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... Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge'', 6th edition, Project Management Institute</ref> <ref name=" AXELOS "> AXELOS (2017): ''Managing Successful Engineering Management, IEEE Conference Publications: 1991-1997</ref>:

...te Resilience Management tools as part of an iterative process. Resilience Management is defined by the capacity of the project system to be aware of its surroun ...process should be conducted in the project team. Typically, the Resilience Management process take between one week and one month.

...st-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/DTUDK/detail.action?docID=4863041 ''Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition'', AXELOS and Offi ...st-com.proxy.findit.dtu.dk/lib/DTUDK/detail.action?docID=4863041 ''Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition'', AXELOS and Offi

... common goal. This is defined by Professor Thomson of the Kellog School of management as he states that “[a] team is a group of people who are interdependent w ...during the process. This process starts before they can reach a high-level performance and until the end where they reach their common goal. Teamwork is not somet

...itionally Software development has utilized Project, Program and Portfolio Management to support waterfall delivery. In response to long times to market and inef 1990's Design Thinking (but originally created in the 1960's for product management)

..., and prepare them for their participation, and to achieve the stakeholder management processes. ...tion, and limitations of the tool. An overview of the existing Stakeholder Management process and optimize the solution for managing communication between the st

... Further, instructions on how this tool can be used in the area of project management are given. ... Technical project management, 2) Leadership and 3) Strategic and business management, which are shown in ''The PMI Talent Triangle''. In addition, a project man

...ef>. The theories X and Y evolves around people and the assumptions on how management sees employees and their approach to motivation towards their goal for the ...roject Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide) (6th Edition). Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI)." Retrieved from

... to achieve, making them deeply inherent in project, program and portfolio management. Not only do goals and objectives contribute to the successful development ...ased on above, this article will examine the tool primarily from a project management perspective.

|[[The Kaizen Method in Project Management]] |[[Sustainable Project management]]

...isks in ICT Projects, based on the PMBOK”, Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences, Vol.3, No. 12[01-24], December, 2014. </ref> ...method called Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA). FMEA as a Project Management tool allows to:

''Projects are done by people and for people.''<ref name='PMB'/> Good project management is about how to organize people efficiently involving positions and tasks a ...have a big influence on success, efficiency, satisfaction, risk attitudes, performance, and more of projects. Since in a project, people have different background

...to have a vision of what could happen in the future. It is clear that past performance is not a guarantee of what might happen in the future, but it is an importa ...ision and values. Therefore, in recent years, risk analysis for the proper management of portfolios and projects has been evolving according to the dynamics and

...ned to alter self-behaviour in order to better manage stress. <ref>[Stress Management in Research Papers] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267794226_Stre ...work effectively as well as affect their colleagues <ref name=sage>[Stress Management and Innovation Interventions at Work] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/

...he reception of the message is of particular importance, such as in change management or feedback. perceptions : A research odyssey. British Journal of Management,

...e article is the application of Maslow's theory in the workspace regarding management, as well as some limitations and critics of the theory. Every company's success is dependent on the effective management of resources committed to executing projects on time and on budget. A proje

... renewable energy projects. Firstly, risk treatment and its role in a risk management process is explained, thereafter the article focuses on aspects and charact == '''Risk Treatment in Risk Management Process''' ==

...a demand of a new approach to improve the classic methodologies in project management. ...rinciples, including applications, limitations and a case study in project management within an organization.

...rder to improve future stands. Dealing with project, program and portfolio management, RDM is a vital methodology from the beginning where information can be lim ...traditional risk management approaches. The theory behind traditional risk management will not be thoroughly gone through.

...conflicts. <ref name="Project"> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021). chapter 2 </ref> ...asing team performance and have a negative effect on the outcome. Conflict management can be defined as the process of identifying and managing conflicts constru

...tant parameter within the standard success criteria of cost, schedule, and performance targets. The cost of a project is usually estimated at the start of the pro ...PMBOK®, which is a set of standard terminology and guidelines for project management <ref name="three"/>:

...mplementation of agile in project management. The section on agile project management provides some key methods and principles that project managers can apply in ...ement, whether that be organisational, team, project, program or portfolio management.

... standards.<ref name="standard">Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref>. ...making </ref>. The particularity of this method compared to classical risk management tools is that the goal is not to find the optimal solution to a problem but

...STRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND INTERDEPENDENCE ON THE PERCEIVED USEFULNESS OF MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS," Accounting Review, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 16-135, 1986</r ...y, harmony in relationships and interaction between group members improves performance. In contrary, variance inflates interpersonal costs as well as disagreement

... comes a description of the effects prolonged stress can have on workplace performance and the causes that are often seen in the workplace. ...ame="NIOSH" /> While sleeping more can help in the recovery part of stress management, it is also necessary to reduce the amount of stress endured to begin with.

SWOT analysis is a common used tool in project management. It was developed by Harvard economists during the 1960s. This method is ve ...cle, you will find information on how to use this powerful tool in project management and under which circumstances as well as an example to show how to use the

... the same meaning. However, several theories about the differences between Management and Leadership have been developed over the years. Even defining what chara ...rganization in the process of changing and adapting to new situations. So, Management and Leadership are not the same, however, they are both necessary to achiev

...s need to be considered when evaluating a project’s performance: project management success and project success. ...ble project management success are planning and scheduling, cost, and risk management <ref name="RadujkovićSjekavica"/>.

