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...yright infringement on the site, please inform thereof by sending an email to ophavsret@dtu.dk.'' ... Rainer, and Peter Troxler. “No More Muddling Through: Mastering Complex Projects In Engineering and Management”. Web. 2006</ref>, who propose the use of t

... the construction industry from manufacturing industries, e.g. duration of projects, the nature (repetitive or one-of-a-kind), etc<ref name="Gao2014"> Gao, S. ... (1) Lean Construction is about how Lean Production methods can be applied to construction, and (2) Lean Construction is a new, theory-based methodology

... wastage. To maintain a sustainable and justified project, it is necessary to apply some approaches seeking towards a decreased amount of wastage. One o .... With other words LEAN is an efficient management technique which strives to meet the customer in eye level and offer them an instant customized product

...the complexity within a process and how it interrelates. It is another way to illustrate and understand the cause and effects of the process, by linking ...aig W., 1998.] </ref> An example of a feedback loop is shown in the figure to the right.

...iew of the importance of managing different types of stakeholders in order to ensure a suitable stakeholder involvement. ...e in order to be able to integrate all of the stakeholders’ contribution to the project in the best possible way.

...ise them. This type of analysis works as a macro analysis, not only framed to contain a specific area of investigation, but takes into account all the di ...ng centrality algorithms, are discussed and examples are provided, showing how these can be beneficial in e.g. project management.

...ents on the basis of the needs, to specify what the product is supposed to do. Requirements engineering is regarded as crucial in a development process, ...d be noted that, if a reference is in the end of a section, then it refers to the whole section.

... J. Snowden (born 1 April 1954)<ref name="About"/>, and is used by leaders to determine the context of a situation, so they can make appropriate choices. ...lex, chaotic and disorder</b>. Each of which requires different approaches to [[leadership]] style. <ref name="HBR"/><ref name="HBS"/>

...der to act appropriate and create sustainability, the management often has to consider these aspects and constraints not only from their own point of vie ...verview of the stakeholders and can serve as a foundation for planning how to deal with stakeholders. Dealing with stakeholders can contain both communic

...lot], however including the variables size and colour, the user can get up to four dimensions of data in an easily understandable two-dimensional chart. ... question if a tool as simplistic as the bubble chart can add real support to the decision making in Project Portfolio Management?

... Portfolios. Due to dependencies or strategy alignment, selecting the best projects does not necessarily result in the best portfolio]] ...ing intensity of competition and fast technology changes have pushed firms to develop

...pending on the problem they could get different importance, thus it adapts to specific situation. The four steps are: ...st R. and Troxler P. (2006). ''No More Muddling Through Mastering Complex Projects in Engineering and Management'', Rotterdam: Springer.</ref>

...ications, stakeholders and flows of different resources and is very simple to use. The good project result is always based on the well-defined task and w ...kman & M. Kok & A. van der Veen (2005), Mental model mapping as a new tool to analyse the use of information in decision-making in integrated water manag

'''The scope''' for this Wiki article is to investigate the similarities and differences between standard best practice ...ic "requirements management" focus of systems engineering could contribute to improve project management practices.

...scribes the central tools and knowledge, which can be applied to a project to secure a successful project. The standard is based on the modern views of p ...=annual />. By the increasing numbers of certification holders it is clear to see that the standard is being widely accepted and the importance and impac

...list several elements which can be used in the process of managing risk in projects, portfolios and programs.. ...d for Risk Analysis will be mentioned and explained briefly, but (in order to allow the full use of the wiki) not be described in detail. Some of them mi

.../Project_portfolio_management Project Portfolio Management] (PPM) software to ease the decision-making. ...er, after the implementation of such software systems many executives fail to see the promised results emerge in their organization.

... customers better service or product, within the time and cost agreed, and to the extent expected by them. Lean Project Management (LPM) seeks precisely ...cial step from a Lean perspective. For this reason more attention is given to the idea of continuous improvement and kaizen. Finally, a final discussion

...bject matter. In addition to all content being new, the article is brought to a higher level by creating a clear thread, using recently published referen ...fting customer demands and emerging technology, to mention a few examples. To remain competitive, organisations must adapt through process optimisation,

...re ”''The Agile Manifesto''” was introduced, that the approach started to become increasingly popular, especially in the software industry. The Agile ...covering better ways of developing software by doing it and helping others do it. We value:

... managers. The dilemma is that often a project manager does not know where to find the expertise and right person within the organization (Belbin, 2010). ...Belbin’s team development-concept will help to ensure the right teams in projects.

