Risk Management Overview

Abstract

Projects are part of a dynamic and fast-changing world. Therefore there is a degree of uncertainty and unpredictability in projects. In order to minimize uncertainties and unforeseeable events related to a project, risks are identified and managed throughout the project lifecycle. A risk is an uncertain event that can have e negative effect on one or more objects in a project such as time, cost, performance or scope .

In order to control and manage risks, the Risk Management Process (RMP) is used. RMP is divided into four main categories Identify risks, Assess risks, Treat risks and Monitor risks. However, RMP is a continuous process, which happens throughout the lifecycle of a project.

The different natures of risks can be categorized with D. Rumsfeld's Unknown-Knowns and assessed with the risk matrix (both residual- & inherent risk). When treating a risk, the risk managers can choose to Avoid, Reduce, Share or Accept the risk. The risks can be monitored by using a risk register, where risks and countermeasures can be mapped.

Risk management is an essential tool to use in project management and helps managers get an overview of potential obstacles that can occur or prevent a team from achieving their goals. Risk management is a highly importent discipline and should be present in all projects, however, its importance is often neglected.

This Wiki-article will describe the risk management Process, Risk matrix, Rumsfeld's Unknown-Knowns, inherent- and residual risks. At last limitations and advantages of risk management will be discussed and a brief overview of other relevant reading material is given.

Please note that this article only covers the risk (threat) management of a project and does not look into opportunities management (risks with a positive effect).

Introduction

Risk definition

Risk can be defined as follows: "Risk is an uncertain event or condition that if occurs, has a positive or negative effect on one or more project objectives such as time, cost and quality, or effect of uncertainty on objectives" All activities in an organization involve risks. These risks can be managed by identifying them, analyzing them and then evaluating whether the risk should be modified by risk treatment in order to satisfy the organization's risk criteria. During this process, risk managers communicate with stakeholders and monitor the risk. The controls are modified to ensure that the amount of risk treatment is minimized. ^(p.V)

Risk identification is the "process of finding, recognizing and describing risks" ^(p.4). Risk identification involves the identification of risk sources, event, causes and potential consequences. The identification can involve historical data, theoretical analysis, expert opinions, and stakeholder needs ^(p.4).

However identification is only the first step, managers also need to analyze the risk to the most significant ones can be dealt with on an ongoing basis ^(p.219).

Rumsfeld's Unknown-Knowns

The different nature of risks can be categorized with former US Defense Secretary, Donald Rumsfeld's definition. Rumsfeld categorizes risks as the following  :

• Known-Knowns describes the things we know we know. An example could be the fact that we know that there are some risks in every project or maybe learning's from a previous project.
• Known-Unknowns describes the things we know are uncertain. For example, the delays because of a third party fail to deliver on deadline or human errors administration wise or misunderstandings.
• Unknown-Unknowns describes the things that we in no way could have seen or expected. This could be a sudden death, war or terrorist attack.
• Unknown-Knowns describes the things we should have known, but we for various reason (mostly complexity) don't. An example could be when a terrorist attack happens on American solid, to some extent, this is an Unknown-Known for the CIA ^(pp.219-220).

Risk matrix

Risk matrix

When the risk elements to be managed is identified, the next step is to ensure that either the likelihood is reduced or the impact of that activity occurring.

The risk matrix is one of the most used tools for risk evaluation. The matrix can be used to determine the size of a risk & whether or not a risk is sufficiently controlled.

The risk-matrix is compiled of two dimensions Probability (also called likelihood) and Impact (also called severity). Likelihood is the measure of how likely a given event is, and impact is the effect the risk can do. The combination of these two dimensions gives a collective risk rating in the matrix. Usually, the risk-matrix consists of 3 different risk ratings: Low (Acceptable), Medium and high (Not acceptable), however, some matrixes also have a 4. level very high .

The horizontal and vertical scale can have different values or tags, however, in this case, both impact and probability have a scale from 1-5. An example of a risk rating could have a probability of 3 (possible), and an impact of 2 (Minor) would have a collective risk ration of medium ^(p.223).

The numeric scale of 1-5 can be hard for managers to visualize and use, therefore more subjective values like unlikely and likely is often used, as seen in the table below.

Objectively description of numeric scale

Scale (1-5)	Probability (Subjective values)	Impact (Subjective values)
1	Highly unlikely	No impact
2	Unlikely	Minor
3	Possible	Medium
4	Likely	Major
5	Very likely	Extensive

It is important to notice that the risk matrix is only used to rank risks, and not as a decision tool itself. How to treat the individual risk the matrix does not answer - other tools and analysis should be used for this (see section Treat risks/Control). The tool, however, can be used to prioritize and categorize the risks, so the risks with the highest rating can be dealt with first and so forth.

