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... it is used for and list several elements which can be used in the process of managing risk in projects, portfolios and programs.. Since risk analysis is a subpart of [http://apppm.man.dtu.dk/index.php/Risk_management Risk Management], severa

[[File:RiskRegister2010.jpg|390px|thumb|right|Example of a Risk Register used by SURF <ref name=''name''> ''http://survivors-fund.or ...isks from an early stage streamlines a team’s goals and their perception of the project, working as a communication tool and a risk management tool sim

...oo late because the disease will have become incurable. As the doctors say of a wasting disease, to start with it is easy to cure but difficult to diagno ...mpact on the project there is little reason in prioritizing the mitigation of the problem. For a problem having a high impact, but very low probability t

...are part of a dynamic and fast-changing world. Therefore there is a degree of uncertainty and unpredictability in projects. In order to minimize uncertai ...s and advantages of risk management will be discussed and a brief overview of other relevant reading material is given.

...ted to, what the end goal is, how much the whole project and every segment of it will cost, how much work it will take and when the project is supposed t The following processes are the main pillars of the Project Scope Management and whole chapters will be dedicated to each p

...ity''' and '''Benefits'''.<ref> Project Management Methodologies: A Review of the Literature, PM, 15-sep-2015, Liberty University</ref><ref name=prinsg>[ ... all projects, not only '''IS''' projects. PRINCE2 is based on experiences of European project managements and project teams, who have contributed, some

...1999.</ref>. RUP is the most popular and extensively documented refinement of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Process Unified Process], an ite ... the '''dynamic aspect''' of the process. It expresses '''time''' in terms of '''phases''' and '''iterations'''.

...management a tool, impact/probability matrix, will be applied to be a part of the process. ... opportunity. Risk can also be defined as a combination of the probability of an event and its consequences. There is a relationship between risk, uncert

...ss <ref name=CB1>''Internal Novo Nordisk SOP 049797 about Global procedure of project execution, 5. edition'' effective from 29 Juli 2013</ref> ]] ...el.<ref name=CB1>''Internal Novo Nordisk SOP 049797 about Global procedure of project execution, 5. edition'' effective from 29 Juli 2013</ref>

... turnkey, characterised by a single contract for both execution and design of a project. Benefiting from this is the client, who pay for low risk and pro This type of project management approach requires a thorough risk profile for the projec

This article aims to show the application of the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) in project management, and in ...ffects of these failures and take actions to avoid and monitor the effects of the failures on the system.

...cessful oil extraction was large enough for the lenders to accept the risk of failure. ...d and France<ref name="chunnel">[http://jrtr.net/jrtr11/f46_gra.html Study of the Euro Tunnel Project, M. Grant]</ref>.

...ary in projects because of the uniqueness of every project. Identification of a risk, understanding and managing critical risk that can harm the project, ...e. In some cases the risk management is primarily done in the design phase of the project, but should be also manage in the construction phase. The RMP i

...verruns by taking into account resource allocations and time uncertainties of activities. ...cted and frequently missed deadlines due to longer than expected durations of activities. The method can assist organizations to maximise project perform

...ached among all the participants. The anonymity assure the free expression of opinion and encourage openness. The process will start from a broad perspec This method can be reiterate many times based on the analysis and the ranking of different factors listed on panels; controlling every time the feedback (it

...upsides, referred to as opportunities. Opportunities may arise as a result of unexpected turns and have a positive impact on the project. Risk management ...anagement]]'', 27. September 2009.</ref>. Due to the negative consequences of uncertainties, risks management is highly relevant and should be managed ca

'''''Article Type 1: Explanation and Illustration of a Method''''' ...r. Main difficulties arising in the IPM process are related to the balance of the portfolio, the cyclic evaluation and prioritization as well as to the t

There are many kinds of war rooms - they can be analog, digital, virtual or hybrid. This article wi ...oughts, information and data can be visualized, which forms the foundation of finding linkages with interdisciplinary impacts and multidimensional inform

...ts in projects can for instance be exceeding the budget, time delays, lack of team synergy, or any other events that have a negative effect on the projec ... the probability of a top event being triggered by the input probabilities of the base events that leads up to the undesired event.<ref name="patrick" />

* Define the project and its limitations so the scope of the project is well-defined. If not, it is almost impossible to measure and ...state. If this isn’t done, your project can not be rated as a failure or success, if you don’t have a target.

