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A blue ocean strategy is a tool used to gaining a competitive advantage, it is a strategy used to create a uncontested market space and make the compet The strategy canvas is the first tool, it is used to diagnose where in the current market competitors are focused on

...ers must deal with when doing projects in functional organizations and how it compares to other organizational structures. Projects are generally complex ...r to discuss the role of the project manager in a functional organization, it is necessary to understand what a functional organization is. The next sect

...nd unique constructions increases, and the risk for failure increases with it. Furthermore, the nature of construction projects, with their high value, l In order to carry out a successful project, it is advantageous to make the project more transparent, optimize the process

Since 2000’s it has been observed a continuous growth of complexity in projects<ref> V. R. In a first view of the searched articles it was noticed that “SNA” was used as keyword in “Social Network Analysi

...ctivities and tasks required to complete a project. WBS is essential since It reduces the number of surprises and furthermore, improves the ability to ma ...planning is seen as being an essential part of the process. When using WBS it will become the backbone of the project of an organization. The management

...method is widely used by the companies even if just a small percentage use it as the dominant. This example will be analyzed and the information obtained from it will be explained; this will be helpful to have a general idea on the pra

...te”'''. Giving insights into the plausible “ideal future state” that it seeks to improve the overall stream of value. ...permarkets in which he could choose exactly what he wanted and how much of it. That idea was efficient as well as timely saver for him and where to becom

...ing projects, whose purpose is to improve and stabilize a current process, it is advantageous to apply the DMAIC-framework. The abbreviation DMAIC stands ...t and its limitations so the scope of the project is well-defined. If not, it is almost impossible to measure and improve, if you do now know where to st

The managers can now be placed onto the Power/Interest Table. It is important that all stakeholders are placed. The higher the stakeholder i ... analysis which can be used is the Organisational Political Map Technique. It involves analysing who can affect a decision and where they stand within th

... to create a pitch in an optimal way will be the analysis of this article. It will explain how to get to the best way of preparing for a presentation of ...present himself and his idea(s) before the investor and the way to prepare it beforehand will be as well explained below. The explanation will follow the

... and equipment. Proper resource management is important in this matter, as it must ensure that people are not overloaded with work, and that time is effe

...out as many ways of leading people, as there are leaders. One way of doing it, is through an adaptive leadership style, where the style of leadership is ...rements for personal competences among the project members are higher, and it is therefore essential to pair the right style of leadership with the devel

...the benefits with the interest and the vision statement of the company and it, also, strongly increases the possibility that they will be gained. Firstly, it is important to understand whether a project, program or portfolio manageme

...ct-management/scope-control/</ref> The advantage of control scope is that it allows the baseline to be maintained throughout the entire project. Without ...remental change in the project scope by adding elements to the project, or it has not been completely defined due to poor design of the project. Figure 1

...s. The manpower cost is higher, because it must be highly specialized, and it has to adapt its knowledge depending on the site and the project to be impl '''provide guidance on how to use the tool, concept or theory and when it is applicable ?'''

... in the team and how to prioritize (Kilde: How to DO projects). Therefore, it is crucial to agree on a common way of doing this. SCRUM meetings including ...o define project priorities when determinating the critical path of tasks. It allows for all team members to give inputs to the project planning and exec

... is embedded in many aspects of project, program and portfolio management. It is present in decision making for project integration and complexity, scope ...ult in jeopardizing the outcome of an action or even of the whole project. It is worth mentioning that uncertainty is not only a part of project manageme

... Project Management course (42429 F18)</ref>. Before a project is started, it is important to reflect on the possible factors that can influence the proj ...his section will first describe what uncertainty really is as well as link it to risk management. Furthermore, the different types of uncertainty will be

...lity of resources, while also promoting a Relay Race culture in mentality, it increases productivity and performance. The method is based on the Theory o ...OC) and in Dr. Goldratt’s third book, named “Critical Chain” (1997), it was introduced into Project Management.<ref>http://www.wseas.us/e-library/c

Recovery Project Management is very useful tool when it comes to treating troubled projects as other project management methodologi ...very Project Management is the methodology for managing troubled projects. It was created by professor Harold Kerzner, PhD - American engineer, retired S

...e importance and historical development of Gantt Chart usage is explained. It is really nice paper to read in order to investigate the relation between t .../ref> Regarding the essential aim of the article, it can be mentioned that it will simply explains the concept of Gantt Chart and its usage by providing

|[[The briefing problem and how to solve it]]

Programs can become very complicated as they evolve. It can be easy for individual projects to lose track of the program goal. A pr ...f a program to achieve the program’s strategic objectives and benefits. It involves aligning multiple projects to achieve the program goals and allows