Residual - & Inherent risks

Identified risks can be categorized into two different categories, depending on, if controls fail or not. The residual risk is the identified risk as it is today, with the controls in place. An example could be the risk of "financial loss if the bank is robbed", however, we have a control in place and hired security people. The inherent risk is the risk we face if the controls for the residual risk fail. For instance, all the security people get food poisoning, and the bank's protection is therefore gone. Naturally the Impact/Probability for the inherent risk should be greater or equal to the ratings in the residual .

Risk Management Process (RMP)

Risk Management Process

The Risk Management Process can be divided into four main categories Identify risks, Assess risks, Treat risks and Monitor risks.

Identify risks

The first process is "Identify risks", here potential risk events and their characteristics that can have a negative effect on the project is identified. The identification of risk is a repeatable process since risks can change or new risks are discovered, throughout the project's lifecycle. The identification process can consist of a variety of different stakeholders, project management team, experts, senior managers, etc.

Assess risks

The second process is "Assess risks", which is used to measure and prioritize risks. In the assessment of risks the probability of each risk occurring & the corresponding impact for the project, if the risk does occur. The probability and impact are then used to prioritize the risks. This process is also repetitive throughout the project. The Risk matrix, as described earlier, can be used for accessing the risks.

Treat risks/Control

The third process is "Treat risks", here actions to reduce risks, are developed and determined. The treatment of risks can consist of adding additional resources (manpower, budget) into the schedule. However, the treatment should be customized to fit the individual risk and be as realistic and cost-effective as possible. The process also includes measures to avoid, mitigate or deflect the risk. Another possibility is to develop contingency plans which can be used if the risk occurs ^(p.138).

Risk Treatment consists of a range of options for mitigating the risk, assessing options, and preparations for implementing action plans. As mentioned earlier (in section Risk matrix) the highest risks should be addressed first and so on and forth. Of course, the cost of treating the risk should be evaluated and compared with a potential loss by risk. Depending on the type and nature of the risk, the following options are available :

• Avoid - The risk is avoided by stopping to proceed with the activity that introduced the risk. Instead, an alternative activity that still meets business objectives is chosen or a less risky approach or process.
• Reduce - The likelihood or effect of the risk is reduced to an acceptable level. However in regards to time and expense, it is desirable to eliminate the risk .
• Share or Transfer - The risk is transferred away from the risk-owner. For instance by outsourcing the activities that the risk is tied to, making contracts with service providers or buying insurance that covers that risk.
• Accept - The risk is simply accepted, risks with very low impact and likelihood can often be accepted. A risk can also be accepted if the cost of the treatment outweighs the benefit. By accepting the risk no further action is taken to treat the risk, the risk is of cause still monitored and evaluated on an ongoing basis, due to potential changes .

Monitor risks

The fourth process is "Monitor risks", here actions to track and monitor risks are developed. One of the most common approaches to risk monitoring is to use a risk register, which is initiated at the start of a project and continually reviewed and updated. A risk register should as a minimum contain the following information:

• Risk identification number (Used for identification of risks)
• Risk Owner (Should be clearly defined and registered in the risk register)
• Description of Risk (Makes it easier to communicate risk)
• Results of assessment (Probability/Impact) and assessment date
• Mitigating Actions (Actions to address the risk)
• Date for next risk review .

It is important to note that risks should be monitored, reviewed and controlled on an ongoing base. The controlling of risks is done by continuous tracking of identified risks while identifying and analyzing new risks. Risks and the effectiveness of controls and mitigations should be evaluated throughout the project life cycle ^(p.142).

Risk management

Risk management in different industries

Risk management is relevant for all industries. However, the degree of importance and impact can vary a lot. Risk management is highly essential in sectors like finance/banks, Formula One, drilling oil & gas or space programs. Where big money can be lost, reputations ruined or even lives lost. Risk management is especially important in the following areas:

• Construction
• Medical procedures
• Disaster and terrorism management
• Tech companies
• Oil and gas
• Financial
• Large government projects
• Pharmaceutical sector

The parameters used to measure the impact can also vary a lot. For an R&D project, the impact measurements could be delays, financial and mistakes while a bank could use reputational, regulatory, and financial scales to measure the impact. The space program could be an operational risk such as the risk of burning up when astronauts are reentering the atmosphere. While financial institutions could loose reputation or customers if they have a security breach, like hacking or transferring the wrong amount of money from one customer to another.