Uncertainty is embedded in many aspects of project, program and portfolio management. It is present in decision making ...part of project management but also a part of the technical implementation of a project.

... to extreme poverty, inequality and climate change by 2030. In the pursuit of reaching these goals, it is inevitable for business to take action. One ess ...the total global resources, 40% of global energy consumption and up to 30% of the total global greenhouse gases. Furthermore, the construction industry i

... the states of nature, subjective probability estimates for the occurrence of each state can be assigned. In such cases, the problem is classified as dec ...name="Barros"> R.C. Barros, A. de Carvalho, A.A. Freitas, Automatic Design of Decision-Tree

...s a big challenge. Risks are quantified by using likelihood or probability of an event to occur and its impact on the outcome or situation. Risks then ca ...nce and challenges that are faced during risk quantification, applications of risk quantification and limitations or new challenges are analyzed briefly

...tigated and determined, the potential risk responses within the approaches of insuring against, mitigating, avoiding, accepting and externalizing the ris One tool to help providing factual justification for the treatment of each risk and to establish an overview is the '''decision tree'''. <br>

...ram or project, bringing ideas from concept to launch. Stage-Gate consists of five different stages<ref name="Stage"/>: ... they can kill the project<ref name="Stage"/>. This is one of the benefits of the Stage-Gate process, which in the long run will assure that the company

...IMS's (Industrial Marketing Solutions) commercial advertising the benefits of investing in conducting a feasibility study.|frame}} ...ence a FS is an optional first stage of a project, where all major aspects of pursuing a given project are studied on a high level.

...usually involving both intuition and reasoning. It is important to be wary of impulsive reactions to a situation, since hasty decisions may have big impa ...capable of making any kind of decision. Thus, there has been defined a set of decision-making skills which will help groups or individuals to choose the

... one is an alternative method for assessing a change project’s chance of success, where the other one is a risk evaluation tool. ...ended result. A conclusion McKinsey reached when they did a survey in 2008 of 3,199 executives around the world <ref name=McKinsey />. In an ever growing

...the stakeholders early in the project or phase and to analyze their levels of interest, their individual expectations, as well as their importance and in The expectancy theory is introduced to establish basic understanding of expectations.

...enced by project objective. The project success depends on agreeable level of risk tolerance and early risk management planning. ...hree stakeholder groups rarely have the same view on the possible outcomes of a project. The attitude towards risk tolerance varies depending on risk cha

...e risk management process and therefore, important to ensuring the success of a project. </div> ...range of possible outcomes". In general, "risk quantification is a process of evaluating the risks that have been identified and developing the data that

...usually involving both intuition and reasoning. It is important to be wary of impulsive reactions to a situation, since hasty decisions may have big impa ...capable of making any kind of decision. Thus, there has been defined a set of decision-making skills which will help groups or individuals to choose the

'''Impact''' and '''probability''' are the two main components of [[Risk analysis]]. Looking at impact versus probability is common in order ...organization as proper management increases the likelihood for the success of a project <ref name=" Winch " />. Risk management involves identifying poss

...oject efficiency and allow for monitoring progress to determine the status of the project. <ref name=Kerzner>Harold, Kerzner, Project Management Metrics, ...board should be well presented with necessary data to be an efficient mean of communication <ref name=Few>Stephen, Few, Information Dashboard Design, 200

...8-0-11-331294-8 </ref> <ref name=" Managing Successful Projects "> Office of Government Commerce (2009). Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2™. T ... bond. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong </ref>. In this article is discussed different attribu

...ormed better by different personality types, and recognises the importance of having well-defined project management team structure with defined roles an ...erformance, only continuous effort will lead to this. In the final section of the article, the most relevant annotated bibliography is described.

[[File:Sponsor8.png|thumb|400px|'''Figure 1''' - Roles of a Project Sponsor, based from PMI® Global Congress 2006]] ...rticle is defining the role and responsibility and identify the importance of a Project Sponsor in a project.