...and objectives to which any product or service must conform and are common to all development and other engineering activities”'' and requirements mana ...ify, control and communicate these requirements, and to manage any changes to these requirements, at any time in the project process.

...n an efficient way allows the team to evaluate risks together and identify to what extent they can prevent these risks from happening. Documenting risks ...e risk register is the tool that should be constantly updated and referred to; it is the centre of all processes and decisions.

...rd risk management framework, which can be used by any organization on any projects regardless of its size. NOTE: This article might be similar to other articles; Risk analysis, risk register, Risk management strategy in p

...ness strategy. Prioritizing and separating high priority from low priority projects could be a challenging process considering that company’s available resou ...fying customer requirements during the design phase. Moreover, QFD is used to support strategic as well as operational decisions within a company.

...ater failure in the future. This article is intended as inspiration to see how embracing your failures serves as a philosophy in your company culture by d ...r end products by the Embracing Failure methodology. The article will seek to answer the following two research questions:

...es the basis for customization to a specific need. Finally it is described how the different A3 reports can be used as tools for solving challenges in pro ...=(Ko, 2013)>''Ko, C. H., & Tsai, P. C. (2013). Applying Lean Production A3 to Enhance Construction Work Flow. Life Science Journal, 10(2).'' </ref>.

...s that are required to manage a collection of projects and programs needed to achieve stratetic business objectives.<ref name="PPM"> Blichfeldt & Eskerod ..., 539-553 (2012)</ref>. However, project risk management is only effective to a limited extent because it lacks a portfolio wide view. <ref name="Conting

...s of the project. To create a motivational atmosphere it is also important to focus on communication and on involving the volunteers. ...nske Spejderkorps was also loosing members for some years, but has managed to turn this tendency around and has been growing in numbers since 2008.<ref>

...ing with [[Agile Project Management]]. Scrum can be used in different size projects and can also be used for Program and Portfolio management. The article will ... 12, 2013</ref> in 1986 <ref name=one/>. While Jeff Sutherland was the one to apply the concept and tweak it for then introducing it together with Ken Sc

...icult to diagnose; after time… it becomes easy to diagnose but difficult to cure.” (Machiavelli, 1514) <ref>[Niccolo Machiavelli “The Prince”]</r ...t turns out to be harmful to the project it is in general terms considered to be a risk.

... where they want to be in the future and hot to manage the change required to getting there. ...ag369-382''</ref>. Moreover literature on how change management is applied to, integrated with project portfolio and impact project portfolio success has

...xity 1.Cost, 2.Schedule, 3.Technical the framework recognizes and elevates to the same status two other 4.Context and 5.Financing. ... environmental policy dictate the design solutions for most transportation projects. <ref>Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2006). Design-build effective

...nto a wide pool of talent from various locations.<ref name="cio">CIO. "How to manage a virtual project team". http://www.cio.com.au/article/368495/how_ma ...ed a project, where some or even all of the members were remotely located. How different is managing a virtual project team from a co-located team? Are th

...he handling essential. Stakeholder has different influence and interest in projects and must therefore be treated in individual ways. Stakeholder analysis proc ...ofessor in Ethics and Law) and Preston (Professor in Business) in 1995 not to be a single theory, but a set of theories for the management of stakeholder

...es. Additionally a quick switch between tasks and task chains is desirable to make sure the project is on schedule. A simplified comparison between tradi ...nvisioning the project network and in managing it afterwards, in constrast to dealing solely with specific technical aspects as the before mentioned meth

...project management. In order to deal with that, the board of directors has to design project management best practices for the company. ...eficit and the government, who finances the company, put a lot of pressure to make the company profitable.

...d the attention on group dynamics and methods of group formation, in order to assign successful project groups with high performance. ... and it is important to understand how to make use of these skills and how to interact with different team members.

... will look at the scope of using Key Performance indicators (KPI) in order to assess progress within project, program and portfolio management. *How to define and implement KPIs, as well as how they are normally presented

... for meetings. They are essential for collaboration and decision making in projects and they revolve around key project management activities such as cost, sch ... and cost. Project managers can use their responsibility as an opportunity to implement strategies for creating and managing effective meetings.