...hich the application of the forces in the context of project and portfolio management is described. Besides, limitations with regards to the competitive forces m ...nesses, opportunities, threats), [[Balanced Scorecard in Project Portfolio Management|balanced scorecard]], OGSM (objectives, goals, strategies, measures) and th

...nsidered a tool, since it helps to improve the productivity, synchrony and performance of teams through growth and development of the members of it. All this base ...nctioning, and that are considered necessary to be able to speak of a high-performance team. <ref name = "Ref2" />

The term "Sustainable Project Management" (SPM) refers to a project management methodology that takes into account both the short- and long-term sustainab ...ustainability implications of alternative options. Throughout the project, performance is monitored and evaluated against sustainability targets and regular repor

... negative risks represent threats. <ref name="book"> The Standard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects. (2019). Retrieved from https://findi ...e it is critical for managers to understand the driving forces behind risk management and to be able to apply it to risk assessments. A risk may have one or more

...Engineering is an organizing tool with origins from the science of Project Management which had been used during the World War II by “General Electric Co” an This article will deliver an analysis of this management tool and will focus on the different stages that the team has to go through

... values and visions to be pursued. Consequently, the portfolio and project management process has developed significantly in the last years, portfolio managers m ...Archer and F. Ghasemzadeh <ref name="DSS">International Journal of Project Management Volume 17, Issue 4, August 1999, Pages 207-216, An integrated framework for

...also other limitations that interfere with proper execution, planning, and management which has an impact on the final success of the project. ...rative work and this principle focuses on them. The idea is to see project management as a collaborative process of creating value. Teams should work together an

Management / PPPM anwenung? *''Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: The Search for Optimal Motivation and Performance'' by Carol Sansone and Judith M. Harackiewicz

...al for projects to be successfully completed regarding cost, timescale and performance.<ref name="Elliott" /> ...ody of knowledge (PMBOK Guide). Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA: Project Management Institute, Inc. https://caricom.org/wp-content/uploads/PMI_Project_Manageme

...wongcharoen, and D. Milosevic, “An empirical study on the use of project management tools and techniques across project life-cycle and their impact on project ...oject_Phases">M. D. Alam and U. F. Gühl, “Project Phases,” in Project-Management in Practice, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016, pp. 55–121. doi: 10.1007/9

...ody of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Fifth Edition ed., Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, Inc., 2013. </ref>. At the beginning of the 20th century, many o ...The challenge in duality of command. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 19(1), 103–117. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i1.1308 </ref

...t of the course 42433 Advanced Engineering Project, Program, and Portfolio Management F2022 at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). ...2020). Project, programme and portfolio management – Guidance on project management (DS/ISO 21502:2020). https://sd.ds.dk/Viewer?ProjectNr=M351700&Status=60.60

...ich has its own "PAEI"-profile and that the perfect team includes all four management styles. Each profile has its own strength which is unique to this particula ...ten possess competencies within several styles, but may not hold all four management styles at one and the same time. As a person sees himself as consisting of

...ject manager. Besides reflecting on the success of the project, the chosen management style will also reflect on how the team experiences the work process. ...e discussed how to utilize and combine the best qualities from both of the management styles, to perform and deliver the best possible outcome of a project.

...project life cycle. <ref name="strategic management"> Stacey RD. Strategic management and organizational dynamics: the challenge of complexity. 3rd ed. Harlow: P ...s from the beginning. <ref name= "Agile Principles"/> <ref name="strategic management"/>

...ect a group can often times not fulfil its full potential, and the overall performance is reduced. While the phenomenon was initially described by French research ...-value theory'' in ''Multiple Perspectives on the Effects of Evaluation of Performance: Toward an Integratiom''. New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.</ref>

.... However, this article will mainly focus on the theory related to project management. ...ps://doi.org/10.1080/095373299107438 </ref>. Under the auspices of project management, the framework is firstly a unique tool to map the complex network of stake

...se of standardised ways of working within TWI is connected to lean project management and parallels are drawn to current standards. ...oots> ''The Roots of Lean Training Within Industry: The Origin of Japanese Management and Kaizen. (2014).'' </ref> From there a strategy was formed aiming to bec

... NPI and the optimization for framework design of new product introduction management. The implication for the NPI process including the need of better understan Visibility to product performance has never been higher, while competitive pressures continue to squeeze marg

...agement into a comprehensive operating system allowing large-scale program management for corporations of any size. SAFe combines the power of four bodies of kno ...(Re)Introducing_Project_Management_in_a_SAFe_world (Re)Introducing Project Management in a SAFe world]. This article offers a more generic overview updated to th

...o identify the market of interest, the differentiation plan as well as the management systems required. In order to acquire endorsement from stakeholders and pr #Management Systems. Metrics and Systems that facilitate the capabilities and choices

...in almost any industry. This development has augmented the requirements in management, since additional factors have altering influence on the work process, comp ...nalysis to investigate the link between cognitive ability in teams and the performance of the team, to create a hands-on scheme for predicting team effectiveness.

...izen - Fundamentals from Cases and Examples in Operations and Supply Chain Management, Springer, 2020. </ref> ]] ... methods and activities that have the target of continuously improving the performance of an organization or individual. In contrast to Innovation, Continuous Imp

... and the life cycle performance domain of a Project, Program and Portfolio Management (PPPM). The focus of the model is on process adaptability and customer sati .../www.blueoceanworkshops.com/agile-adaptive-vs-waterfall-predictive-project-management/ </ref>

...y perform at their best and contribute to the work <ref name="iso">Project Management: ISO 21502 (2021 Edition)</ref>. However, this can be challenging due to no ... opposed to working alone. This loss of motivation leads to a reduction in performance and effort exerted by the individual in the team <ref name="team">Rutte, C.

Benefit Realization Management (BRM) constitutes a method that is used in various organizations for the pu ...n the previous step, will remain effective. <ref name='fundamentals'> Best Management Practice. (2010). Fundamentals of Benefit Realization. The Stationery Offic

...l. To work with stress management it is possible to use tools such as time management and open communication workshops to manage stress not only for the project ...epending on factors such as age and gender, but also deadlines, coworkers, performance and job security<ref name="informationstress"/>.

...ref name=cyber> Refsdal, A., Solhaug, B., & Stølen, K. (2015). Cyber-Risk Management (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science) (1st ed. 2015 ed.). Springer. </ref>. ...rnational Organization for Standardization (2018), DS/ISO 31000:2018, Risk management - Guidelines, Retrieved from https://sd.ds.dk/Viewer?ProjectNr=M296412&Stat

The organizational context in project management constitute of the structural link between projects and the organization inv ...iscusses its application of managing the organizational context in project management as well as how projects can contribute to organizational effectiveness.

