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...s chronologically, providing a theoretic backbone, which is illustrated by case examples of the fictional company A. *The '''detailed study''' specifies the studies of the subsystems and their interrelations in-depth. The focus shifts to sp

Studies of the concept have found that subjects faced with an intellectual challeng In these studies the concept was held up against concurrence seeking, debate and individuali

...older Theory, Andrew L. Friedman and Samantha Miles, Journal of Management Studies 39, January 2002'' </ref> suggests that this is influenced by: |These stakeholders should be monitored in case changes in their position occur

* Ethnographic field studies ...pany reports, financial data, business processes, policy manuals, etc. the case is different for the system archaeology technique, which is about reenginee

...e planned by discovering these underlying relationships. Examples are case studies and consultancy frameworks, that rely on transferring best practices across

...t the beginning to try to design demarcation system as wide as possible in case to avoid the possibility to restrict the possible outcome of solutions. Lat ...ackbox">Bruno L. (1999) ''Pandora's hope: essays on the reality of science studies.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref> The same insig

...nizing the two domains as two different mindsets is supported by the joint studies of INCOSE and PMI on better integration of program management and systems e ...and ends up with a solution to be implemented. Let’s look at a practical case, simplified from the author’s practical experience:

There have been made many studies of companies achieving great results by implementing PPM practices. The stu ...nage what you do not understand. It could be argued that the latter is the case when buying pre-made PPM software, executives do not understand what the an

...or : Universität Paderborn- Germany, Department of International Business Studies. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria- Brazil, Department of Administration. However, this was not the case in the DaimlerChrysler merger: employees felt overlooked, disregarded and l

...t the longer the project and the team size, the harder is the failure. The studies reveal that the main causes for projects failing are breakdown in communica ...nd, the decision maker must have some concrete objectives in mind; in this case the main objective is to maximize value creation for the customer. A common

!Colspan="4"|Sources of uncertainties and their effect in previous empirical studies<ref name="Uncertainty"></ref> ...f>, Loch<ref name="Loch">Loch. "Tailoring product development to strategy: case of a European technology manufacturer." Eur. Manag. J. 18(3), 246-258 (2000

* [[Hazard and operability studies]] (HAZOP) ... This can be done by outsourcing the risky parts or by buying insurance in case the risk happens.

... interactions between the management activities of all project partners. A case study<ref name=JOMIE/> of 18 complex transportation projects in Canada, New ...s in construction, the latter defines the scope of necessary environmental studies as well as any site specific environmental factors that may affect the desi

... or in-depth perspective on certain areas of interest depending on the use case.<ref name=Monte> ''Robert, Christian P., and George Casella. Monte Carlo st ...How plausible this is in modern organisations is still undecided and other studies have shown a positive effect of the matrix organisation with up to 3 tasks

Case study write-up: the French health care system. ... The purpose of the following article is to think about good practices and studies in order to assign the project in the best way. For example, a network mapp

...the World, Harper Collins-Rawson Associates, New York, NY. Yin, R. (1994), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. '' </ref>, whe ...care of the operations management after empowerment. Journal of Management Studies 38:6 September 2001.'' </ref>. Instead of seeking to control and measure th

...nd how to avoid them, this article builds on state-of-the-art research and studies on meetings from leading universities. It also relies on standards on proje ...s, p. 224.</ref> They support this statement with research from scientific studies and industry research conducted by the authors themselves.

...reas, the project manager can identify and thereby solve conflicts faster. Studies have shown the following points to lead to the most conflicts: <ref name="B ...ll that conflict can lead to positive change if managed correctly. It is a case of identifying and dealing with the conflict in an early stage. In doing so

...ared to models that are linear and will be further discussed below. In the case of this model it is assumed that there are <math>n</math> assets. Each bon ...ny. "Manufacturing Portfolio Theory." International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics (2010): 120-160.</ref>. Finally, MPT mo

...asures implemented in short periods of time can reduce or end the negative case. In the second situation, the project manager can decide if it is possible ...ns, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, USA. doi: 10.1002/9781118802717.ch6. ''This chapter studies the integration of the schedule and the budget for the full impact of proje