For a construction company to achieve success is it important to have good planning within the business. Most planes are based ...ty” a common denominator. When choosing to applying scenario planning is it common to follow some common characteristics and elements divided into phas

...nd tasks needed to be done. Even for the most experienced project managers it can be a bit of a challenge to control the huge amount of complexity in a p This article analyses the Critical Path Method. It takes a closer look at how to use the method and discus the advantages and

...disasters like an uninhabitable building or a building tearing down. Thus, it is important to consider the different quality management systems that will ...ity Management - that should be followed to obtain high-quality buildings. It, however, focuses its attention mainly on third-party certifications for su

...and the engineering firms Parson & SIP. However, the partnering concept as it is known today was first introduced by the US Corps of Army Engineers in th ...s a minimum of a client, an engineer or architect and an entrepreneur, but it can also include investors, the government etc. The partners work together

...e for a large part of the world’s total energy and resource consumption. It is therefore highly crucial that practitioners ensure a sustainable develop ...base the work on some ambitious and long-term visions. Only in this way is it possible to speed up the development and achieve the necessary conversion o

... demonstrates how a team need to be constructed to be successful, and what it takes to make the group of a temporary but complex project work together as possible. The article will look into what differences it makes, when the organization is not only temporary but also

...fferent terms; environment, biology, geology, economy, etc. And now we see it making its entry in the rather conservative construction industry as well. It is important to note that the formal QMS and QUENSH does not contradict one

...arry out a project or a work himself or another person or an organization. It means client is anyone having construction or building work carried out as ...se or furtherance of a business, carries out or manages construction work. It means in construction he is the man who responsible day to day happening in

... CCC, when is it the right choice, what is the optimal location and how is it used by the construction sites? All this will be covered in a Wiki-article, ...s possible to protect the materials better, when they are stored in a CCC. It is easy the keep them save and dry, since they are stored indoor.

.... It is difficult to change the plan as the project progresses which makes it vulnerable to delays. The adaptive life cycle on the other hand makes a rou When it comes to schedule managing methods in construction there are two overall wa

...lead to delay and loss of value. One vital gain from applying VSM, is that it provides a common language when talking about processes, and allowing peopl Value stream mapping (VSM) originated in the manufacturing industry. It was developed by <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To

...rojects espacially in construction process and in construction projects as it is technical demanding and the teams are large and diverse <ref>[''http://w ... should reach the same goal – construction e.g. a building. As a leader it is important to be able to motivate and lead in a direction which the led w

...ley-Blackwell, 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. It is important to investigate the causes of the arising problems, as well fin * Measuring the temperature of the concrete during casting and check if it fulfills specifications.

...se to have both dependent activities as well as interdependent activities. It means that the information flow is not necessarily linear but can be cyclic ...or the design scenario. It was later called Dependency Structure Matrix as it went from being useful mostly for the information flow during the design ph

...ce of quality level will be obtained is beneficial for stakeholders, since it enhances trust. Quality assurance is therefore an important factor cultivat ...sess in order to avoid bad publicity. In order to improve quality practice it is possible to continually assess the quality management systems, through c

...h other, it is important to know both what project sponsorship is and what it is not (this will be discussed later in the section "Relationship with the ...rstand that a project I recently sponsored was not nearly as successful as it could have been—partly due to my not having understood my role as a spons

...efore to reach the deadlines, a satisfied and economical satisfied result, it is t necessary to have a written well-organized plan. Especially the part t ...used in many construction cases but since the world changes in innovation, it is now possible to upgrade the CPM and make use of the 3D construction mode

...warding materiel or work from one process to the next, at the moment where it is required at the succeeding process. Thus, reducing work-in-process inven - Establish a pull from the costumer. Do not produce until it is needed.

...an choose the option to make the tendering a two-stage tendering and/or if it should be a sealed bid action. ...ecially the case in construction due to the high levels of uncertainty and it is highest in the early stages of the project. Another purpose of competiti

...uality and climate change by 2030. In the pursuit of reaching these goals, it is inevitable for business to take action. One essential thought behind the ...ss.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/019104_SDG_Compass_Guide_2015.pdf</ref> It is particularly important that a company is fully capable of identifying al

... a reverse auction system.<ref name="Winch"></ref> The e-procurement makes it possible for the client to send out project specifications digitally and fo ...nd invite relevant suppliers to the given project. These portals also make it possible for the suppliers to advertise services, which may otherwise be un