...e needs are classified according to performance indicators: basic factors, performance factors and incentive factors.<ref name="Kano Model"/> ...icially published on January 18, 1984, in the Japanese Society for Quality Management (JSQC) magazine "Quality", No. 14, marking the establishment of the Kano mo

... estimation and budgeting and some limitations of this triangle in project management. Some modifications by PMBOK has also been given in this article. Based on ...pplications as well as the limitations of the magic triangle as a project management tool. The terms magic triangle, iron triangle and the triple of constraints

...f name="first">François Chiocchio, Hélène Essiembre. ‘’Cohesion and Performance A Meta-Analytic Review of Disparities Between Project Teams, Production Tea ...ngle aspect. A number of other factors equally important contribute to the performance of a team, two of the aspects are briefly mentioned in the end.

...gy is most suitable for project management, not for programme or portfolio management. ...ip between project life cycle, integrated project management practices and management practices for a project according to ISO21502:2020. Figure created by Jakob

...ompetence relies under one of the most undervalued perspectives of project management, people. People have different perceptions of the world, and PMs can benefi - The type does not predict the job performance and may change over time.<br>

...quality. If all roles are current, the team has the potential to be a high-performance team. During the years after Belbin’s team role analysis was brought out, ...nt Teams – Why They Succeed or Fail (R. M. Belbin)" >2010, R. M. Belbin, Management Teams – Why They Succeed or Fail,</ref>.

...usions, managers can address the complexity of the project and improve its performance and outcomes. The methodology of visual project mapping is explained in thi .... It has been studied that knowing these dependencies can help improve the performance of a project. The similarity with a company would be through the stakeholde

...nship between performance and stress.|'''Figure 1: '''Relationship between performance and stress. ''Adapted from Cohen (1980). '' <ref name="Cohen"/>]] ...of the techniques for dealing with stress in the workplace are simply good management and human resource practices, not special stress reduction techniques. <ref

...ct of different motivational behaviour is difficult to derive from varying management styles. ... both types of motivation need to be combined when enhancing motivation by management, to derive the best results.

..., L. A. (2006). Relation of employee and manger EI to job satisfaction and performance. In Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 461-473. Retrieved April 02, 2010, ...ween Ability-Based Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive Intelligence, and Job Performance. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/8/2299</ref>]]

...n teams and try to extract the best possible outcome out of them. Conflict Management is a key aspect in ensuring a healthy environment for company members and i ...ovides most of the necessary informations to effectively approach conflict management.

...ity and ambiguity as terms influencing the 'Uncertainty domain' of project management dealing with the environment of projects, where the VUCA term as a whole is The 7th edition of the PMBOK guide describes 8 performance domains, which are relevant and important no matter which specific techniqu

...life, and awards, is crucial for project managers to increase project team performance. "Motivation can inspire, encourage, and stimulate individuals and project ... human needs, and provide a guide with their practical implication on team management. Starting from the theory of human motivation of A.H. Maslow, this paper sh

...ons on dealing with risks, whether they are threats or opportunities. Risk management is a cyclic five step process that establishes context, identifies, analyze ...rnational Organization for Standardization (2018), DS/ISO 31000:2018, Risk management - Guidelines, Retrieved from https://sd.ds.dk/Viewer?ProjectNr=M296412&Stat

...is explains why some refer to communication as ''the foundation of project management''.<ref name="Communication"> ''BG Zulch, Communication: The Foundation of Project Management,

...well as other contributors and has become a notable method in the world of management. <br>This theory is a problem-solving management method. TOC is based on an iterative method for improvement. It considers e

...(ranking the attribute generation, attribute weighting, attribute rating), performance evaluation and improvement<ref name="Should we make or buy"/>. ...gest that "practitioners should combine the resource-based view, strategic management and transaction cost economics theories in order to assess manufacturing lo

...gure based on ref 1)<ref name=Christian> Christian Thuesen (2022). Project management: Purpose.(How to scope a project) DTU ProjectLab. ''Reason for citation: On ...., & Cameron, W. S. (2015). What successful project managers do. MIT Sloan Management Review, 56(3), 43.</ref>This method develops the work packages in greater d

...ion processes, but also to every [[Wikipedia:project management|'''project management''']] taking place in almost every business function (operations, marketing, ... relevant metrics and measurement outcomes are further developed in the ‘Performance measure’ section.<ref name="NAVE"> Sonya Siderova, (2018). Last accessed

...of the Drexler/Sibbet Model''] ''https://www.thegrove.com/methodology/team-performance-model'' </ref> ...com/hotlink/pdf/id:kt012LZKY8/guide-project-management/drexler-sibbet-team-performance'' </ref>

... why this happens, one example is that individuals tend to loaf when their performance cannot be evaluated <Ref NAME="save2">Harkins, S. G. Social Loafing and Soc ...oafing to occur. Avoiding social loafing has immense importance to project management because this tendency can be detrimental to a project’s success.

...d in the manufacturing operations and has its roots in Toyota's production management principles. <ref name="LeanConstructionImplementation">Joy Ong, Low Sui Phe ...ontinuous learn-improve loop. This should assure a certain level of system performance that sustains a reliable workflow and controllable outcomes. Another differ

A SWOT analysis is an analytical tool when it comes to value-based management and strategy formulation to define '''strengths''', '''weaknesses''', '''op ...ttps://findit.dtu.dk/en/catalog/573d9cc25c2ecb1267000031''] ''Significance performance analysis based SWOT analysis

...olutions and monitoring their success. Using metrics routinely tracks new performance, measuring gains, to ensure that improvements are sustained, and not just t ...nic data "warehouse." The data reviewed includes everything from grades to performance on standardized tests. Data can be analyzed for individual students or stra

...ss in its integrity and no longer in its individual parts. Enterprise Risk Management is a new method posed as a solution in this analysis and will be the object [[File:Risk categorization.png|500px|thumb|right|'''Figure 1:''' Risk Management fields]]

...ody of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Fifth Edition ed., Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute, Inc., 2013.</ref> The organization structure causes the project ...of its complexity within the organization, it is needed that the executive management is engaged in making the matrix organization work and encouraging the funct

== Deep Uncertainty and Project, Program and Portfolio Management == ... applied <ref name="PMBOK2021"> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref>.