... of 8 years. Therefore there is no reason to change and in this particular case the dominant strategy is also a Nash equilibrium. ...s perfectly logical and understandable. They chose their strategy, in this case losing, in order to optimized their possible outcomes (getting the best med

... work-hours you assign to your tasks. This is, of course, almost never the case. Project teams works more efficiently in some periods than other. Overhead, ...er Bounds of the "Cone of Uncertainty", Each "Iteration" symbolize in this case a "Sprint", Source: <ref name="MicrosoftCase">http://collaboration.csc.ncsu

...ademic papers, real case studies and personal experience. It is not in any case a universal “ultimate guide”, but a set of good practices to follow whe ...aving a governance strategy can also be a governance strategy, that is the case of self-organising project teams.

...e using Earned Value Management. Provides both case studies and simulation studies, and how to scheduling projects with a software.)''</ref>. ...t of money. But this event is not expected to occur in the future. In this case the Estimated Cost at Completion is:

...n challenges that every programme management organization will face in the case of the Olympic Games are: <ref name="Construction Programme"> [http://learn ...eparate projects, which are more or less interdependent. Especially in the case of the Olympic Games in London, where the site was surrounded by livable ne

...commonly used computer programs to manage projects. According to Malaysian case it was used in approximately 80% of cases.<ref name=malaysia>[http://www.ac ...px|left|thumb|Figure 3: CPM Graph ''(source: own construction based on own case)'']]

In case one activities has more than one previous activity who’s dependent with, ...LF=EF and LS=ES. The previous activity have LF as the next activity LS. In case an activity has more than one following activities the LF has to be taken i

[[Category: Product Development‏]][[Category: Case Studies‏]] ...wable, optimized portfolio year by year means a huge challenge for LEGO in case of product development <ref name="Ulrich">Ulrich, K. and Eppinger, S. (2012

...Refers to the actual time required to produce a deliverable. Which in this case, would be the end result of the project. Naturally, the amount of time requ ...n shortcomings in the project planning are neglect of adequate preliminary studies as well as poor management of the structure concerning the plans. The proje

...project management tool. These organisations also have a large database of studies and articles based on empirical data, which shows both the direct and indir ...aper explores the advantages and potential of 4D BIM. The paper includes a case study to validate the use of the proposed 4D BIM application for quality co

In case of early completion of a task, work on the successor activity must begin ra ...individual is two, since it was just conducted in R&D environment. Further studies are necessary.

...rail company had successful experiences with innovative solutions. In this case the problems caused by these traditional simplifications were overlooked un | 1: Studies of nuclear weapons suggest that many problems arise not from a single failu

... Engagement. Throughout this article those two domains are analysed in the case at hand. ...ogram manager should address four different elements: the program business case, the program plan, the program roadmap and the environmental assessment. <

...ent of risk]], the project manager can make a more likely picture of worst-case scenario of the project. This way the cost will match the amount of work to ...pply for an advertised job by a constructor. Example of consultant in this case is COWI.

...d maintains the focus on the project viability in relation to the Business Case, rather than on the project end. The aim of PRINCE2 is to provide the right ...tant that the project and evolving justification remain consistent. In the case that the project can no longer be justified, the project should be stopped

... or in-depth perspective on certain areas of interest depending on the use case.<ref name=Monte> ''Robert, Christian P., and George Casella. Monte Carlo st ...How plausible this is in modern organisations is still undecided and other studies have shown a positive effect of the matrix organisation with up to 3 tasks

...ofessionals In Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39', ''Social Studies of Science'' 19(3): 387-420.</ref>''"Boundary objects are objects which are ...have created a similar understanding of the key attributes. If this is the case, the boundary object can be more rigid and the need for flexibility is lowe

... class="plainlinks"> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_case business case]</span> rather than on the project end. The aim of PRINCE2 is to provide us ...tant that the project and evolving justification remain consistent. In the case that the project can no longer be justified, the project should be stopped

... on the equity only after all other debts and interest is paid off. In the case of project failure dividends may not be returned on the equity so this is w ...as an insurance company. A contingency plan should also be put in place in-case of the worst happening.

In case of early completion of a task, work on the successor activity must begin ra ...individual is two, since it was just conducted in R&D environment. Further studies are necessary.