...t is something temporary, which is granted with a beginning and an end, so it is basically meant to die. However a operation is something which continuou The historical creation of the PBS is unknown. However it is known that PBS is a tool which contributes to the Work breakdown structu

...arge resources for a project means assigning of great responsibilities. So it is common that a single contractor will not take the whole responsibilities ...sks corresponding to the specific parts of the civil engineering projects. It is of highly interest how construction business deals with risk management,

...rticipants have the necessary information available when they need it, and it is always updated. <ref> Building Smart. (2014). BuildingSmart: Hva er Åp ...ticipants do not only see their own model and discipline, but also see how it is coherent with other disciplines. A basis for BIM transformation is that

...future cannot be predicted, but preparations can be made for surprises and it can be developed ability to respond to them when they happen. Risk manageme ...ct the overall decision-making strategy and how to respond on that effect. It can then be used to reduce the potential threats and risks. The risk profil

...means of planning. Nowadays AEC Industry is in a transitional phase, where it tries to shift from "2D-based documentation and staged delivery processes t ... to adequately bridge the gap between design, construction and scheduling. It is quite common by using the traditional methods of planning like [[Gantt C

...ll is the construction industry still lagging behind other industries when it comes to adopting new digital technologies <ref> Rob Leslie-Carter, John Mc ...s the purpose to imitate the nature's evolutionary approach to design thus it is a radical new way of doing design propositions compared to the tradition

...ecause of its ability to facilitate informed objective decision making and it's flexibility stemming from the time related inputs and outputs. ...n of the cost of the entire project at completion. It should be noted that it is the '''CPI''' that rules whether or not the forecast has a negative or a

...dversarial relations dynamic as well as the over engineering dynamic. Last it will present the manner in which the construction industry has attacked thi ...orks conceived by others which could be subject to an independent control. It was for the first time that the client could effectively transfer some of t

...ze the briefing process as well as the feedback and the disclosure process it is possible to avoid the briefing problem. The feedback and the disclosure ...me="Cooper"> D. Bouchlaghem, Y. Rezgui, M. Hassanen, G. Cooper, D. Rose. ''IT tools and support for improved briefing''. http://www.irbnet.de/daten/icond

...sents an aspect of utmost importance for the cost planning of the project. It is ...ts business. In this wiki article, the questions of what cash flow is, how it has

...isk can take place. Although it is one of the key elements in the process, it is also one of the less defined, and often a neglected element. ... inaccuracy, instability, inconsistency, or incompleteness of assumptions. It is also possible to use cause and effect diagrams, flow charts and influenc

...t is something temporary, which is granted with a beginning and an end, so it is basically meant to die. However an operation is something that continuou The currently state of the art when it comes to construction, is the industrialized construction e.g. prefabricate

It is discussed how proper management in this stage of the project can help pr ...t be reduced. Moreover, in the USA there is a similar plan till year 2030. It is not only Europe but all around the world there will appear sustainable b

...ncing is the complex nature of the concept, which makes it hard to define. It is important that alliancing parties has a common understanding of the conc ...certainty makes room for ineffective and cross-purposed discussion. Hence, it is preferable to have common understanding of the concept. This is hard to

...t to proceed with a construction project and any project in general. Also, it stands as a key element for choosing between alternative construction proje ... overall return of the project and sometimes could also lead in cancelling it. The estimation for the construction costs needs to include the following m

...troducing risk management. With early realization of possible risk sources it is possible to mitigate high costs that other wise can threaten the project In order to manage risk and uncertainty it is important to understand four elements of the risk management process of

...cle will be presented. Lastly, the strong owner concept will be presented, it is a framework looking at projects from the client's perspective. ...erised the project manager as the 'manager in the middle', in this context it is between the client and the resource bases.

...sents an aspect of utmost importance for the cost planning of the project. It is ... perhaps an allocation of construction cost over an s-curve distribution). It is only when the main contractor is appointed, a master programme prepared

...on making is one of the most important tasks in the management process and it is often a very difficult one. When having knowledge regarding the states o .../or several outcomes arising at each stage of the decision-making process, it is therefore useful in analyzing multi-stage decision processes. The number

... op against each other. When there are diverse cultures in an organization it is very essential for the leader or leaders to have the necessary power in ... about referent power will often take considerable time to develop because it depends on trust theirs has been build trough time. In a workforce with fas

...-Blackwell; 2010; "Managing Construction Projects; Second edition "</ref>. It is important to investigate the causes of the arising problems, as well as * Measuring the temperature of the concrete during casting and check if it fulfills specifications.