...apanese. To understand more about Lean manufacturing see [[Lean in Project Management]]. When teams want to implement lean and a lean mindset, Kanban can work as ...development of this specific method, an elaboration on its uses in project management and its features will also be enlightened, where the final point of the art

Project management is the planning, delegating, monitoring, and control of all the aspects of ...roject. This is done to achieve the project objectives within the expected performance targets. There are six aspects/variables involved in any project, and there

===Agile vs. waterfall management methodology=== ...s agile.PNG|thumb|left|1050px|Figure 1: Example of the waterfall and agile management methodology. The waterfall method is presented on the left and the agile me

...D.P Slevin- Critical success factors across the project lifecycle, Project Management Journal.</ref>. ...oject management and some modifications by PMBOK and PMI<ref>. The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) </ref>.

=The relation with Project Management= All project management teams can benefit from the Knowns and Unknows matrix. During the planning p

... “leadership” but, unfortunately, in many theories, the concepts of “management” and “leadership” remain equivalent. Management and Leadership styles are becoming more and more in focus in modern organiz

...=HBOIP> Galabova, B. (2018), ''Application of the SWOT-analysis in Project Management in Business Organizations. Science & Research'', 2(1), 21–26.</ref> The m ... Project Management (english) (pp. xxvi, 67, 274 Seiten (unknown). Project Management Institute, Inc.

...ebruary 14, 2022, from https://www.isixsigma.com/implementation/teams/high-performance-teams-understanding-team-cohesiveness/</ref> ...</ref> Given the importance of cohesiveness to a team's and organisation's performance, correct assessment of this construct is crucial; nevertheless, precise mea

...ndesired or byproducts of poor project management. This duality of project management is often described as dealing with a '''chaordic system''' <ref> Eijnatten, ...management but also contributes toward certain important task in portfolio management that will be explored later.

Lean project management's goal is to maximize value and minimize waste, preferably eliminate waste. ...t of objectives for the delivery process, that it is aimed to maximize the performance for the costumer, also at the project level. And lean applies production co

...ndesired or byproducts of poor project management. This duality of project management is often described as dealing with a '''chaordic system''' <ref> Eijnatten, ...management but also contributes toward certain important task in portfolio management that will be explored later.

</ref>. Moreover, this is linked and valid for the performance and efforts put into work. Social loafing is well studied and over and over of group size and group performance''. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 371–384. https://www

... why this happens, one example is that individuals tend to loaf when their performance cannot be evaluated <Ref NAME="save2">Harkins, S. G. Social Loafing and Soc ...oafing to occur. Avoiding social loafing has immense importance to project management because this tendency can be detrimental to a project’s success.

...a Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). Project Management Institute, Incorporated. </ref>. ...n. (2020). Project, program and portfolio management - Guidance on project management. (ISO 21502:2020). </ref><ref name="SDLC">Ruparelia, N. B. (2010). Software

...o identify the market of interest, the differentiation plan as well as the management systems required. In order to acquire endorsement from stakeholders and pr #Management Systems. Metrics and Systems that facilitate the capabilities and choices

...gate the necessities and needs of change management in relation to project management, since in practice these too cannot exist without each other's logical back ...allenge management wise. And change happened under the umbrella of project management. How did this actually happen?

...nship between performance and stress.|'''Figure 1: '''Relationship between performance and stress. ''Adapted from Cohen (1980). '' <ref name="Cohen"/>]] ...of the techniques for dealing with stress in the workplace are simply good management and human resource practices, not special stress reduction techniques. <ref

As a part of the ongoing development of our basic course on project management I am looking for wiki articles on specific tools and concepts within each o ...ut "Monte Carlo Simulations for Cost Estimation" (risks in project -> risk management -> risk assessment -> quantitative methods -> Monte Carlo simulation -> Mon

... values and visions to be pursued. Consequently, the portfolio and project management process has developed significantly in the last years, portfolio managers m ...Archer and F. Ghasemzadeh <ref name="DSS">International Journal of Project Management Volume 17, Issue 4, August 1999, Pages 207-216, An integrated framework for

|[[BCG Matrix in Portfolio Management]] |[[Perception filters in project management]]

...or example, to compare two offers for outsourcing contracts within Project Management, which is illustrated later in this article. Different results are obtained ...to compare later alternatives depending on their degree of fulfillment and performance.

... increase of the operating efficiency and hence an increase of the overall performance <ref name="thakkar"/>. Neglecting efficient organization of projects often ...scussing organization charts, organization of projects in an agile project management environment, and how the future organizational hierarchy trend might threat

...g and offer practical guidance for professionals seeking to optimize their management strategies. ...hared timing among team members, ultimately contributing to improved group performance and more effective collaboration.

... teams. Overcoming these barriers requires sustained effort, including top management support, effective communication, and a mindset of continuous improvement. ...o, T. (1991). Product development performance: strategy, organization, and management in the world auto industry. Harvard Business School Press, Boston</ref>. Wi

...ponsibility, such as communication, decision-making, problem-solving, time management, and emotional intelligence. Influential leaders must communicate the compa ...studies do not consider the project manager as a success factor in project management, the project's success is related to the project manager's ability to share

... Number (RPN) obtained from FMEA and contextualizes it within general risk management practices. The goal is to provide project, program, and portfolio managers == General introduction to Risk Management ==

The WBS (work breakdown structure) is a process used in project management to identify the scope of a project and all the associated tasks that must b ... team building. This led to WBS becoming one of the most important project management tools.

...lying the insights from the book to their project, platform, and portfolio management, project managers can enhance their ability to successfully complete projec ...ance of breaks, napping, exercise, and vacations on overall well-being and performance. The insights and tools presented in the book can help project managers to

Uncertainty is a common challenge in project, program, and portfolio management. It can arise from a variety of sources, including unforeseen risks and cha ...anaging uncertainty at different levels in project, program, and portfolio management will be provided.