...fore crucial to manage scheduling closely. A project schedule includes the projects milestones, deliverables and deadlines, etc. with duration estimate. The schedule is used for planning and to foresee when a project is estimated to finish. A critical path is a sequence of activities that determines the sho

...jects. In order to minimize uncertainties and unforeseeable events related to a project, risks are identified and managed throughout the project lifecycl In order to control and manage risks, the Risk Management Process (RMP) is used. RMP is

...the project and the time span over which the costs and benefits are going to be spread<ref> ...n, however, related on how the projects should get the money from in order to run.

...tainty converse all of the environmental conditions in which a project has to operate, e.g. costs of people or materials, etc. <ref name= Taylor> Taylor, ...o> Geraldi, Joana | Thuesen, Christian | Oehmen, Josef | 2016 | "How to DO projects" | Uncertainty |(Version 0.5)</ref>

...omplete project activities. And to do this the project manager needs tools to identify which team members fits into which team role and here can Belbin's ...tions, the Worlds Bank and thousands of organizations throughout the world to enhance individual and team performance. <ref name="Belbin_associates"> 201

...nager must be able to analyze the situation and chose the correct approach to conflict management based on the information he or she has available. In do ...ational Conflict provides a framework for assessing and acting accordingly to the type of conflict.<ref name="Book2">''Jones, Gareth. 7th, 2013. Organiza

...oftware development published 1991 broadened usage of the technique aiming to continuous development of valuable software. <ref> ''http://www.scruminc.c *Responding to change over following the plan <ref> ''http://agilemanifesto.org'' Manifest

...evertheless, the V-Model is still widely used and is an interesting method to approach project management in a very structured way. In what follows, many ... stakeholders, artefacts to document the project, and management mechanism to ensure a relevant management style.<ref name="NumberOne">“Fundamentals of

...hods were developed, focusing on alternative risk measures that could lead to linearization of the portfolio optimization problem <ref>Sharpe, W. F. (197 ...te projects taking in consideration the interaction and influence of other projects.<ref>Thorp, J. (2003). The information paradox: realizing the business bene

...uence the risk reduction of project failures. In this article we are going to illustrate the so-called PRINCE2 method, focused on processes and continue ...factors on investigating, evaluating, attaining & capitalising on Prince2 (Projects in Controlled Environments) Project Management certification.''</ref>

...lly important to control how the different tasks are progressing. In order to get an overview of the current situation of the project, we should compare ...the performance of the project at any time, but also analyze future trends to estimate the cost and time of completion of the project.

...ed location as main unit of analysis. The results were ground breaking due to the fact that around 380 m2 were built per day of construction. The 102 lev ... critique has been raised about the CPM-method in relation to construction projects, as it does not sufficiently support construction management during executi

...anagement point of view. First, the extreme mathematical complexity needed to treat some problems is an important limitation. Secondly, the presumed rati ...and more rational perspective for the manager that can be used in addition to usual managerial skills.

...n added benefit is that the perceivable metric often creates a common goal to '''increase the pace''' within the project team. ...the project team. Each sprint is usually followed by a grace-period of 0.5 to 1 week during which a sprint review and sprint retrospective is usually hel

... management tools. It will also explore the usage of this method in todays projects, its advantages and limitations. ...ed long before the deadline and most of the people attributed this success to PERT.

...a good idea for a company to use Lean as project management tool, in order to maintain their competitiveness. ...ect management tool. Lean can even be ineffective and destructive compared to other project management tools, in some cases. The theory will be supported

...ions/multi-project-management''] ''Description of a MPM'' </ref>. You have to be careful about information you can share or not while staying meaningful ...gether. MPM is often understood as just many single projects that you have to achieve one by one reaching each deliverables planned. So,MPM is located be

...day’s projects, where, they tend to require changes very frequently, due to a number of reasons such as Stakeholders changing their mind often, news ab ...itable to face the common unexpected changes that come up during today’s projects.