...efore to reach the deadlines, a satisfied and economical satisfied result, it is t necessary to have a written well-organized plan. Especially the part t ...used in many construction cases but since the world changes in innovation, it is now possible to upgrade the CPM and make use of the 3D construction mode

...e to reach the deadlines with a satisfied and a economical pleased result, it is necessary to have a written well-organized plan. Especially the part of ... use of the 3D construction model and the time schedule which is linked to it, that gives 4D-Planning.The methods CPM and 4D-Planning will be explained,

...in a project can be defined as “an uncertain event or condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on at least one project objective ...nt]] is a daily, on-going process all throughout a project’s life-cycle. It consists in identifying, assessing, analyzing and prioritizing risks in ord

...warding materiel or work from one process to the next, at the moment where it is required at the succeeding process. Thus, reducing work-in-process inven * Establish a pull from the costumer. Do not produce until it is needed.

It discusses how proper management in this stage of the project can help provi ...</ref> all buildings constructed in Europe must be net zero Energy (nZEB). It not only means that the energy demand will be close to zero but also the co

...on making is one of the most important tasks in the management process and it is often a very difficult one. When having knowledge regarding the states o .../or several outcomes appear at each stage of the decision -making process, it is therefore convenient in analyzing multi-stage decision processes. The nu

...lid 2px #16898b; width: 20%; height: 200px;" |'''3. Scheduling: When to do it?:''' ...solid 2px #16898b; width: 20%; height: 200px;" |'''6. Improving: Can we do it better?:'''

...tion document is a statement made before the planning of a project begins. It is made to articulate the scope and the extent of the project.

...velopment was made in 2015 in the UN with 194 participating member states. It is a set of seventeen aspirational global goals for developing the world in

...ain a fixed and good purpose, which is inspiring and motivating as well as it creates value for the organisation.<ref name="vidal">Vidal R. (2005). The F “I think we are somehow designing the future here. Building it up piece by piece as in a workshop.

... to use it as the main guidance document throughout the project and adjust it when required. ... or was focusing predominantly on what was being built, rather than on how it would be used.

...ical and organizational uncertainties, which only vary in their intensity, it is key for the project manager to select suitable tools to manage them.[2] #'''Implement''' - Development of the product and launching it on the market

Scoping is a useful tool in the beginning of a project, and while it is ongoing, to see if any new dilemmas has occurred. This process is best d ...ree months? The further you get in the project, the more you will know but it also describes the difficulty of knowing how many resources are needed. By

... This article will mainly exemplify GBS applied in project management, but it should be noted that the methodology is equally applicable in program and p ...HAT and HOW they produce their products and services, but also WHY they do it, made Apple the supreme competitor on the market. <ref>Simon Sinek, Start W

...de-offs are so called priority of the project’s objectives. In projects, it can be necessary to make a compromise. For instance, you can’t spend any ... suppliers to keep the cost at the minimum (performance) but the fact that it is actually happening in practice has to be ensured by the manager (conform

Despite the fact that it is such a common tool, Roger Atkinson, amongst many other academics and pra ..., thus there is progress but it isn’t automatically success for instance it doesn’t measure customer satisfaction.

...a method. It’s done by including new quantitative KPIs as well as mixing it with qualitative KPIs. Inter-organizational co-operation and partnership, s

...roject management.<ref name="BodOfKnow1"/> One of the keys to success when it comes to the achievement of project objectives is goal setting.<ref name="k ...ciency can tell if the project is likely to thrive, or just survive, or if it is more likely to die/fail.<ref name="lecturegoal"/>

... not only due to the project itself but depend as well on the organization it is done within – a topic some of their advices deal with. Nevertheless, p ...g stakeholders):''' They have influence on project launch and development. It hinders organizational development. Stakeholders have prevailing power on a

...-cycle of a project. It works as a core process for any change initiative, it is the backbone for any programme, involving more than a few benefit events The fundamentals of Benefits Realisation Management is that it should be the driver for all change and programme activities. This includes

*Whose responsibility is it to bring out the message?