...nd behaviors and understand how they impact oneself and others. In project management, self-awareness can be a powerful tool for improving productivity, building This article explores the benefits of self-awareness in project management and provides tips for project managers to develop their self-awareness. The

...have for modern day software development, what role CI/CD plays in project management with all its advantages. CI/CD is a crucial component of [[DevOps]] and any ...nd increasing team cooperation. CI/CD is also important in [[Agile Project Management]] and [[Scrum]] as it enables project teams to produce results faster and w

...sic motivation that is used by companies and organizations to increase the performance and productivity of the employees through external punishments or rewards. ... range of scenarios but also recognize that project, program and portfolio management is highly context-dependent. Thus, it is difficult to provide standardized

...anaged, and communicated. WBS components play an essential role in project management, planning, and control, defining relationships between scope, time, and cos ...ures in its The standard for project management and a guide to the project management body of knowledge (PMBOK guide) Seventh Edition as follows:<br />

... cycle, also known as the Deming cycle or the Shewhart cycle, is a project management method used to continuously improve the quality of a process or a product. ...hod is the Plan phase, which is one of the most important parts in project management. Indeed, that phase is very crucial because it is the moment where the foun

...<ref>Robbins, S. P., Coulter, M., & DeCenzo, D. A. (2016). Fundamentals of Management. Pearson Education.</ref> ...bach, J. R., & Smith, D. K. (2003). The Wisdom of Teams: Creating the High-Performance Organization. Harvard Business Press.</ref>

...is often a microeconomic approach that enables the calculation of economic performance indicators, offering an assessment of predicted welfare improvements, to an scenarios. The financial and economic performance indicators are calculated on the incremental cash flows only. <ref name="Eu

...'Project Management'']] [[Category:''Time Management'']] [[Category:''Self Management'']] [[Category:''Prioritization tool'']] ...Pat Brans, ''"Master the Moment - Fifty CEOs Teach You the Secrets of Time Management"'', Pat Brans, 2010 </ref> <ref name="PM"> Product Plan, ''"The Eisenhower

... of project management since having reliable data is necessary for project management. Despite this, limitations are still in place, such as managers’ resistan ... R. S. & Norton, D. P. (1992). The balanced scorecard: measures that drive performance. Harvard Business Review, vol 70, 71–80. </ref>. Organizations at the tim

Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) was firstly introduced by Israeli physicist, Eliyahu M. Goldratt in * '''Theory of Constraints''' <p>CCPM stands on the shoulders of the management philosophy “Theory of Constraints” (TOC). TOC finds the weakest link or

In this article, the project scheduling problem in project management will be introduced and followed with a discussion on the Resource-constrain *Performance Criteria (Potential reference: Herroelen et al., 1996)

...s, that an individual's personality traits will directly affect a person's performance and effectiveness inside an organization. It is therefore important to unde ...ore effective and productive team dynamic. Additionally, by adapting their management style to each team member's personality qualities, managers can increase te

...Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), 7th Edition. Project Management Institute. https://findit.dtu.dk/en/catalog/61f92f6644ccbf17cdd9f5c1 </ref> ...e organization. Being happy at your work and in your group leads to better performance resulting in better project and/or organizational outcomes. Promoting team

...plified Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), which is a project management tool used for the planning, scheduling and control of complex projects. This article starts with a brief introduction to the project management concept and the planning and estimating procedures.

...supports the identification and evaluation of critical aspects of building performance <ref name="Preiser">Preiser, W. F. E. (1995). Post-occupancy evaluation: ho ...e stages of project management mainly serves as a feedback provider on the performance of a building after construction and occupation.

...to daily operations) and portfolio (as the mean to enable diversification) management. Limitations of the tool are discussed through describing environments in w ...lightly adjusted to accommodate use case in project, program and portfolio management context. This form ensures high transparency of the satisficing concept and

...al Congress 2007—North America, Atlanta, GA. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.</ref>. ...SO"> ISO 21511:2018, ''Work breakdown structures for project and programme management'' (Committee: ISO/TC 258) </ref>. ISO 21511 standard provides guidance on t

...ject management itself, but also directly relates to program and portfolio management, as they are often the ones, deciding about human resources on a bigger sca ...agement. Personal competencies define how a project manager behaves in his management position. It is built out of the six units communicating, leading, managing

... PMBOOK guide 7th Edition </ref>. It is, indeed, a quantitative measure of performance or outcome that provides a basis for comparison, evaluation, or improvement .... Thereby, knowing specifically what to measure when it comes to portfolio management is a must to ensure the future of the organization.

...ing informed and improved decisions regarding resource allocation and risk management. By tracking specific metrics, portfolio managers can determine which progr ...ttps://thinkingportfolio.com/en/7-key-kpis-for-effective-project-portfolio-management/ </ref>

...rticle critically reviews RDM, its principles, and applications in project management. The article suggests that RDM enables project managers to effectively addr ...environmental management. Today, RDM is an established approach in project management, recognized for its ability to help project managers making well-informed a

Effective project management is strongly connected to self-awareness. It allows project managers to unde ... harmful as they can create biases and limit one's perspective. In project management, this can translate into a lack of empathy towards team members, disregard

...ia Planko, Jasper van den Brink and Adri Kohler: Sustainability in project management: Grower Publishing Limited, Surrey, England, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4094-3169-5. ...ain Management. Sustainability and the role of Operations and Supply Chain Management </ref> ]]In order to get a broader perspective, sustainability can be defin

...ns of command. Matrix management differs from the similar multidimensional management style, in which many simultaneous dimensions are considered beyond the func ...ions were maintained, but with the added element of equally strong project management strategies. Project managers within NASA would henceforth report to the hea

A crucial component of project, program, and portfolio management is responding to change requests. Change requests are frequent in today's f ...informing stakeholders. Impact analysis is a crucial element in the change management process since it aids in determining how changes will affect the project's

...s, failures, and cancellations. These issues can stem from inadequate risk management practices in projects, such as risk identification and decision-making.<ref ...utcome of a project is closely linked to the effectiveness of project risk management.<ref name="risk19"/>

...rship model developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard while they wrote “Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources.”'' ...managers to make decisions about resource allocation, prioritization, risk management and leadership style. There are however different limitations to the model