Examples of good and bad risk management

Bad:

• Volkswagen - Dieselgate: In 2015 it was discovered that car manufacturer VW was cheating in emissions test, which made their cars seem more eco-friendly. This act resulted in a recall which costed around 6.7 billion euro and resulted in the company posting its first quarterly loss in 15 years.
• Samsung - Galaxy Note 7 smartphone explosions: When Samsung launched Galaxy Note 7 in August 2017, there was a fatal error with the batteries which caused them to explode, and Samsung was forced to recall 2 million devices with an estimated cost of 5.3 billion USD.
• Deutsche Bank -Fined 14 billion USD: Deutsche Bank was fined 14 billion USD, by the US for misselling mortgage securities in the US. The bank selected mortgages, packed them into bonds (RMBS) and sold on to investors.

Good:

• NASA - mission planning and real-time mission operations: NASA is known for having a lot of risks in their projects, and have managed to excel in risk management.
• Formula One racing - Is high-performance racer sport, where safety and risk management is taken very seriously. Resulting in a 20-year streak with no fatal incidents, until October 2014 . Former Formula One driver Jackie Stewart did even say: "There is no doubt that Formula One has the best risk management of any sport and any industry in the world"

Implementing Risk management

Steps in implementing Risk management

The steps to implementing risk management can be divided into the following steps :

1. Start right - It is important to have a clear and precise definition of what the project outcome should be, along with project vision, objectives, scope, and deliverables ^(p.12).
2. Accountable - Involve the whole team and share responsibilities among team members.
3. Identify - Start with identifying the risks (step 1-2 in the Risk Management Process (RMP))
4. Risk plan - The actions to counter risks is planned and mapped (step 3 in RMP)
5. Monitor - The identified risks are monitored and tracked (Step 4 in RMP)
6. Transparency - Is about communication, being clear and straight up with stakeholders, bosses and employees, which will make the project easier^(p.12).

Project Managers can use these 6 steps to implement risk management into their projects. Since projects are different, variations in the implementation can occur. However, these steps are a good guideline.

Limitations and advantages of Risk management (discussion)

Advantages

By having an effective and structured risk management system, organizations will get the following benefits:

• Increased ability to deliver projects on time, since there will be fewer surprises.
• Better use of resources.
• Overview of risks and losses.
• Better quality data for decision making.
• Budgets are less relying on guesswork.

There are many more benefits of good risk management than just the ones listed here, but this is some of the important ones for organizations. Risk management helps organization overview and control risks and therefore make better decisions. Risk management is therefore highly relevant and should be implemented and used in organizations.

Limitations

Risk management has an array of advantages. However, risk management also has some limitations:

• No matter how much preparation is done, accidents and unforeseen events will always happen.
• Risk management will not delay or remove all risks.
• It can be used as decision support, but not as a decision tool.
• Risk management uses a lot of time, to gather information, it has information and can be difficult to implement.

Risk Management Process is concerned with managing the identified and quantified risks & mitigations and does not tackle other types of uncertainty like the cost to develop a new prototype or if customers will buy the product ^(pp.134-135). Furthermore, a lot of time and resources can potentially be spent on prioritizing and assessing, risks that are not likely to occur, which will divert resources that could have been spent more effectively.

ISO 31000

The ISO 31000 is probably the most used risk management standard. However, it has some flaws, which managers need to take into consideration.

First, a considerable amount of scientific literature arguing for the ISO 31000 is outdated since it uses ideas of risk assessment and characterization as used in the 1970s and 1980s, which does not take, the fast-changing and connected world which projects happens in today, in to account .

Second, a significant proportion of management researchers and analysts agrees on risk captures two dimensions:

1. something is at stake (health and lives, the environment and material assets)
2. uncertainties.

Above-mentioned can be conceptualized, measured and described in a more and understandable way than the ISO 31000, for instance, the SRA glossary . This claim is backed up in the ISO 31000 SME, which states: The ISO 31000 "provides generic guidelines, it is not intended to promote uniformity of risk management across organizations." . Therefore it is vital that risk managers don't blindly follow the ISO 31000, but read material from multiple sources, for instance, the SRA glossary or material listed in section Further Reading Material.

Conclusion

There will always be risks in projects, and how they are managed will have a large impact on the success of a project ^(p.232).

Bad or no risk management can lead to immense losses and complications, whereas great risk management will lead to better decision making, quality, and budgets for projects. Naturally, risk management has some limitations such as its time consumption and the missing ability to remove all delays/risks.

The RMP helps manages to get an overview of potential obstacles that can occur or prevent the team from achieving their goals. By identifying the risks, managers can map them and initiate appropriate measurements to counter them. It is important that managers use risk management, and spent time on improving and develop the risk management programme of companies.

Even though risk management naturally is a more integrated and important discipline in some industries, it is recommended that it is used at least to some degree throughout all projects and companies.

