Network Planning in Project Management
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As mentioned earlier, some information is needed in order to use network theory for planning a project: | As mentioned earlier, some information is needed in order to use network theory for planning a project: | ||
| + | 1. Activity information: the project must be broken down into individual activities | ||
| − | + | 2. Precedence relationships: find immediate predecessor(s) for each activity | |
| − | + | 3. Time information: know/estimate the duration of each activity | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ||
Other than that, a network will have one or more start node(s) and a finish node/node(s). | Other than that, a network will have one or more start node(s) and a finish node/node(s). | ||
Revision as of 14:43, 5 April 2023
Contents |
Abstract
Planning is a big part of project management, and the success of it is highly dependent on this process. The method Network planning will be used to reduce possible complexity of a project and smoothen the execution of the project planning. A project of a large scale that require coordination of multiple activities is a challenging task for a project manager. Succeeding a project is about simple forms of working and organising [1] regardless of the size of the project. The method will therefore be used as an integration approach where the different activities are separated to get an overview of the process. Understanding the dependencies of the project and setting up millstones is also ideal to motivate the employees involved in the project.
Project networking is investigating a project as sets of interconnected activities with the purpose of assisting in planning, managing, and controlling projects [2]. This article will mainly focus on the most well know network planning techniques: the Critical path method (CPM) and the Program evaluation and review technique (PERT). CPM and PERT was developed in the 1950’s and has since then been used widely in operation research [3]. The goal of the tool is to manage a project, meeting its deadlines with a minimum total cost. The tools will help organising the project, getting an overview of the activities and estimate the total length of the project. There can be multiple paths to the end of the project, but those tools can help the manager find the most effective one. Initially the methods will need three types of information to describe the project: activity, precedence, and time [3]. This will be elaborated in the article followed by a description of the tool, an example of how to use the tool, other alternative planning tools and the limitations of the tool.
This article will elaborate the theory behind network/graphs and the focus on the comparison of different planning tools that are not focused on network planning specifically. The article is based on a project managers point of view and what that person may consider and wonder about when planning a project.
Network Theory
The first section will describe the terminology of network planning.
Graph Theory
A graph that consists of multiple nodes and arcs are considered a network. This means that a network consists of nodes that are connected through arcs. In this article the exploration of networks will be centered around project planning, which means that the nodes correspond to the events in the project. The arcs correspond to the connection between the events and can be either directed or undirected. When an arc is directed, for example for A to B, it means that the network can only go from A to B and not from B to A. An example of a network is illustrated below.
Spanning Tree
Consider a network with a number of nodes n and no initially arcs. By adding one arc at a time between the nodes, a tree will appear. The first arc can be between any of the nodes in the network, but along the way, an arc cannot be placed if it creates a cycle. A network of nodes connected through arcs are referred to as a spanning tree. A network therefore differs between being cyclic or acyclic
CPM/PERT
The CPM/PERT method is an ideal too to get an overview of a project planning process and help answering multiple questions that a project manager may have for the process.
Initial work
As mentioned earlier, some information is needed in order to use network theory for planning a project:
1. Activity information: the project must be broken down into individual activities
2. Precedence relationships: find immediate predecessor(s) for each activity
3. Time information: know/estimate the duration of each activity
Other than that, a network will have one or more start node(s) and a finish node/node(s).
A project network can be split into two, depending on whether the activity is on the node or on the arc. Those two types are referred to Activity-on-arc (AOA) and Activity-on-node (AON). For the AOA, the node is separating the activities and therefor the arcs show the precedence relationship between the activities on the nodes. The AON is used in the CPM/PERT that will be elaborated later in this article. The AON method is remarkable more simpel to construct, understand and revise than the AOA. Therefor this article will forward going only focus on AON.
Critical Path
The critical path is a part of the project planning method that can answer how long time the project will take to complete and what are the bottlenecks to be aware of in order to prevent delays of the whole project?
The critical path will establish the time length of the project, summing over all the durations of the activities. In a project network from a starting node to an end node, multiple paths can be set up if the activities can be done in sequence with a predecessors and no overlap. Therefor some activities have to wait for other activities to finish before it can start. Those can be activities that are on another path. The path with the longest total duration time is the critical path and therefor the longest duration time that the project can take assuming no delays occur. This is also the bottleneck activities of the project where delays most be avoided so that the whole project can be completed in time.
Scheduling
CPM/PERT Example
Alternative planning tools
What other tools could be relevant for project planning?
Limitations
This article is based on project management, but it could just as well be applied for program and portefolio management.
- What are the pros and cons of this method?
- The CEP does not account for delays
- Would another method be more applicable for some projects
Ref test1 [3] Ref test2 [1] Ref test 3 [2]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Retrieved from J. Geraldi, C. Thuesen, & J. Oehmen. (2017). Doing Projects - Nordic flavour to managing projects.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Retrieved from Rand, Graham K. & Tavares, Luis Valadares. (2005). Network Planning: Encyclopedia of Operations Research and Management Science.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Retrieved from F. S. Hillier & G. J. Lieberman. (2015). Introduction to operation research.