...implementation of sustainability in their processes is sustainable project management. ...top management to local initiatives at employee level. Sustainable Project management can help execute and communicate a systematized inclusion of sustainability

...imitations of the model's applicability in Project, Program, and Portfolio Management contexts, offering valuable insights to consider while applying the model. ...of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) – 7th Edition and The Standard for Project Management. ISBN:978-1-62825-664-2</ref>, which notes that a collaborative project tea

...eration along the project lifecycle<ref name ="Rolling Wave main"> Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI)., ''"The PDMA ToolBook 3 for New Product Development" ...Implementing a Learning Plan to Counter Project Uncertainty "'', MIT Sloan Management review, Winter 2008</ref>. At the same time, project environments reflect a

...nmental impact or invest in a company with an overall better environmental performance compared to the alternatives. ...rinciples and guidelines about PM such as the ones provided by the Project Management Institute. This article focuses on the steps that should be carried out to

...ion of the article will be dedicated to agile principles and agile project management – what it is and how it works. In the second part, the classical stage-ga ...manufactured new products is faster, more responsive, Industrial Marketing Management, Volume 59, 2016, Pages 167-180, ISSN 0019-8501, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.

...ng increasingly popular as a way to reduce social loafing and improve team performance. ...ns it as a planned improvement to the conventional practice of performance management.

...tandard for Risk Management in Portfolios, Programs, and Projects. Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI). Retrieved from ...anagement</ref>. Effective risk management is an important part of project management and involves identifying potential risks, assessing their likelihood and im

...ased on a different ontological interpretation of the landscape of project management than the PMBOK guide. Application of reference class forecasting entails s ...e method Flyvbjerg has developed to reduce the impact of biases in project management, with a focus on the biases involved in forecasting. Limitations to the vie

...ccessful project with regard to new product development, efficient project management is a key factor. A simple method to secure this is by executing projects th ... Stage Gate process can be used as a powerful method for efficient project management. Furthermore, the stages and gates will be described.

...g a supportive and trusting environment, project managers can enhance team performance, productivity, and ultimately, the success of the project, without being ov ..., 3) encouraging a culture of continuously improving, 4) developing a risk management plan, and 5) seeking external opinions to help to set realistic expectation

This article is about innovation management in project. ...djustments as necessary to ensure continued success. Successful innovation management helps organizations stay ahead of the competition, improve customer satisfa

...tyle and effectiveness of an individual. This is highly related to project management since every team within an organization, e.g. a team of people working toge [[Category:Project Management]]

...sed by many functions, not only by management, although good leadership in management positions will cause a positive and more noticeably impact in the organizat ...am, with top-bottom approaches that often would be exercised through micro-management and lack of trust in the employee. With the development of organizational s

... of all the developing tasks and provides a structured approach to project management, allowing organizations to identify and address potential problems early on ...o the most promising ideas, promoting cross-functional collaboration, risk management, and continuous improvement, which are essential for successful innovation.

...epperd, J.A. , 2001, Multiple Perspectives on the Effects of Evaluation of Performance: Toward an Integration </ref>. This phenomenon can lead to a discrepancy be Looking at the phenomenon from a project management angle, team effectiveness is a major part of any project involving multiple

...is leans upon the expectancy theory of motivation, where efforts lead to a performance, resulting in an outcome. War rooms create an overview for teams, assisting ...hould be collaborative and adaptable spaces that support effective project management and facilitate communication and collaboration among team members. However,

...g process in relation to project selection, prioritization as well as risk management. Decision tree analysis can assist managers and other people responsible fo Risk is an inherent aspect in project management, and each decision has its own level of risk. Therefore, it is crucial to e

*Self-Management *Relationship Management

...ups.png|300px|thumb|text-bottom|right|Figure 1: Teams vs groups in project management. Adapted from <ref name="GVT"/>]] ...the reader to the main differences between groups and teams in the project management field itself, explaining how the members interact and coordinate the tasks

...ond">[''Richardson, P. and Denton, D. K. (2005).''] ''How to create a high performance team.'' </ref> This article focuses on ...'Tuckman's stages of group development. (2023, January 29).'' </ref>, high performance teams that possessed attributes like strong leadership, clear goals, and a

.../www.slideshare.net/robtoledo/from-balanced-scorecard-to-project-portfolio-management</ref>]] Management of change is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams, pro

... studied. Since then, several fields, including psychology, sociology, and management, have examined and disputed this effect in great detail.<ref name="Gale2004 ...ngs of each of them, and introduce how these learnings are used in project management theory and tools today. Please be aware, that the Hawthorne Studies' validi

Analytics and project management are two related fields that can be used together to drive business success. ...he context of project management, analytics can be used to monitor project performance, identify trends and patterns, and make data-driven decisions about project

...eir contributions are not appreciated; to counter this tendency in project management project managers should work to define roles and responsibilities, set clea ...ts do not have a substantial impact. To combat social loafing in portfolio management, managers can ensure team members understand both the overall portfolio obj

This article will go into detail abound micromanagement in project management, and which negative effects it can have on project success. ... seriously affect many factors at an workplace and thereby also in project management.

...cle will explain the purpose of risk assessment, its placement in the risk management process as well as the purpose of the tool usage. This is followed by a tho ...MEA. <ref name=Handbook_MME>Ben-Daya, M. (2009). ''Handbook of Maintenance Management and Engineering'' </ref>.

... can result in lowered productivity and feelings of resentment towards the management. Moreover, creativity and innovation can be abated, if employees do not fee ...them <ref name="Kreye"> Melanie E. Kreye, ''Reading Material'', (42543 – Management of Change, 2020), 52-53.</ref> <ref name="O'Connor"> Edward J. O’Connor

When it comes to project management, evaluating the success of a project is a critical piece of the puzzle. To ...ement Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). 6th ed. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute, Inc.</ref>.

