timespan of the project. The y-axis represents the number of different activities or tasks that has to be performed in the project. The bars in the chart each represents an activity and the length of the bar is dependent on the amount of time estimated for that specific activity. The different activities can be dependent on one another which means that one activity may not begin before another activity has finished. This does not mean that multiple activities can not be worked on at the same time it merely means that some activities might be connected.

An example could be a project where you need to turn on the light. It is not possible to turn on the light before a lamp has been purchased and installed so using the switch will have to wait until the lamp has been installed. If you need to buy a light bulb this can be done in advance if you know what type you need otherwise this task would have to wait until the lamp has been purchased but it would be possible to buy the light bulb before the lamp has been installed.

There is also the case where an activity can begin after a certain oercentage of its predecessor activity has been completed. A situation could also arise where an activity has been completed but it is pending an approval or similar which results in the next activity not being able to start. This is called dependency with lag time. ^[7]

The purpose of the Gantt Chart is to present a chart that simple and quickly provides the viewer with the information needed to analyze the project and give an overview of the time span of the project, the time span of the different activities within the project and show the interdependencies of the activities.

One of the most important things to remember about the Gantt Chart however is that, alone the Gantt Chart is a blunt instrument. It is used as a presentation of future plans but the Gantt Chart itself does not cover why of the planning.^[8]

The Gantt Chart in practise

Figure 1: Example of a basic Gantt Chart, Source: http://www.ganttchart.com/BasicGanttExample.html

Figure 2: Example of a Gantt Chart created in Visio, Source: http://gioielleriaricci.it/gif/photos/index.php?p=26

In order to use a Gantt Chart one must have a detailed plan for the project. It is grucial that the duration of each activity within in the project has been estimated and that the interdependencies has been identified. Furthermore you need to know what resources are able to perform the activities as the same resource is not able to perform several activities at once. When the data is put into the Gantt Chart it should be easy to see the start and finish of all activities within the project and also see the start and finish of the project itself. It should also be possible to easily get an idea of which activities are dependent on each other. One way to help get an overview of the activities is through color coding.

Figure 1 illustrates the use of a simple Gantt Chart from a Security & Access Control project. As it can bee seen in the figure, all activities are marked with a yellow triangle and a number to indicate the start date of the activity. Each activity is also marked with a green triangle and a number to indicate the planned end date of the activity. In the left column the name of each activity is written and in the right column the responsible sub contractor for each activity is listed.

Figure 2 is an example of how a Gantt Chart looks in Micosoft Visio which is a program that should be available for free for students at DTU. In this example it is very fast to see how long each activity takes and the planned start and end date for each activity.

Both Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustrates a simple way of using a Gantt Chart in practise to get an overview of the activities that has to be done. There are as mentioned ealier more details that can be put into a Gantt Chart. To better see the interdependencies of the activities in the project one can add these links between the activities graphically to the Gantt Chart by using arrows as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Example of dependencies between activities, Source: http://www.gantt.com/creating-gantt-charts.htm

As can be seen in Figure 3 an activity can have both a predecessor activity and a successor activity. Depending on the size of the project an activity might have several predecessor activities and several successor activities. By adding the linkage between the activities to the Gantt Chart it also becomes possible to identify the critical path in the project. The critical path is the longest sequence of tasks that has to be completed in time for the project to be finished on the due date, or said in another way, it is the sequence of tasks that determines the earliest possible completion date of the project.

When the Gantt Chart has been made and you have a good overview of the project it is very important to keep it updated. When a change to the project happens it is very important that this change is somehow converted into information that can be put into the Gantt Chart and thereby update the Gantt Chart and see what effect the change has on the project. Some changes might not affect the timetable of the project but other changes might be crucial for the outcome of the project and change the timetable drastically. If these changes are not put into the Gantt Chart but the Gantt Chart still functions as an overview of the project it can have severe consequences. ^[9]

Because the Gantt Chart visually presents a projects information in regards to what needs to be done at what time, it is practically applicable in almost any situation where you need an overview of your activities and their time span though it might become too complex to use for big projects.

Below video is a guide on how to create a Gantt Chart ^[10]:

Limitations

As with any other tool the Gantt Chart also has its limitations. Some of these limitations has been identified here.