....com/watch?v=ZZZZRCNTDMc|350|right|Video 1: Introduction to the definition of Program Manager|frame}} ...e="adv">.F.John Reh. November 26, 2017, ''‘The Role and Responsibilities of a Manager’'' [https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-manager-2276096]</ref>

...ality Press.''' - Step-by-step approach for implementing FMEA and overview of phases the method is applicable to. Also includes ISO references and Six Si ...roduct and process failures. The tool is often applied in the early stages of a project, but can be used throughout in different variations.

...ernal level - taking under consideration the external threats. The results of feasibility study help to asses if the project is reasonable and should be ...ibility study is not applicable in all business cases, hence the last part of the article points out its limitations.

...tors such as a poor allocation of resources, lacking a sufficient standard of managerial skills, Optimism Bias and Strategic Misinterpretation. ...opinionated view on a specific subject by using the 'Outside View' instead of the commonly applied 'Inside View'. The over-arching goal is to reduce cost

...and the ability to negotiate is a vital prerequisite when striving towards success. This article will provide recommendations to project managers wanting to i ...what you want from a negotiation. It is important to have an understanding of the opponents priorities, and intellectually manage any emotions surfacing

...e risk management process and therefore, important to ensuring the success of a project. </div> ...range of possible outcomes". In general, "risk quantification is a process of evaluating the risks that have been identified and developing the data that

...poor project management of projects. This can be avoided by following some of the recommendations in this article, which seek to define a project to a bi ...t learned from these definitions. Furthermore a description of the purpose of doing good project initiation management will be presented. Lastly project

... collaboration and allows risks and rewards to be shared among the parties of the contract. IPD is becoming increasingly popular with various organizatio ...arties involved in construction projects and maximize construction project success.

[[ File:Goverance.png|thumb|360px|Governance as part of the Sponsor-Project Manager Relationship<ref name="walker"></ref>. ]] ...s, describes the project sponsorship as the ownership of project on behalf of the client or organization.

...oject managers and the stakeholders before, during and after the execution of a project. ...ject-management?kpromoter=federation "Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition)"], [[Project Management Institute,

... also given by Kur (1996) <ref name="Nana">, Kur, E., 1996 The faces model of high performing team development, Leadership & Organizational Development J ...ping a project team.<ref> Page 319, A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) - Sixth Edition (2017) - Project Management Insti

...ong, hard-working and valuable team will be shown. Lastly, the limitations of the theories will be presented. ... to change the work culture and have more bottom-up initiatives? The topic of motivation is very broad and tough. The answers to those questions can not

... a wide variety of tools are needed to cope with this process, a selection of them is presented in the section below. ...the opportunities within a company, and looks into the company development of new ideas that lead to new markets.

...oint course at the Technical University of Denmark. This page is a summary of different project management tools relevant for this groups specific projec It is important to make your goals '''M'''easurable to keep track of the progress, which will help to stay focused, meeting deadlines and help t

...m statement, a well defined scope of the particular project and conception of expectations before choosing appropriate tools to work with. If preparation ...e in various different reasons, some known and some unknown. When the root of a problem can not be specifically defined, it is for instance important to

...difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over some time [2]. ...y study is an analysis whose objective is to get the likelihood of project success. It takes into account the most relevant influence factors. These factors a

* Decision making regarding the acceptance of risk ...he probability that shows how likely is that risk to happen. A combination of them will allow to collocate a risk inside the matrix.

Evaluating projects and their level of success can easily be contributed ...because i now know which direction i want to take my piece. Here is a list of changes i want to make by then:

....sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X0800064X, ''The importance of marine spatial planning in advancing ecosystem-based sea use management'', .../pii/S0308597X08000675?via%3Dihub, ''Key elements and steps in the process of developing ecosystem-based marine spatial planning'', Paul M. Gilliland 200

...e in one factor invariably affects the others. These changes occur because of the environment that projects operate within, which changes over time. Ther ...w project managers can apply the concept in practice, the main limitations of the theory, and annotated bibliography ideas for further reading on the sub

...em. A well-designed WBS that presents information at the appropriate level of detail and in formats and structures meaningful to those performing the wor ...some advice in order to counteract them is given. The fourth and last part of the article, includes an annotated bibliography where several references wi

...g decisions. These types of communications and when dealing with all kinds of people, conflicts are inevitable <ref name="Benko">A. Benko. (26.06.2018). ...tive communication, project managers can resolve potential conflicts ahead of time and prevent miscommunication <ref name="Scott" />.