...models that rely on power dynamics, transformational leadership in project management places the project manager in a role model position. It is no longer suffic Specifically, within the realm of project management, transformational leadership helps managers rally their teams around a comm

...ement PMO systems, leading to improved project outcomes and organisational performance. ...tion-guide-beginners/project-management-vs-program-management-vs-portfolio-management/</ref>

...eting held at the end of a project or iteration to reflect on the team’s performance and identify areas for improvement. The purpose is to facilitate continuous ...ospective meeting. These include setting the stage, evaluating the project performance, brainstorming potential improvements, and prioritizing recommended actions

... <ref Name="Kahachi"> Kahachi, H. A. H. (2017). Sustainability and Project Management – The Drivers and Benefits. ''Wasit Journal of Engineering Sciences, 5(1) ...on for Standardization (ISO). (2021). ISO 21500:2021 - Guidance on project management. Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/50003.html </ref>.

...is mainly to evaluate the importance and value of due diligence in project management. Due diligence is a crucial component of project planning and the decision- ...to the limitations and challenges associated with due diligence in project management. The method will be evaluated based on the potential benefits such as impro

It was published in 1939 by Harvard University Press under the name "Management and the Worker" by F. J. Roethlisberger, and is was considered "the most ou ...ific fields, including sociology, organizational behaviour, human resource management, industrial engineering, and experimental psychology.

...ies. The use of incentives in contracts has been shown to lead to improved performance and increased efficiency. For example, firms that use incentive-based compe ...ve contracts can also pose challenges in implementation, such as measuring performance and mitigating moral hazard.

Project War Rooms are a critical tool in project management as they provide a central location for project teams to work together and m ...ed are crisis management and project management. In the context of project management, a war room is a space where a team of people come together to work on a pr

...nization <ref name="Stobierski" />. It may also be employed to compare the performance of various projects and identify which should be given priority in the futu ...mitation should be taken into consideration when using ROI to evaluate the performance of a project.

...g a schedule. The critical path and critical chain are relevant to project management as these enable the project manager to properly manage the project schedule ...y." Accessed May 5, 2023. https://www.proofhub.com/articles/critical-chain-management. </ref>

...and easier. To conclude, cost estimation is a crucial component of project management that ensures that tasks are completed on time and within budget, alternativ ...deeper into cost estimation and its significance in effective project cost management.[3],[4]

...rtfolios are finished on time and within budget, which ultimately improves performance and helps the firm achieve its objectives. Cost planning in project management establishes the necessary funding and resources to complete the project. Pr

An important part of successful project management is about emotional intelligence and soft skills, such as motivation and com ...prives from. Moreover, it will relate the term to state-of-the-art project management processes and how it can be applied within such.

'''Diversity – in project management''' ...tical component of project success. Therefore, it is essential for project management teams to create a work environment that is inclusive and mindful of diversi

1.“Effective Communication for Project Management" by Michael Campbell and Michael F. O'Brochta 2.“Project Communication Management in Complex Environments" by Ginger Levin and J. LeRoy Ward

...o Management'']][[Category:''Risk Management'']] [[Category:''Project Risk Management'']] [[Category:''Uncertainty'']] ...ement, or across an entire portfolio of projects and programs in portfolio management.</span></p>

...verybody, but a basic understanding of fundamental elements within Project Management is advised. ...monitoring and closure of projects. The other standard is PMBOK® (Project Management Body of Knowledge) <ref name=''PMBOK''> ''https://www.pmi.org/pmbok-guide-s

The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Guide defines scope creep as: ...al Congress 2009—North America, Orlando, FL. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. (Accessed: 5th May 2023)</ref>.

...ce of teamwork for companies, as successful teamwork not only benefits the performance of a team or a project but also improves employee satisfaction and happines ...s can improve the team performance drastically and even improve individual performance such as communication or the interpersonal performances like better cohesio

...er performance, opportunities, which are external factors that can improve performance, and threats, which are external factors that could negatively impact a bus ...for identifying areas needing improvement, making key strategic decisions, performance overhauls, development of products, market competition overview, and more.

Project management and program management involves a tedious process of coming up with a feasible solution to stakeho ...ized in project management, change management, organizational development, performance evaluation and consumer research.

...ed as an analytical tool in strategic management, brand marketing, product management, and portfolio analysis. ...de between this matrix and other comparable matrices employed in portfolio management, such as the McKinsey matrix.

...criteria, also known as key performance indicator (KPI<ref> N.a (2019) Key Performance Indicator (KPI)- http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Key_performance_i ...imarily depends on how the value function is defined. For use in portfolio management, the value function could be defined based on how well a given project meet

Effective time management is a vital skill in project management as it involves handling multiple tasks while prioritizing and planning them This article explores several time management theories as The Pickle Jar theory, Parkinson’s Law, and Eisenhower matrix

... given his own interpretation of Eisenhower method, also known as the Time Management Matrix. ...ut to the project team. Furthermore, the tool can complement other Project Management methods, such as PRINCE2, due to similarities in their principles and aims.

...ructure should align with the strategic plan for project/program/portfolio management. This can depend on factors such as the amount of innovation needed, the te ...oner fungerer, Chapter 8'' <ref name="dag" /> and ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge'' <ref name="PMBOK " />).]]

...ightens how adapting the Agile value can be used in the context of project management, to help when the context of a project changes or proactively seek adaptati ...t and sudden changes might be needed, which Agile accounts for. From a top management perspective, Agile working motivates the employees by giving them responsib

...owever, will focus on identifying the characteristics that represents high performance teams. ...istinguish high performance teams and not a direct tool for achieving high performance.

...pact on the project, the team’s motivation and productivity, and overall performance. Different leadership styles can be used, as not all projects are the same ...encies, although external competencies such as quality management and risk management are as important. A case study is made to show how personality types and co

...valuate, lower, and eliminate risks. This results in a functioning quality management system that minimizes the expense of error-reduction efforts and the impact ...ce, and eliminate risks. This process contributes to a functioning quality management system in which the cost of eliminating errors and the impact of an error a

...nomenon of strategic misinterpretation and its impact on communication and management. 6 Flyvbjerg B (2021) [https://arxiv.org/abs/2202.00125] == Impact of strategic misinterpretation in management ==

...t managers deal with the paradoxes when they arise. The paradox of project management is a concept that may seem illogical or counterintuitive but is still consi ==The Big Idea: Why understand paradoxes of project management?==

...ng article on the DTU Wiki page of Advanced Project, Program and Portfolio Management (APPPM) [[Psychological safety as a key factor to quality and productivity ...ams is psychological safety. The term psychological safety is in a project management context used to describe an environment where team members can freely expre

Work break down structure is a project management tool that breaking down complex project into phases, deliverables and work ...ment Institute (PMI). For project, it is one of the most important project management tools that integrates scope, cost and schedule baselines ensuring that proj

Benefit Realization Management (BRM) is a critical discipline that plays a vital role in ensuring organiza ...chniques and tools used and guidelines when practicing Benefit Realization Management.