...e 1920s, Jew, lived in America. His work was pioneer in psychology because it looked at positive rather than negative facet of human behaviour. *Safety and security: need to feel save, stability, protection: here it is the market explored by e.g. insurance, private security, but also home m

It takes a lot of concentration and determination to be an active listener. Ol |style=" text-align:center;" |If you're finding it particularly difficult to concentrate on what someone is saying, try repeat

*Is it positive or negative? Example of a car –if you are buying it from a dealer, you don’t really care much about the relationship with the

...hardware and software, a theory as a set of interrelated variables, and so it goes. When thinking in terms of systems, it us useful to consider its main features:

#Each milestone must be binary, meaning it is either complete or incomplete

...r product, a business must add the cost of everything necessary to produce it. If a business runs a retail store, the cost of the item would include a po

*Optimism bias –over-optimistic on how much can be achieved and how little it will cost *It may underestimate the costs of system level activities such as integration

...of the return on an investment and the value of the same sum of money, had it been deposited in a bank account at a given rate of interest for the same p

While mr. Rumsfeld most probably was not aware of it, what he said made actually a lot of sense can imagine that something is not going according to plan, it might be very hard to define the

...y Control Systems and Diagnostic Control Systems creating negative forces. It must be noted that positive/negative forces are not considered as good/bad The first one of the four blocks is '''Beliefs Systems''', and it is associated to the '''core values''' of a company. Such core values are u

*Characterized by that it can't be rushed

...de as a strategy development tool used in business organizations. However, it can also work as a risk management tool.

*It is impossible to build an exhaustive checklist

... not fulfill the initial plans and will not meet the initial budget goals. It is logically a utopian idea of predicting the unpredictable (known unknowns ...he time perspective. ''"When can I have the first manuscript? Can you have it done by the end of next month?"'', he asks. You lower your eyes and gulp. '

...iety of relevant researchers have their own interpretation. To be precise, it mainly refers to project management(pm-) competence in this article. '''Pro ...zations, project management, and project management process will be given. It is also worth demonstrating the practical application of this theory.

... future of a project. The decision they make is objective; in other words, it is fully based on the ability of the team to meet the gate criteria. The fo ...th project rarely being killed at gates. After defining the gate criteria, it is important that these criteria will be key in determining the future of t

...antify the risk, once it has been identified, in order to remove or reduce it and take a decisive action, is a big challenge. Risks are quantified by usi ...ossible risks involved and enables managers to take necessary precautions. It applies to every field of life from medical, projects, construction, safety

...cle will look at how agile methodology gained its popularity, how to apply it in practice with focus on scrum, and what to be aware of when utilizing thi ...of projects, programs, and portfolios in a flexible and collaborative way. It permits fast changes and pivots if need be. One of the perhaps most used fr

...nd "cause and-effect" inside the project. It still have some limitation as it is build, as mentioned, on top of the balanced scorecard and project life c ... organization shouldn't have a to large number- and complex indicators, as it often will lead to a lack of overview and give a high possibility of the in

... scope of this article is to describe this kind of program, specifying how it works day by day and explaining its purpose as well as its implementation. ...and the evaluation about how much workload each operator have. After this, it is fundamental to arrange the material that will be required during the wee

...to analyze and represent the tasks involved in completing a given project. It is used in project management and commonly together with the critical path ...sing on dealing with completion time rather than the costs of the project. It incorporates details about all the task such as their duration and required

...ribution of the general population estimated by the Myer-Briggs Institute. It was found that the survey population has 10% more extroverts (EJ) and 9% fe ...erspective''' is primarily covered by the INTJ, ISTJ, ENTP and ENTJ types. It turns out that the dominant characteristic is the '''NT''' (Intuition and T

...on, it is called Kano model. This Article provides an overview, how to use it to find out the requirements, gives an example and represents advantages an ...no model, the application and how to make projects successful by involving it.

...sociated with many risks with proportionally many potential risk responses it is challenging to treat all risks most beneficially for the project. ...process that must begin early in the project during the planning phase and it must be done thoroughly to mitigate potential delays, change of scope, budg

...M)]] is a key to success in New Product Development. A way to achieve this it is by implementing the Stage-Gate Model to help make better decisions when ...es how a successful Stage-Gate process works in practice and how to manage it.

...sis (HAZOP) was developed by Imperial Chemical Industry in 1963. At first, it was established for chemical industries, in order to evaluate risks related ...ystematic and structured method mainly used during the first design stage. It is also regularly updated during the operating stage of the plant. The main

It is in the same instance that scenario planning becomes most valuable, enabl ...look into how scenario planning has become an essential tool, how to apply it in practice taking starting point in the generic scenario planning model, a

...are making and reflect this learning back into their work. In other words, it will help to unpack complex problems, analyze stakeholder influence and und ...ritical thinking. It can be used in any situation and circumstance because it eases a process of thought about the context, organisations, skills, object

..., economic, environmental and political (STEEP) trends are going to affect it. ...hat extend this tool can be implemented and what is the process to succeed it. The key principles of scenario planning are proved to be applicable while

...The different components can be addressed and implemented differently, but it is important to develop each component for maximum effectiveness.

