Portfolio Evaluation Tools
Contents |
Risk Matrix
A risk matrix is an effective and broadly used risk assessment tool. It is quite quick to create, and it is an easy way to identify problems. In some cases, it is also used to rank the risks to understand which one needs to be addressed first. Therefore, this tool has mainly two application:
- Decision making regarding the acceptance of risk
- Prioritize which risk needs to be addressed first.
The matrix has two dimensions, the severity that indicates the extent of damages of the risk and the probability that shows how likely is that risk to happen. A combination of them will allow to collocate a risk inside the matrix. As it can be seen in the figure, three different areas can be isolated:
- Acceptable risk
- It can be seen that there is a low probability and a low severity and that indicates that the risk of an event is not high enough, or it is controlled. Usually no actions are required in this area.
- ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable) risk
- This area it’s often indicated in yellow. As long as the event is placed in that zone, the risk can be accepted.k
- Non acceptable risk
- This red zone is characterized by both high severity and probability. In this case, there is the need of much more control to bring severity or probability down.
Benefit
The main benefits of this tool are that it is easy to apply and in most of the cases it does not require an extensive knowledge in risk management to use it. Furthermore, risk matrices can promote conversation in risk topics that sometimes can be avoided by managers because they may only focus in profits and revenues.
Limitations
The biggest constraint of risk matrices is that it is mainly based on qualitative discussions and thus, it lacks on quantitative and objective data.
Risk Management Process (RMP)
Implementing a risk management process is crucial for an organization. It does not require large investment or high level of knowledge to be effective. The RMP can be implemented follow five steps that are briefly explained.
- Identify potential risks
In this first process, potential risks and their characteristics are identified. They can be hazard risks, operational risks, financial risks or strategic risks and thus, this phase can involve internal expertise but also external consultants or researcher. Furthermore, it is important to keep this process update because the risk environment is always changing. - Measure frequency and severity
This step analyses the likelihood of a risk occurring and the impact of it, if it occurs. That process is used to prioritize the risk and therefore, to choose where to spend money and time on. The risk assessment can be done for instance using a risk matrix and it must be kept updated. - Examine alternative solutions
Once an organization has all the potential risk, some solutions need to be evaluated. Usually there are this options:- Accept the risk: the risk is simply accepted because the probability that it happens as well as its severity are low. Accepting the risk does not require any further action.
- Avoid the risk: the activity that cause this risk must be stopped because it is too dangerous and perhaps an alternative can be found.
- Risk control: in this case a prevention of that risk is involved to reduce its impact if it occurs.
- Risk transfer: the risk is transferred to a third part. For instance, a particular activity can be outsourced, or insurance can be purchased.
- Decide which solution to use and implement it
Once all the solutions are listed, the organization will choose one of them and will set up a plan to implement it. - Monitor result
It is important to track and monitor risks because risk management is a process and not a project and thus, it needs to be constantly revisited on an ongoing base.
Strategic Benchmarking
Compares strategies, business approaches and business models in order to strengthen your own strategic planning and determine your strategic priorities. The idea is to understand what strategies underpin successful companies (or teams or business units) and then compare these strategies with your own to identify ways you can be more competitive.
Use Strategic Benchmarking to:
- set aggressive but realistic performance goals for the organization or business process,
- identify ways to improve the organization or business process,
- support a continuous improvement philosophy within the organization,
- predict future trends in the industry,
- identify the organization's competitive position in the marketplace.
https://www.bernardmarr.com/default.asp?contentID=1753
https://it.toolbox.com/blogs/craigborysowich/strategic-benchmarking-overview-120606
Project Evaluation and Selection for the Formation of the Optimal Portfolio
According to the PMI, the portfolio management process is a series of interrelated processes. This article focuses mainly on the Evaluation, Selection, Prioritization and Portfolio Balancing phases. The processes and tasks described in this section have been recognized as good practices in the discipline of portfolio management.
Managing a portfolio of growth options: The strategic tradeoffs between growth and risk
How to strategically manage the tradeoffs between growth and risk in a portfolio of growth options is the focus of this article. In the article, we develop a framework to assist leadership teams in determining the relative merits of alternative growth options and identifying those options with the strongest probability of success. The framework critically assesses each option with respect to:
- The market, revenue and profit growth potential
- The potential strategic risk
- The preferred trade-off between growth and risk
The framework has been developed with the small and medium-sized firm in mind. It can be applied by a firm’s senior management team in a limited period of time, assuming prior research has been undertaken in developing growth options and the right people are at the table. The framework is purposefully flexible; dimensions can be added or deleted, in line with current market dynamics.
Benefits Realization Plan
Benefits Realization Plan (BRP) is a document that delineates the necessary activities that an organization has to accomplish in order to create, achieve, maximize and sustain the planned benefits. In order to ensure that benefits are realized BRP outlines a timeline and all the resources and tools that are necessary throughout the time period of the project or program (A,B,F). It serves as a tool in the Benefits Realization Management to locate, monitor, and manage all the benefits associated with a programme or project (C). BRP, as defined by the various reports of PMI, is closely related to the Benefits Life Cycle and most of the steps in the two processes present a lot of similarities. It includes the following main key elements (A,D,E,F):
- Identification of benefits: Benefits and associated assumptions, and how each benefit will be achieved (Source A).
- Benefits Analysis: Metrics, KPIs, and procedures to measure progress against benefits. Financial measures include the Net Present Value (NPV), Return of Investment (ROI), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP) and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) (F). For intangible benefits, the quantification or monetarization requires strong analytical skills and tools such as a comparative or scenario analysis, and cost-benefit and value analysis. (D,E)
- Benefits realization roles and responsibilities: Roles and responsibilities required to manage benefits. The roles and the responsible for each project can be assigned when the organization understands all the anticipated benefits throughout the lifetime of the project (figure 1) (D). According to the PMIs Pulse report 2016 ‘Delivering Value, Focus on benefits during project execution’ even though the responsibility of tracking, analyzing and reporting whether project’s or program’s benefits are achieved is not attributed solely on project managers, they should be the first to report when the outcome is not the intended. Particular roles as defined by PMI can be found here.
- Transition of benefits: In what way the resulting benefits and capabilities will be transitioned into an operational state to achieve benefits. In addition, it should be also outlined how the results are transitioned to the main stakeholders, individuals, groups, or organizations that are responsible for sustaining the benefits.
- Determination and evaluation of benefit achievement: Processes for determining the extent to which each project or program benefit is achieved prior to formal closure.
- Risks for realization of benefits (F)