...ct Management Institute, Inc. (2017). Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition) - 2. Initiating Process Group. Proj ...ich have evoked a rising resistance towards the framework within the field of project management<ref name="Rubin">Rubin, R. (2002). Will the real SMART g

...en applied in many situations and now mostly turned towards identification of root causes for problems. ... these causes to have the greater impact, which will then lead to the root of the problem. This structure also allows you to tackle smaller issues which

...y are also expected to compose and manage teams and project-groups, formed of people, whom they might know very little about. How do managers ensure opti ... Project Management Institute, Inc. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge. </ref>

...re some key concepts that are important to consider when assessing project success: ...ces of an "iron triangle" that must be managed in order to achieve project success.

...h effective risk management. One of the many different methods that can be of use in this endeavour is a root cause analysis, in which the Fishbone diagr ...hen it can be applied, how it can be applied and the practical limitations of the tool.

...g projects on time and within the estimated budget is a challenging aspect of project management. ... to get a better understanding of the RCF application. Lastly, the problem of using the RCF method will be presented.

...oundation to decide on an ongoing basis whether the cumulative learning is of sufficient value to warrant continuing the project. <ref name="mit3"> Rice, ...Learning-Plan-Template.png |200px|thumb|right| Figure 1: Re-edited version of the Learning Plan template developed by Rice et al. (2008).<ref name="mit3"

...ce Management is defined by the capacity of the project system to be aware of its surroundings and vulnerabilities, and to adapt in order to recover from ... is dependent on both the scope and size of the project, and at what level of the project the process should be conducted in the project team. Typically,

...l for Managing Risks in ICT Projects, based on the PMBOK”, Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences, Vol.3, No. 12[01-24], December, 2014. </r ...g Management Journal, vol. 16, No. 4, December, 2004. </ref>. However, one of the most well-known and widespread methods is the method called Failure Mod

...ronmentally sustainable, this method seeks to balance the three components of sustainability—environmental, social, and economic. <ref name="What is SP ...21502"/> that are transparent and consider the sustainability implications of alternative options. Throughout the project, performance is monitored and e

...ve never been in before if we want to progress. Learning from risks is one of the most essential things a person or organization can do. The more risks t ... in-depth, as well as its application to detect risks. Finally, the limits of risk-based learning are emphasized.

...of the project - every parameter that might affect the regular progression of the project. ...descending level represents an increasingly detailed definition of sources of risk to the project" <ref name="Use a risk breakdown structure (RBS) to und

...Covey’s principles and in turn present a universal quasi-personification of Organizational Risks. The article focuses on making risks more comprehensiv ...Stephen Covey and the Risk Management Standard authored by PMI is the core of this article.

...le and their impact on project success,” 2010. </ref> A first impression of the tool can be gained from Figure 1. ...ject. It helps controlling the project by showing which milestone is ahead of, on, or behind schedule. The MTA uses different timelines: the reporting da

...oject, Program, and Portfolio Management F2022 at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). ...rocess, and in the post-project activities for evaluation and improvements of future projects.<ref name="ISO">International Organization for Standardizat

... and personality of the project manager. Besides reflecting on the success of the project, the chosen management style will also reflect on how the team ...of the management styles, to perform and deliver the best possible outcome of a project.

...roup setting or the sense of fairness with regards to the equity of effort of different team members. ...ncy-value theory'' in ''Multiple Perspectives on the Effects of Evaluation of Performance: Toward an Integratiom''. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

...entifying them, evaluate them and treat them. The latter will be the focus of this article. ...sures should be done from a cost benefit point of view, analysing the cost of treating the risk up against the potential benefits<ref name=cyber> Refsdal

...mber of the team, it is of great importance for it to reach high standards of teamwork and collaboration. There are different approaches and methods that ...d managing projects, programs or portfolios. <ref name='image1' > [''Image of the Drexler/Sibbet Model''] ''https://www.thegrove.com/methodology/team-per

...ucing the labor availability and consequently increasing the relative cost of a built environment. <ref name="LeanConstructionDefined">Lean Construction ...us on minimizing waste and maximizing value at a project level and the use of concurrent engineering to prevent wasteful redoes.