...ng the lifetime of a project are naturally negatively skewed, consequently it is most beneficial to address adjustments, optimizations, risks, limitation ...sis of a project or program idea on several measurable aspects. Typically, it will include scope specifications defining the objectives of the project, a

... needs to provide information at an appropriate level for each audience as it is delivered the project manager and to stakeholders involved in the projec ...are appointed of gathering data, implementing the report and of distribute it to all the involved stakeholders.

...he following it will be explained how Jung saw the mind and especially how it can be used I management when different teams and workgroups are formed. Pr ...reform and evolve the workgroups. Because these groups often are temporary it is crucial that the team is grouped efficiently before the project can be a

... an effective method to help control the budget and represent uncertainty. It is intended to cover costs that are not included in the base estimate of th ...establish relationships between the outcome and the variables. Even though it is a simple to use, due to the empirical nature of this method parameters a

...ht-for-your-team/#440da0ff3bb4 [ONLINE] Accessed September 12th 2017</ref> It enables easy planning of resources according to specific project tasks in a The tool can be used as a day/week planner for a project as it displays current and future tasks, meetings, and reviews. This is illustrat

It is important to know the definition of scope before discussing the concept ...situation has occurred- should you pay for the newly added tomatoes, or is it part of the deal? Many new decisions have to be made when scope creep is ha

...ty of other projects like process improvements and process changes. Today, it is regarded as a general project management methodology with a wide range o ....php. [Accessed: 30-Sep-2017].</ref> also uses the Stage-Gate® trademark. It was also founded by the aforementioned in 1996 with the purpose of helping

... action is necessary. Project control is considered very important because it may determine the success of the project by the stakeholders <ref>PMI, ''A ..., but also analyzing of the data in order to take corrective action before it is too late.

...rmal, structured approach, usually involving both intuition and reasoning. It is important to be wary of impulsive reactions to a situation, since hasty ...the factors that decision-makers should consider before taking a decision. It depends on the type of the decision that needs to be taken, its magnitude a

...ical concept originally developed by the car manufacturing company Toyota. It is often referred to as the 3 M's of waste in lean manufacturing. ...lean from 1990, and automaker company Toyota has been renowned for the way it grew from a small company to a global brand, making use of the lean practic

...0 scales with offset in the International Personality Item Pool home page, it is possible to construct an own version of a personality test.<ref>Internat When a test is claimed to reliable and valid it has been assessed in these areas:

...cterized as a method for structuring a group communication process, making it more effective under the premise of a group of judgments is more valid than ...nd a very powerful tool. The method accuracy can be evaluated by comparing it with other methods of measure with direct interaction, structured and unstr

...t the business case will contribute, from the very beginning of it, and if it is worth the effort. To get the best results when benefit mapping is carried out, it should be worked in a group and with input from key stakeholders.

...in recent times because of the complicated design and building components. It was a project where the architecture, the craftsmanship and the use of mate ...ptor, which formed the building in clay inspired by music, and then handed it over for the architect firm Boldsen & Holm. They started building in 2004,

...the way of communication with public stakeholders on large scale projects. It is a case study referring to the Fehmarn belt link project. ...anizations often participate in protests against a project and try to stop it completely. Therefor antagonists from all over Germany find together. [5]

... that the people/teams are communicating effectively. In order to do that, it is first and foremost necessary to understand the network and the interdepe This aim of this article is to explain the tool and its applications. It will draw upon the key findings from the Pratt and Whitney project in order

...ing changes to the scope baseline. The key benefit of this process is that it allows the scope baseline to be maintained throughout the project. This pro ... Guide (Project Management Body of Knowledge), are used for clarification. It is noteworthy to mention that the identity of the interviewed individuals,

...ticle presents the DICE Framework and goes into its details and how to use it. Creating successful change is increasingly becoming a factor in the compet ...ecutives around the world <ref name=McKinsey />. In an ever growing world, it has increasingly been a factor to be able to deliver successful change proj

...the The 5th edition of PMBOK from the Project Management Institute (PMI), "It is critical for project success to identify the stakeholders early in the p ...his is still today a very popular theory within motivation management, as it focuses on all three parts of the motivation equation: inputs, performance

...d. Once a phase is completed there is no going back to a previous phase as it will be frozen.<ref name= "Waterfall v/s Agile"> Balaji S.; Dr. Sundararaja ... the final product meets the customer and quality requirements and whether it is delivered in time. <ref name= "Bomarius"/>

...of finding potential causes to a problem and of encouraging the team using it to talk about both the problem and its causes. Part of this talk will have ...ropriately used in Risk Management as well as its purpose and limitations. It will also touch upon tools that can be used in conjunction with the diagram