Literature

References Credibility

This section contains a brief discussion of the used online sources credibility. This is done to ensure transparency and provide a high-quality list of sourcing which the reader can follow up on.

• : Is written by the Office of risk management at Georgetown University and can, therefore, be seen as an academically valid source.
• : Is a podcast produced by a Danish radio called Risiko Radio, which specialize in risk. However this podcast is in Danish, which can be problematic, the interviewed author J.L. Jensen, also argues for this in his book Redefining Risk & Return - The Economic Red Phone Explained (ISBN 978-3-319-41368-6).
• : Wikipedia is often criticised for is reliability since everybody can edit the pages. However, since this source is used in combination with the book Project Management by H. Pearson and since this article is a Wikipedia itself, this is not a huge issue. Last modified 02-02-2018
• : Is written by CGE Academy which is a information site created by the company CGE - Risk Management Solutions. CGE is a multinational company which specializes in risk management solutions. The company has over 10.000 end users and a 21% growth over the last five years, and it is fair to say that CGE is a reliable source considering Risk Management. (https://www.cgerisk.com/about-us/) Last modified 24-07-2017
• : Nasdaq BWise is a global company which helps streamline risk management activities, furthermore the information from their webpage was compared with information from the ISO 31000 . (http://www.bwise.com/about) Last modified 29-09-2015
• : Procurement Journey is a webpage written by the Schottish Government (http://www.gov.scot/About) and can be seen as a credible source. Last modified 2016
• : Is written by Chartered Accountants, which is New Zealand based. They provide business and finance support to over 100.000 members, which is a huge company and therefore must have a lot and specialized knowledge within their field (https://www.charteredaccountantsanz.com/about-us). Furthermore the ISO 31000 is used as a reference on the page.
• Is written by the CEO of "Projectmanager.com, which is a company that produces Project Management software. The company has more than 10.000 users, including NASA, VOLVO, and UN (https://www.projectmanager.com/). The webpage can be seen as credible. However information from webpage is used in combination with information from the ISO 31000 .
• Is an article published on the business site Wisestep, which can be seen as a credible source. The article was last modified/published 12-02-2018.

However, a more general critic of the use of online source could be based on the following:

1. Information available on the Internet is not regulated for quality or accuracy.
2. Almost anyone can publish anything they wish on the internet.
3. The information on a given webpage can change over time.
4. The information can be outdated.
5. Information can be twisted to reflect a person or companies interests.

As earlier stated the used online sources are relatively credible (point 1-2). When considering the change and outdatedness (point 3-4), the webpages was last edited between 29-09-2015 and 02-02-2018, which is relatively new and relevant. Since all the internet pages used are on a factual and information level, and not analytical the risk of exposure to company interests are minimal (point 5). In conclusion, the used internet pages are credible sources.

Further Reading Material

Wikipedia articles

• Risk management

• Risk and Opportunities Management

• There are known knowns

• Risk Management in Renewable Energy Projects

• Risk Register

• Impact vs. Probability

• Unknown unknowns

• Risk identification

• Including Risk Management in Construction Projects

• ISO 31000

Books

• Chapter 10 in: H. Pearson, "Project Management", Pearson Education Limited, 4th. Edition (2010)

This chapter is about Risk & Opportunities Management and describes: risk matrix, Rumsfeld's Known-unknowns, qualitative and quantitative approaches, sensitivity analysis, PERT technique and Monte Carlo simulation.

• ISO, "31000 Risk management — Principles and guidelines", International Standard, (2009)

The golden standard within risk management, it gives a great overview of definitions and approaches within risk management and is there for a must read.

• Chapter 11 in: Project Management Institute, "A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK Guide", Project Management Institute, (2000)

This chapter is about Project Risk Management and describes: risk Management Planning, Risk Identification, Qualitative Risk Analysis, Quantitative Risk Analysis, Risk Response Planning and Risk Monitoring and Control.

• Committee on Foundations of risk analysis, "SRA glossary ", Committee on Foundations of risk analysis, (2015) (Link: http://www.sra.org/sites/default/files/pdf/SRA-glossary-approved22june2015-x.pdf)

The SRA is similar to the ISO 31000, in the way it gives an overview of definitions and approaches to risk management.

• J. L. Jensen, "Risk & Return - The Economic Red Phone Explained", Springer International Publishing AG (2017)

This book attempt to re-define objective risk, and addresses the critical factor of defining a risk owner. It argues for defining risk owner at the lowest possible management level, and the importance of proper risk management.

Articles

• N.T. Nassim, D.G. Goldstein and M.W. Spitznagel "The Six Mistakes Executives Make in Risk Management", Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation (2009)

This article outlines some of the general mistakes managers make when doing risk management, and have some great arguments which managers should take into consideration.