...the processes involved on each stage of the development procedure in order to fit the Startup’s strategy. ...ementing a PPM system in a Startup. It is left for the readers’ criteria to evaluate the suitability of each tool, model or method in their own context

...t activities within a project as many different computer programs can help to create a Gantt Chart fast and easy. ...uld be can be a hard choice. As many programs are available it can be hard to find a program that fits the specific needs one might have. Therefore a lis

...ined before the method becomes useful. The main principle with the CCPM is to strip off the risk of starting the project late or finish it early, and ins ...to be a thinker who motivated others to think. He encouraged his listeners to consider their business practices again with a fresh, new vision. <ref> [ht

...ains why we have so many mice than elephants”''<ref>Taleb, N.N. Learning to love volatility. The Walls Street Journal</ref> ...ility in order to improve and grow. In this sense, nature gives the answer to high volatility in organizations.

... a complex undertaking with special needs regarding planning and execution to assure its continued spread and cost effectiveness. ...re they have to be involved during the whole construction process and have to be kept informed right from the beginning when the project idea was born.

...ss. In short it is used to reduce changes in orders because it is possible to satisfy the stakeholders even before the construction phase begins and this ...ign and construction virtually. VDC operates with dimensions going from 3D to 6D.

...nvolved. This approach analyzes how uncertainties and risk are created and how they can be managed by the means of Lean Construction principles. ...ement of construction projects is the concept of Lean. The idea of Lean is to eliminate what does not add value from the perspective of the customer. In

...ith the passage of time will be explained while finally a discussion about how Gantt chart is related with other methods will be listed. ...ntensive in western countries that any other chart similar to this, tended to be associated with Henry Gantt by taking also his name. The Gantt chart was

... Review Technique), CPM (Critical Path Method) and GANTT are the most used to plan into details a project, prevent uncertainties and avoid risk. These th ... hand it’s an important tool to prevent in advance future situations and to promptly identify future issues that can compromise the success of the proj

...hat will have an affect on a project, and how to win them over. It is used to identify all key stakeholders and analyze their needs. ...ect and act to prevent potential misunderstandings about and/or opposition to the policy or program; and increase support for a given policy or program.

... Lean nowadays is applied throughout all departments in a company in order to eliminate as much waste as possible and thus increase profits. .... It incorporates the standards of the PMI while giving guidance on where to focus when being lean and setting up a Lean Project. The article then focus

...of view, the programs developed into a company and finally, the individual projects inside the organization. ...s of both methodologies, from the 7 waste tool for Lean project management to the Define-Measure-Analyse-Improve-Control(DMAIC) system from Six Sigma. So

...t in any business. Managing complex systems is therefore a core competency to successfully run any business. ...ons to face many small tasks instead of a really big one, what can be hard to manage or even picture it in the managers’ mind.

... to develop software. Consequently, team productivity is boosted, in order to deliver software that can meet and exceed the needs and expectations of end [[File:RUP.png|450px|right|thumb| Figure 1. The iterative model graph shows how the process is structured along two dimensions]]

...differences from a contracting perspective. The purpose of this article is to analyse the stakeholder management when '''contracting''' a large construct ...roject goes according to the project plan. The main contractor is expected to oversee and involve subcontractors and suppliers, along with managing the o

...elps organizations understand what they are achieving and what they wanted to achieve. ...em in project management but also what challenges and limitation there are to the tool.

...liverable-oriented project in hierarchical order. The primary objective is to support the project manager by giving an overview of different steps, resou ... keep update this document because believed valid and useful. In 1968, due to its success, the Department of Defense released "Work Breakdown Structures

... on 22 September 2015.</ref>. An RAM template and example will be provided to gain a deep understanding and will describe the project management simulati ...due to a poor management, to an unusual project, to when teams are allowed to self-organize, etc.

...used to monitor if the project follows the time schedule and it allows you to identify slack time (free resources)<ref name="Ver09"/>. ...ptimization of the schedule, resource planning and control of construction projects<ref name="Fon62"/>.

... mind, and the related cognitive biases that follows; can be used as tools to better deal with high-risk decisions in an inherently dynamic and complex w ...plexity and the thinking behind “engineering systems” is necessary, as to explain their relevance and usefulness.

... applied in Lean Thinking. Additionally some examples will be given in how to approach Lean Tools in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management Pr ...ia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturing Lean Thinking]''': Eliminate waste in order to maximize customer value with less resources.<ref>http://www.lean.org/WhatsL

...s of which one mechanism (say automatic equipment to track an airplane and to compute its probable future positions) affects another mechanism (say a gui <ref name="Warren">, Warren W. Weaver (1949), ''Recent Contributions to the Mathematical Theory of Communication (1949)'', http://www.panarchy.org/

...ganization, time schedule and the resources which are available. Succesful projects are normally achieved by doing thoroughly groundwork of the idea. ...s can be called “project” but they are actually programs as they star to extend indefinitely and cover broader, less specific business objectives.