... construction industry it can be used for any industry and project, due to it providing necessary analysis of complications that can occur. ... help risk managers to locate the problem of the delay and begin assessing it. Resource based manager has to manage and are responsible for the delivery

...ts that needs to be handled, and in order to not confuse the overall goal, it is necesary to break the process up in structures like e.g. "Design", "Moto

It is based on a tree-like model where each branch is a path of decisions and By identifying all the possible events and their chance to occur it gives the project manager the ability to calculate the highest probability

...ve been developed. From other implementations of BIM has been learned that it requires '''large behavioral changes''' from the employees who have been do ...ll need to be educated in working with BIM and extracting information from it and important is that the contractor on his part ensures all required infor

...ill similar, yet different purposes. When working with project management, it is of the utmost importance to identify for which purpose a method is used, ... relevant, and manage them accordingly. As UATS is a governmental project, it involves a lot of high-level stakeholders. Some of the most important key s

It was introduced by Robert S. Kaplan in 1992 (“The Balanced Scorecard – M ...SC tool can be useful in Project Portfolio Management. At this level also, it provides a guidance of how the tool can be used for the selection of projec

...pply Chain and specifically in a strategy called omnichannel distribution. It provides tools for the project management in this field and reflects about ...uly customer-centered and personalize their shopping experiences. However, it adds new challenges and complexities to the supply chain management.

... vital role in project management, business strategies, and relationships. It is the foundation of value for the business. Organizations both in public a ...nd organizational benefits derived from the application of the guidelines. It will also discuss the pre-award and post-award activities, processes and pr

...ss diagrams - Critical Path Method proves to be more useful and precise as it allows the quick evaluation and comparison of alternative work programs, c ... optimum solution. It is a crucial tool used in construction management as it provides varying degree of involvement by the management to suit the needs

...ximizing value and minimizing waste, especially in terms of working hours. It is a new way of thinking and will take time and effort to implement into th ...workers and different sectors of the team moves around. To visualize this, it will be like a train with different fields in every train car driving in a

...r as the changes are more easily integrated into the project and therefore it reduces the risk of delays and exceeds projects. ...efore it is built and thereby make sure it looks like what he or she wants it to.

... of people with different personalities. Therefore, in project management, it is important to consider the people and their emotions, which are present a ...s not work in all situations, it can be hard to practice for non-naturals, it takes a lot of time, and cannot stand alone in projects that require a lot

...nagement and delivery, helping to deliver results quickly and effectively. It was created in 1994 through a collaboration of project practitioners among ...s on making people working more effectively towards achieving their goals. It is an approach while initially was used only for software development throu

... Disorder'' Taleb talks and discusses the concept of antifragility and how it has impacted our lives. To understand antifragility it is important to know that it is viewed as the opposite of fragile or fragility.

...om different angles, which leads to the importance of the project manager. It comes to the project manager to set goals, make decisions, stablish the key ...ot provide information about the cause of that result nor what to do about it <ref name="amara">Amaratunga, D. and Baldry, D. (2002) ''“Moving from per

...lement in project management indicates the willingness of organization and it's people to avoid or accept risks. Risk tolerance can be analyzed from thre ... is important to first define “risk” and “risk tolerance” and how it relates to project management in a technology-driven organization.

...considered one of the fundamental facet when it comes to managing projects.It is essential to project managers to be able to “assigning the “right” ...sonality can be more difficult and complex. There is no clear way of doing it, and there are no definite categories for each personality since they vary

...that individual companies, whether consultancy or contractors, are finding it increasingly difficult to fullfill all the requested requirements. Either o ...o encourage cross pollination between the companies in terms of knowledge. It also mitigates risks during the project. As resources are shared, the compa

...cable in professional projects, but also in any project of private nature. It can be applied throughout the project management process. Using this tool a ...llustrated. Understanding its possible advantages and the ability to apply it using a guidance with case studies allow a valid conclusion about its value

...ossibilities in regard to prioritizing resources for the project. Finally, it explains how the critical path of the project is deduced from the PND.  It helps cashflow

...an probability is used in the modern decision-making and risk analysis, so it is of utmost importance for decision makers and project manager to know its ...does not mean that the organization will earn or lose an amount. Actually, it meansthat if this decision is repeated many times, then the average cost or

...at explaining the concept of culture and the way it affects organizations. It is a dynamic model of learning and group dynamics. ...the major issues of external adaptation and internal integration. Finally, it comes to be embodied ultimately as an interrelated, patterned set of basic

...on is changing (people involved in the project), the leadership style that it is applicable will have differences from the the one used efficiently befor ...e on periods of stress. As leadership is an act from people to the people, it is important to know your people and Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard m

... maximise profit. It assists in determining what to change, when to change it, and how to cause the change<ref>Vorne Industries Inc.,. (2016). What is th ...rstanding of the topic and its applications. This article also be valid as it is up to date and complies with other articles of similar standard.</ref>.