Studies conducted both in the early 1990s <ref>Risk analysis and management in cons As those studies showed, risk management is not a developed field in the Construction indust

...se risk that can occur in projects and to be able to mitigate those risks. Studies have shown that the changes of risk event occurring are in the idea, planni ...th few techniques and methods that are well known in risk management and a case example where to apply them in the RMP. Furthermore, the background of risk

...tion of the different tools is presented. The recommendations based on the studies for this article are more digital solution that could combine stakeholder r ...n construction : An empirical study to address research gaps in previous studies'', (2010), </ref>

...ue relied on the inflexibility of its basis for measurements, which in the case of PERT/Cost could be adjusted to hide overruns. The PERT/Cost methodology ...ned Value and Budgeted Cost is called '''Schedule Variance''' and for this case is equeal to: 5000 - 6000 = -1000

By the year 2013, around 200 case studies had been made about implementation of the LPS system in construction projec ...is not possible to measure all the benefits with numbers. When that is the case the benefits have been revealed with other methods, e.g. emotions and exper

... origin from social studies which the latest years has had a growth in the studies of complex connectedness of modern society. Network perspectives are used t ...res can be used to analyse and understand complex networks, in all kind of studies and can be applied when it comes to the study of project management

...However, there is no scientific evidence supporting this. On the contrary, studies have shown that the amount of overestimation is individual dependent and ba ...its of eliminating multitasking are not clear at all and the need for more studies in regard to this is necessary.

...n form to inform the project team on the goals and have a written proof in case that stakeholders change their mind (phase 5). ... should have a preliminary idea of the expectations of the stakeholder. In case this expectations concern data and measurable results it is easy to communi

...agement - such as motivation. This applies for both practices and academic studies. <ref name="Eight to Late"> Eight to Late (2008). ''Motivation in project m ...team. It also requires a highly skilled leader, because if that is not the case, it would slow down the project very much.

...s and he used anecdotes to support his theories, not controlled scientific studies, as is the norm today. ... give the same result on both occasions. With the MBTI® however, multiple studies show that up to 50% will be a different type, even with a test-retest inter

...ued that a survey could be conducted in order to assure anonymity (e.g. in case of a lesson being "poor management") but this is not recommended as some kn ...p 2: ''validating'' is provided in ''Figure 4''. The example is based on a case project revolving collaboration among Danish municipalities in order to cre

...nd benefits will be explored (advantages and disadvantages), using a study case that will be presented, highlighting a real application of this procedure; ...fferent responses and reach the consensus among the experts (stated by the studies of Broomfield and Humpris<ref>Broomfield D, Humphris GM. Using the Delphi t

...ackages to be done and the assignment of resources to the project. In this case planning also refers to the extinction of uncertainties or assessing them a #Detailed investigation - detained analysis which results in a business case, a project definition and project plan

...ssed both theoretically and in connection with a business example of real case; they will be compared and critically evaluated. ...ncreased commitment to the goals. <ref> Patterns for Distributed Scrum - A Case Study, Välimäki, A., Kääriäinen, J., Enterprise interoperability III,

In the case of green color, no further actions are required. In the case of yellow color, the report wants to give an alarm in order to signal that

...l research about the matrix. Based on academic papers and a self-conducted case study on the German airline Lufthansa, he concludes that due to its limitat ....jpg|400px|thumb|right|Figure 2. - Initial business portfolio of exemplary case.]]

...n common a major characteristic : they are '''complex projects'''. In this case, complexity is more due to organizational and geographical causes. The man ...rpose of such international project are numerous, a good definition of the case is crucial and an approach has to be described. This can seem similar to st

...zed communication. It also has some risks during implementation, as is the case with any other method, and the article will focus on these in a paragraph. ...eir own paper - this way the owner of the activity will be included in the case of disagreement, and the activity will be only moved when the owner is conv

...best practices in portfolio management which have been observed in several studies and the impact of each practice are displayed, illustrating the positive im ...ection and prioritization decisions is in best case uncertain and in worst case unreliable.