.... Therefore, it can be said that professional managers with cross-cultural management skills are the inevitable and necessary product of the current era. The lik ...ject team, enhancing communication and collaboration, and adapting project management strategies to meet the cultural needs of team members. This theoretical fra

This article is about innovation management in project. ...djustments as necessary to ensure continued success. Successful innovation management helps organizations stay ahead of the competition, improve customer satisfa

Initially created by George T. Doran in the Management Review, SMART is the acronym for the tool: '''S'''pecific '''M'''easurable ... ways that they can easily be combinable with other methodological project management tools like Gantt charts, FMEA, etc. having a flexible application regardles

...e and the standard for project management (PMBOK guide) (7th ed.). Project Management Institute, Inc. https://findit.dtu.dk/en/catalog/2702860479 </ref>. ==Management==

...://community.mis.temple.edu/mis0855002fall2015/files/2015/10/S.M.A.R.T-Way-Management-Review.pdf, Retrieved March 20, 2022</ref>. The main purpose of the tool wa ... ways that they can easily be combinable with other methodological project management tools like Gantt charts, SWOT tools, FMEA, etc., and having a flexible appl

... outcomes and productivity when handling conflicts appropriately. Conflict management relates to preventing conflicts from happening and resolving conflicts befo ...anagement by emphasising the different MBTI types' preferences in conflict management related to identification of potential conflicts and finding a resolution t

... the project manager can get a obtain a holistic view of the project's key performance indicators and success factors. =AHP for Project management=

...of supply chain management. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 3(2), 174-214. </ref>. ...sed in forecasting and on how organizations can optimize supply chains and management of projects through their use.

...The Balanced Scorecard. The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that organizations and managers can use to connect the strategic obj The Balanced Scorecard helps managers to expand their view and review performance not only from a measurable financial aspect, but to a more holistic approac

...l for project managers when communicating project progress to e.g., senior management, program, or portfolio managers, since it makes the work progress explicit ===Relation to project management===

...ship to understand and properly manage their teams to achieve the expected performance. ...s, and portfolios, suggesting different models and tools for each level of management.

...the application and reflections while also stating the relation to project management and how it can be beneficial for project managers. ...mmunicating and seeking consultation, generating work products, monitoring performance and enhancing interpersonal relationships (Hindle, 1998; Hood, 2013; Seller

...ct Management" <ref name="Bias in project management">“Biases in Project Management - apppm.”<http://wiki.doing-projects.org/index.php/Biases_in_Project_Mana ..., encouraging them to ask questions, and providing incentives based on job performance and meeting deadlines. Moreover, companies can inspire their workers by enc

...ing a high level of customer satisfaction. In continuation of Value Stream Management, a definition of Value Stream and a description of the tools Value Stream S The article will dive into Value Stream management approaches of delivering value and streamlining the workflow. This will inc

... Project, Program, and Portfolio Management (PPM) within the Agile Project Management. Using agile methodologies such as prototyping can help project teams to id ...more frequently, respond to changes, and ultimately enhance their business performance. This methodology is useful for breaking down complex projects into managea

Uncertainty is a critical factor in project, program, and portfolio management. It can impact all aspects of a project, program, or portfolio, such as sco ...ing uncertainty is an essential aspect of project programme, and portfolio management and is indispensable in order to ensure the success of the operations withi

...fficiency and delivery better results for costumer’s needs. Lean project management focuses on removing obstacles in the project plan to speed up the project b ...ment has 3 principal sources of waste: Muda, Mura, and Muri. Lean project management seeks to eliminate all 3 sources of waste.

...implementation of sustainability in their processes is sustainable project management. ...management to local initiatives at the employee level. Sustainable Project management can help execute and communicate a systematized inclusion of sustainability

...essment in sustainability projects and how project, program, and portfolio management methodologies can be adapted to prioritize sustainability. ...ieving SDGs <ref> Ahi, P., Searcy, C., & Kramar, R. (2021). Sustainability performance measurement and reporting: A systematic review. Journal of Cleaner Producti

...task performance: A preliminary study. ''South African Journal of Business Management, 51(1)''. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v51i1.1832 </ref> According to Rath ...unicating with stakeholders. The managers may improve internal stakeholder performance and engagement by using a strengths-based approach to unlock each individua

...ent Office (PMO) to promote psychological safety as a way to seek the best performance of teams. Two main issues for the PMO arise i) how is TPS achieved and; ii) ...istics of the perfect team. The quality of a team is defined by its direct performance and the working relationships (both within the team and externally in the o

.... Taking these principles into account offers many advantages, from better performance and innovation to a more pleasant working environment. ...m solutions, which are best suited for project management. Indeed, project management presents unique diversity and inclusion challenges due to the typically tig

...s challenging issues within the context of project, program, and portfolio management and result in more comprehensive solutions and increased team member satisf ...e. <ref name="PMIGuide"/> <ref name="Kerzner"> Kerzner, H. (2017). Project Management - A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (12th Edition

...ct Management Handbook, 2nd ed. (pp. 323-330). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref>. While conflict can be beneficial in the workplace at time == Understanding Conflict in Project Management ==

'''''War Rooms in Project Management refers to a designated physical or virtual space used to bring together key project management tools and technologies, such as project management software, whiteboards, and visual aids, to support effective communication

... technique has been found to be effective in many areas, including project management.<ref name="wiki-doing"/> Self-management is important in project management because it allows individuals to effectively manage their time, prioritize