...d construction projects all over the world. It leads to conflicts and even to great business relationships being destroyed. The reason is often that comp ...d needs and lack of alignment of expectations are just some of the reasons to project change.

...roblems during the project will not reoccur later in the project or future projects ...velopped internal risk management models and capital calculations formulas to deal with anticipated risks, as the international risk regulation <ref name

...ated with the use of BIM. These benefits have changed the way construction projects are managed, and can be considered a milestone in project management. Despi ...dingSMART Finland 2012, “Common BIM Requirements 2012: Management of BIM projects"</ref>.

...M) is a method to plan, execute, manage, and control both single and multi projects, which emphasizes the effects of resource allocation and activity duration ...f name="FR">Marris P., (2011), ''La chaîne critique pour réduire le time to market et accroître la productivité'', STP PHARMA PRATIQUES vol.21 N°5</

...xplained and management a tool, impact/probability matrix, will be applied to be a part of the process. ...t risk, people often link it together with uncertainty, while others refer to it as opportunity. Risk can also be defined as a combination of the probabi

...ies is to examine the outcomes and the lessons learnt from various similar projects that have been completed in the market from similar organizations and thus, ...ikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator ''indicators''] that companies use to assess their performance during the process of benchmarking. These indicato

...e from 15 October 2002</ref> Afterward Novo Nordisk obtained more know how to continuously improve the model and today the project managers work after th ...of PEM is investment projects, but can easily be adopted to non-investment projects as well.

...mance. The learnings and techniques from the HRO’s can be implemented in projects and in organizations who want a higher reliability. ...and organizations are able to reliably deliver the task they were asked to do.

...etitive was to create something that the big companies would never be able to replicate: an innovative fast-moving organisation. ...lyse the leadership of Lars Kolind in order to highlight which points lead to the successful implementation of the change.

...t. Lean project management is a production management-based approach aimed to make planning more effective and slim production. This is achieved through ...help minimize uncertainty, which, in the chain of events, can further lead to risk mitigation.

...day’s projects, where, they tend to require changes very frequently, due to a number of reasons such as stakeholders changing their mind often, news ab ...itable to face the common unexpected changes that come up during today’s projects.

...ho pay for low risk and project uncertainty. <ref>[''Managing Construction Projects''] ''Winch, G.M. (2010) Chapter 5.4.5, Second edition, Wiley-Blackwell'' </ ...could leave the contractor, designer or the consultant dangerously exposed to unexpected responsibilities and risks. However, without risks there will no

...rs’ motivation, as it’ll cause loss of luster and distinctiveness, not to mention the time consumption! That is just one of many mistakes and issues related to milestone planning.

...es. Additionally a quick switch between tasks and task chains is desirable to make sure the project is on schedule. A simplified comparison between tradi ...nvisioning the project network and in managing it afterwards, in constrast to dealing solely with specific technical aspects as the before mentioned meth

...fectively managed risk in hospitals, airport security, construction sites, projects, programmes, portfolios and in so many more circumstances help societies ac ...onitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.

...ion within a wider scheme of it's creation and it's use, it will enable us to understand the method more holistically, thus improve it's application and ...a. It's my hope that these criteria will enable primarily project managers to improve their understanding and application of visualizations in project ma

... changes, in these conditions most of the models used in the 20th century to develop software are not still appropriate.[[Wikipedia:Waterfall model | Wa ...ering with a particular focus on the flexibility of these methods in order to cope with the customers' and markets' needs; surely [[Wikipedia: Agile Soft

...rent stakeholders or members of the team come from and use the differences to your advantage. This article focuses on the challenges, which should be dea ...Borders. Aldershot: Gower, 2007. 21-42. Print. '''Summary:''' Introduction to culture in GPM. Description of Hofstede’s and Thrompenaars’ cultural di

...ki/Copenhagen Copenhagen], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark Denmark] to a multi-national contractor with a turnover of 6.5 billion Danish kroner (1 ...ted together with implications from the case that can hopefully contribute to other companies not suffering the same fate.