• The Gantt Chart requires the WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) to have been done. Before this it makes absolutely no sense to try and create a Gantt Chart because you do not know which activities should be put into the chart.
• It can get very complicated for big projects. Especially if it is on a computer where you have multiple pages of tasks etc. The more information the more bars, connecting lines, color codings etc. has to be put into the Gantt Chart. If you use a computer and the Gantt Chart takes up more space than a single screen it is quite easy to lose the overview thus making the Gantt Chart very hard to decipher.
• Costs is not taking into consideration when using the Gantt Chart. Costs is usually what most companies tend to focus on and it is therefore a weakness that the Gantt chart is completely ignorant when it comes to costs.
• The amount of work needed for each activity is not specified. It is just an estimation of the time span. Even though the amount of work needed has been calculated and estimated it is only the time estimation which is presented in the Gantt Chart.
• It does not see the weak links between the different stages in the project. The Gantt Chart can show the links between activities but it has no information in regards to how sensitive these links are.

The biggest limitation of the Gantt Chart though must be that alone the Gant Chart is nothing more than a blunt tool.

Tools for creating a Gantt Chart

Free to use (for DTU students)

This section covers a list of software that can be used to create a Gantt Chart. There are many more "pay to use" programs than listed here and it is probably possible to find more "free to use" programs at well but the two listed here are the ones who I found to me most trustworthy.

• Microsoft Visio - One of the easier tools to use if you need a simple Gantt Chart, which should be available from Microsoft Dreamspark for students at DTU. ^[11]
• GanttProject - Free to use program. There is an instructional video on the webpage. ^[12]

Pay to use

• Microsoft Excel - If you have the Microsoft Office package you will also have excel.
• MindView - There is a free trial period of 30 days
• Smartsheet - There is a free trial period of 30 days

Conclusion

If you need a tool that can give you an overview of the time span of your activities and how they are dependent on one another then the Gantt Chart will be a fine choice. If your project is a small project the Gantt Chart might be one of the best tools you can use. However, if your project is big with many different activities and interrelations between these activities the Gantt Chart might not be the best solution as it tends to become too complex to get an easy overview. Before you begin with the Gantt Chart it is important that you have done the pre-work like making a project plan, WBS, time estimation etc. as the Gantt Chart will not be able to do this for you and if something is left out the Gantt Chart will not inform you of this. Remember, to make a Gantt Chart is not the first thing you do when you start a project.

Annotated Bibliography

• Orr, Alan (2003) "Uncharted Territory - This article gives a great overall explanations of the different aspects of the Gantt Chart. It also discusses something about risk mitigation which has not been mentioned in this wiki article.

• http://www.gantt.com/index.htm - If you need more information regarding what a Gantt chart is, how to create a Gantt Chart or what software to use both for creating Gantt charts but also for project management in general then this page is a good place to start.

• Maylor, Harvey (2001) "Beyond the Gantt Chart: Project Mangement Moving on - This article talks about project management in general and looks at other ways of managing projects than by the use of a Gantt Chart. The article seems very critical about the Gantt Chart and brings another perspective to the topic.

• Wilson, James M. (2003) "Gantt charts: A centenary appreciation" - This paper describe the history of the Gantt Chart from the beginning of the 19th century. It is a very interesting read if you want to know more about the development of the Gant Chart from then to now. It also provides a view on how Gant Charts is used now since it regained its use after the 1960's.

References

1. ↑ [www.gantt.com] http://www.gantt.com/index.htm
2. ↑ [Uncharted Territory] Orr, Alan (2003) "Uncharted Territory", IEE Engineering management 2003
3. ↑ [Gantt charts: A centenary appreciation] Wilson, James M. (2003) "Gantt charts: A centenary appreciation", European Journal of Operational Research 149 (2003) 430-437
4. ↑ [Gantt charts: A centenary appreciation] Wilson, James M. (2003) "Gantt charts: A centenary appreciation", European Journal of Operational Research 149 (2003) 430-437
5. ↑ [Beyond the Gantt Chart] Maylor, Harvey (2001) "Beyond the Gantt Chart: Project Mangement Moving on", European Management Journal Vol. 19
6. ↑ [Beyond the Gantt Chart] Maylor, Harvey (2001) "Beyond the Gantt Chart: Project Mangement Moving on", European Management Journal Vol. 19
7. ↑ [Uncharted Territory] Orr, Alan (2003) "Uncharted Territory", IEE Engineering management 2003
8. ↑ [Beyond the Gantt Chart] Maylor, Harvey (2001) "Beyond the Gantt Chart: Project Mangement Moving on", European Management Journal Vol. 19
9. ↑ [www.mindtools.com] https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_03.htm
10. ↑ [www.mindtools.com] https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_03.htm
11. ↑ [www.dreamspark.com] https://www.dreamspark.com/
12. ↑ [sourceforge.net] http://sourceforge.net/projects/ganttproject/