...hat can go wrong is called ''Pre-Mortem analysis'' which is the main topic of this article. ... awareness of uncertainties and their likely consequences on the project's success but it also strengthens the team members’ intuitions to become better at

...human nature and should continue to induce feelings of pride as the nature of industries around the world continue to change. ...guous with their place of work and the tasks at hand. Utilizing the effect of this rhetorical device in speech and ultimately thought can have profound e

... </ref>, which implies there is both order and chaos in projects. The goal of the project manager is to attempt to use both these two warring forces to c ...n a very general way, but will provide links to more in depth descriptions of most tools in this article. It is also important to point out that this is

... </ref>, which implies there is both order and chaos in projects. The goal of the project manager is to attempt to use both these two warring forces to c ...n a very general way, but will provide links to more in depth descriptions of most tools in this article. It is also important to point out that this is

...ls, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of timing and offer practical guidance for professionals seeking to optimize t ...lios. These sections emphasize the potential benefits of fostering a sense of shared timing among team members, ultimately contributing to improved group

...ctive and motivated workforce. Overall, this article will give you a taste of key theories presented in the book which will hopefully be a valuable resou ...t managers to create a work environment that is optimized for their team's success and ultimately leads to greater satisfaction and fulfilment in the workplac

...tainty diverts from risk, by being non-quantifiable, identifying the level of uncertainty can, yet, be used by managers to strategically prepare and adap This article will explore various parameters for classifying levels of uncertainty, such as knowledge, severity, and source, and provide guidance

Effective project management requires a range of skills, including technical expertise, leadership, and communication. Howev ...es tips for project managers to develop their self-awareness. The benefits of self-awareness include improved decision-making, better communication, and

...es why effective project stakeholder management is critical to the success of a project as it helps to build support, ensure alignment with stakeholders, ... impacts. It is given here proposals of lines of conduct in the management of actors on a public project.

...n using extrinsic motivation as this might impact the intrinsic motivation of the employees in the future. Furthermore, extrinsic motivation is only a sh ...Thus, it is difficult to provide standardized guidance for the application of extrinsic motivation as it is very subjective and dependent on individual f

...ainties during the project. When managing a project, uncertainties are one of the most important factors to control in order to achieve a successful proj ...k management is achieved and it will thus be possible to reduce the impact of the uncertainties in the project. By using Rumsfeld matrix, it becomes poss

...fective teamwork, communication, and conflict resolution are necessary for success. ...bilities that capitalize on each team member's strengths while being aware of their deficiencies, resulting in a more effective and productive team dynam

...is a project management tool used for the planning, scheduling and control of complex projects. ...ased technique that uses a flow diagram to represent the interdependencies of tasks in a project.

...frequent in today's fast-paced corporate climate and can come from a range of sources, such as clients, stakeholders, or even internal team members. Mana ...anagement procedure. This procedure ought to involve assessing the effects of change requests, getting approval, making changes, and informing stakeholde

...anaging uncertainties and risks, and getting an understanding of the level of uncertainty is a starting point. ...of the facets of uncertainty. In the following section the basic framework of uncertainty is introduced.

In a time of growing global competition, project outcomes are crucial to an organization ... a result, the outcome of a project is closely linked to the effectiveness of project risk management.<ref name="risk19"/>

...pact the successful completion of a project. Risks can come from a variety of sources, including internal factors (such as project team performance), ext ...anagers can improve the chances of project success and minimize the impact of risks on the project.

... the availability of valid data, as well as the sometimes limited autonomy of the individual project manager to change procedures. ...fied by Flyvbjerg, the method Flyvbjerg has developed to reduce the impact of biases in project management, with a focus on the biases involved in foreca

The purpose of this wiki-article is to describe, optimism bias mitigation in teams and pro ...rs can enhance team performance, productivity, and ultimately, the success of the project, without being overly optimistic.

...s methodology will provide guidelines about approaches for different types of team members. ...ermore, this methodology was concerned about the amount of the development of the employee, considering its personality, behavior and past experiences.