** The LKAB Case Study === The LKAB Case Study ===

...ing that managing and leading is the same thing. This is, however, not the case. Whether an organization refers to the person in charge as leader or manage ...son exerts influence over other people. <ref name="CM"/> Since this is the case, manipulation often becomes very tempting to leaders, however, since the le

... the organisation and aims to provide the base for future research on this case. ===Case information gathering and disclaimer===

...e BIM uses that have been accrued through the analysis of BIM project case studies and interviews with BIM experts. The twenty five uses provide a representat The brochure is a summary of industry reports, studies, surveys and editorials which provides explanation about what Building Info

...roject. Time wasted on miscommunication benefits no one, and can in worst case lead to great financial loss, delays and even failures. Miscommunications s Studies show that project teams working in a war room environment are twice as prod

Even more relevant to our case in point, organisational research indicates that individual mindfulness is ...ame=Reb2014>Reb J, Narayanan J, Chaturvedi S. 2014. Leading mindfully: two studies on the influence of supervisor trait mindfulness on employee well-being and

'''1. Level 1 - Make Your Case''' Managers should work on building better relationships with employees in case they have strained relations which may have been a consequence of something

...ltext/u2/a276860.pdf Leslie A. Veditz. (1993), “The Channel Tunnel – A Case Study”]</ref> The case study covers Project Management Knowledge Areas, within four project phases

...be done. This creates a multi learning effect in the teams. In the optimal case the Scrum Team is small enough to stay flexible and big enough to contain a ...be achieved and this process is to be documented in the Sprint Backlog. In case the Development Team finds that the chosen content of the Backlog requires

...sented directly by the area using the circumference of the circle, in this case the bubble grows linearly in relationship to the diameter (<math>circumfere ...t inevitably there are always few and they are difficult to kill. In this case there are too many of them.

...M, it explains why we should adopt BIM. The book includes some useful case studies.

... consuming and would require more materials than first estimated. In worst case, there would not be room for the cable tray elsewhere above the ceiling, wh ...ted automatically instead of having to be drawn from scratch, which is the case in 2D, might outweigh the extra time spent. And it can of course be argued

...in their work-space proximity, nationality, sport preference, etc. in this case creating different groups and establishing an '''informal network'''. ...ng the use of network studies an important part, not only, of sociological studies but also incorporated as a strategy used by different disciplines <ref>R. R

...stand the importance of the method and the possible applications in a real case. ...sented directly by the area using the circumference of the circle, in this case the bubble grows linearly in relationship to the diameter (<math>circumfere

These first studies where focused mainly on manufacturing processes in spite of project managem ...flow''' thorough the project management processes translates into? In this case it is '''information'''. Information flows thorough the management of the p

...der to pursue the right benefits a deeply understanding of the '''business case''' of the organisation is necessary. <ref name=Pra>PMI Benefit Realization ...he '''sponsor of the program''' approve the benefits that arise from those studies. Besides, the communication plan of these benefits future progress is also

...igger more aleatory thinking than drawing out probability numbers. Several studies indicate that erroneously judging a combined probable and improbable event | '''Representation''' || Single case || Class of possible outcomes

...longer duration to deliver, providing himself with a personal failsafe, in case of unpredicted challenges that might occur. This safety, created to avoid n ...us on the most important tasks first and foremost. However, there are also studies that suggest multitasking is better for the overall performance of company/

...curred because a deadline has been missed. Time-Cost models deals with the case that it might be more cost-effective to invest in more resources in order t ...he risk of delaying the time schedule therefore incurs to design for worst case scenarios. This means that a lot of time buffers are included in the time e

...and in detail the different systems that exist. It also provides some Case Studies where the theory is made clear by using real-life examples.

complex. In this case there is an end date to the work, but the organizations still need to inter ...recommended. Here different teamwork concepts are presented, and different studies are presented and commented on.

...d interfere with each other, if they are uncoordinated, which is often the case. A CCC is practically the same as a big warehouse. This warehouse facilitat ...nd turbines and hangers, are often made with big steel components. In that case it will not make any sense to have a CCC, and it is often easier to deliver

... task H. Otherwise task I has to complete before task H can begin. In this case, it is possible to switch the places of task H and I which can solve this p ...lays. A delay in a task can result in delay of the entire project in which case the plan would have to be re-evaluated. A delay in one task can also result

...in the construction industry will then shortly be discussed, based on case studies. Lastly the limitations associated with the use of VSM in the construction ... and too much variability. Due to the lack of generic guidelines, two case studies will be examined instead.

... is an aspect, which the industry is improving on, since the publishing of studies comparing maintenance costs of buildings, with and without commissioning. L ...y quality assurance is important have been outlined and used in an example case of the Volkswagen emission scandal. Building trust and creating a culture o

... aspects need a leading fourth aspect to work in combination, which in the case of construction projects is management. <ref name="Chimay"></ref> ...ngs and new people with expert knowledge in CAD software. The same was the case when the marked with the transition from CAD to building information modell

...to reduce costs. <ref name="CSIS"> Center for Strategic and International Studies: "Defense Industrial Initiatives Current Issues: Cost-Plus Contracts" -extr ...cts implies the most responsibilities from behalf of the client, whilst in case of fixed price contracts the responsibilities are allocated mostly to the s

Framework: A Last Planner System and BIM-Based Case Study''". Boston, MA, USA </ref> minimizing the waste and inefficiency. The ...formation]</span> applications was decreased as well. Furthermore, current studies have shown that 4D planning provides multiple benefits in each phase. Figur

...fessional system. An increasing number of renown international comparative studies of construction costs and methods, which are reviewed in Edkins et al. (19 ...ins a huge amount of useful information about partnering. It presents case studies, research about partnering as well as benefits and pitfalls of partnering.

The PBS is depended on its inputs. In the case of using the ''project scope management'' approach the input are: ''Plane s ...he reader a broad understanding of project management, including some case studies, where the given approach has been applied. The book by Graham M. Winch ”

...tion of risk as it depends on the ability and range of the decision maker. Studies on this topic have led to two important points of cognitive biases: the inf After a risk has been accepted, the risk planning is an important step in case the risk event would happen. The risk plan should address the identified ri

...nsion of project success. However, Winch and Leiringer state that the case studies only discuss the legal and contractual matters, and therefore the owner can

...air the bridge, the alternative associated with the lowest risk is in this case the alternative with the lowest expected cost. ... from a decision node corresponds to a decision alternative, which in this case are either to repair the bridge or do nothing. It includes a cost or benefi

...ackages to be done and the assignment of resources to the project. In this case planning also refers to the extinction of uncertainties or assessing them a #Detailed investigation - detained analysis which results in a business case, a project definition and project plan

...ling power on aiding or thwarting a project’s successful development. In case of just slight disharmony -> take time to reassess reasons and take correct ...ed when huge problems occur. Except for incompetence or misbehavior is the case this is definitely in line with unsuccessful projects. Go for the problem n

...d thus not much innovation or creativity are required, the balance in this case should be inclined into '''Diagnostic Control Systems''' and '''Boundary Sy ...ssful, in different environments. Such data helped making a series of case studies that allowed them to propose a series of balance scenarios linked to the co

...in Planning: Reference Class Forecasting in Practice'', (European Planning Studies, 2008), 16. 3-21.</ref>. ...erence Class Forecasting in larger projects will be covered as well as the studies' limitations. Examples of causal factors for cost overruns will be provided

...mpetent project managers are increasingly needed. Some literature and case studies argue that a project manager is a major factor related to the success or fa ...e of those competencies are linked to a variety of personality types. Some studies put great effort in identifying types of people best suited for leading pro

...ilds on systems and techniques already used and collect data with discrete studies, this approach keeps it focused on learning. ...these methods, the techniques found are the stories of change, the episode studies, the Bellwether interviews or the relational mapping.

Different types of scenarios exist depending on the specific case <ref name="adv">.Mietzner, D. and Reger, G. ...s, he facilitated the managers of the company to imagine their decision in case each of these scenarios was taken place <ref name="adv"></ref>. When the oi

...exact elements of a FS may vary depending a given project type. A business case may require an extensive elaboration on the market analysis in the FS<ref n ...ay have great influence on the success of the project, as is shown for the case in video 1. Nevertheless, a large proportion of a FS relies on back analysi