...e product development process, the limitations that are needed to be aware of, and finally, how to take a more efficient approach by taking the model to ..."Opening the model">Stošić, B., & Milutinović, R. (2014). Possibilities of opening up the stage-gate model. Romanian Statistical Review, 4, 41-53 </re

...] Karau, S. J. , 2012, </ref>. This has led to many more advanced theories of social loafing. ...king together and social loafing is a robust phenomenon with the potential of lowering effectiveness. Thus, social loafing should be accounted for, when

... is decision tree analysis, which revolves around mapping out the outcomes of possible decisions and how they could determine other outcomes to help proj The purpose of this article is to show the main concepts of decision tree analysis and teach people how to use it. Making the right dec

...sition Design: How to create products and services customers want. Journal of Business Models, 3(1), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.5278/ojs.jbm.v3i1.1105. ... Proposition Canvas with other models to get a comprehensive understanding of the project.

...agement are two related fields that can be used together to drive business success. ... data mining, predictive modelling, and data visualization. In the context of project management, analytics can be used to monitor project performance, i

...roject management, evaluating the success of a project is a critical piece of the puzzle. To determine if a project was successful, it is necessary to ex ...oject Management Institute. (2017). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 6th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Ins

...t facilitate project, programme, and portfolio management connecting a lot of the dots in project, program and portfolio management. PMO systems aim to s =Concept of PMO system=

...d in the domains of organizational management and social sciences. The act of identifying and assessing the people, organizations, or groups that have an Contrarily, social network analysis is the study of the connections and interactions among people, groups, or organizations ins

Organisations today are constantly facing change as a result of factors such as technological advancements, changing market conditions, and ...ese kinds of project are almost inevitable to receive resistance from some of the people who will be affected by the change <ref name="Olsson_et_al"> "Ol

...iple related projects in program management, or across an entire portfolio of projects and programs in portfolio management.</span></p> ...hniques in conjunction with Pareto Analysis and elaborates on the benefits of such an approach. Lastly, the article concludes, by summarizing the key ins

...on of critical path activities. The article also highlights the importance of resource allocation, risk management, and stakeholder engagement in project ...tion within the desired timeframe. Resource allocation is a crucial aspect of project scheduling and time management, as it involves assigning resources

...om unexpected events and continue to operate effectively, even in the face of adversity. To achieve this goal, resilience management involves a wide range of strategies and practices, including risk assessment, contingency planning,

...ystem that minimizes the expense of error-reduction efforts and the impact of errors <ref name="Brueggemann"/>. ...ent. The German Association for Quality published an universal description of the tool in 1990 <ref name="Werdich"/><ref name="KVP"/>.

...xes. The article concludes by discussing the limitations and applicability of the findings. ==The Big Idea: Why understand paradoxes of project management?==

...rograms by focusing on the identification, planning, execution, and review of benefits throughout their lifecycle. It is more crucial than ever for firms ...and programs, increasing the likelihood of success and promoting a culture of learning and growth.

...technologies and the globalization of society have impacted the boundaries of operational control. ...ompany. There are several useful tools for comparing cultures on the basis of national differences and similarities.

..., infrastructure, policies, services and systems designed within them. One of the most critical questions for project management going forward will be ho ...riven Innovation''' or '''Sustainable Innovation''' refers to the creation of new market space, products and services or processes driven by social, envi

...ches is AHP which uses a mathematic method to derive a relative importance of criteria in a decision problem. ...HP is a mathematical method that is used to derive the relative importance of criteria in a decision problem. The idea behind the method is that a decisi

...r. <ref name ="Gil"> Social Loafing. Gil, Francisco. (2004). Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 3.</ref> ...o the need for organizations to understand ''underperformance'' and ''loss of productivity''.

...struction begins. This article aims to explore the benefits and challenges of using agile prototyping in construction especially for project managers. ... cycle, which encompasses all phases from the initiation to the completion of the project.

... To manage uncertainty effectively, project managers must identify sources of uncertainty, their route course and develop contingency plans. It is crucia ...d portfolio management and is indispensable in order to ensure the success of the operations within.

...iduals, and (3) the most effective leaders have understanding of the needs of their followers. It is argued that by identifying and improving both their = Relevance of Strengths-Based Leadership =