...oduce data that can be used in deciding a response to corresponding risks. It is a 2nd step of project risk management, after risk identification and bef ...it may result in a delay of 50% of schedule or 50% of additional cost then it may be classified as “Major”. The risk(R) is calculated by multiplying

...rmal, structured approach, usually involving both intuition and reasoning. It is important to be wary of impulsive reactions to a situation, since hasty ...the factors that decision-makers should consider before taking a decision. It depends on the type of the decision that needs to be taken, its magnitude a

...nicating the right information at the right time. But in order to do that, it is first and foremost necessary to understand the network and the interdepe ...nstitute time-based DSMs. The tool can be implemented on an IT platform or it could be a simple Excel sheet or paper. Four basic types of interdependency

... qualitative manner, terms such as frequent, possible, rare etc. are used. It is also possible to describe the probability in a numerical manner. This ca ...dation for more detailed quantitative analysis, if possible and warranted. It is performed regularly throughout a projects life cycle as new risks may em

When the organization states the need for acquisition of external assets, it has to acquire internal and external knowledge about the market and the del The procurement SOW can be revised and refined as required as it moves through the procurement process until incorporated into a signed agre

...t the business case will contribute, from the very beginning of it, and if it is worth the effort. To get the best results when benefit mapping is carried out, it should be worked in a group and with input from key stakeholders.

...ticle will look at how quality control is used, the benefits and values of it and which supporting activities are used. The Quality Control concept is wi ...nd especially the TMC is the theory behind Plan - Do - Check - Act (PDCA). It is based on the Deming Circle introduced by W. Edwards Deming in the 1950's

...ical and organizational uncertainties, which only vary in their intensity, it is key for the project manager to select suitable tools to manage them. <re # '''Implement''' - Development of the product and launching it on the market

...ed with the costs aspects of a construction project which are relevant for it. The article starts with presenting the financial appraisal of a constructi ...n Cost Management is presented as a subject group as in DS/ISO 21500:2013. It is analyzed in the processes groups, illustrating by the aforementioned sta

''I want to start my discussion with an '''example''' to make it much clear.:'' ...ece of software for your business as usual and you are earning money using it.

and whether it relates to ...ion'': provide guidance on how to use the tool, concept or theory and when it is applicable

...o various stakeholders. The more complex a project is, the more difficult it becomes for project managers to prioritize and communicate the necessary in ...fficulty in managing the project. To gain most value of project dashboards it is imperative for project manager to have a fundamental grasp of the concep

...'), can be used to navigate through uncertainties and limited information. It allows project managers to recognize deviations and trends from the planned ... can be referred to as a project manager's quality control of the project. It warns the project manager, that problems may occur later in the schedule if

resources, time and money. Furthermore, it also requires a person who can communicate with employees and has the skill ... Blake and Jane Mouton. The tool is aimed at project managers, who can use it to analyze their individual form of management. The model will cover a numb

It will rely on the references given during the course, and some other found o

...deas impulsively with the goal of finding solutions to a specific problem. It is a simple, yet powerful tool used in virtually all industries. The term " ...rainstorming technique will be discussed; the origin and when, how and why it should be used. General guidelines and rules that are recommended for proje

"We believe that it is necessary first to map individual processes than superimpose them on one

...in problem. Risk is a key part of all these technologies and how to manage it is a challenge which is going to be faced for the global society in the fol ...etroleum/phases/. Visited 07-02-2018</ref>; all of them without knowing if it will be found any well at the end. Financial risk is high, being the main r

...trategy, to keep track of risks to a "project, program or portfolio"(PPP). It is commonly used by the project or risk manager to maintain the simplest st ...sts of the risk, secondly, it consists of the cause of the risk, and third it consist of the action of the risk. When building up a risk register these t

...project managers realize the opportunities hidden in ideation, and utilize it in a plethora of projects. *The Limitations discusses where and when is it not beneficial or relevant to use ideation tools in a project management se

Defining a project scope statement is an essential part of any project. It is an output of the define scope process and used to identify the main deli ...and just the amount of work necessary, to successfully complete a project. It is primarily concerned with defining and controlling what is or what is not

As it can be seen in these definitions, a role is not a responsibility and vice v The personal classification is important as it brings all project stakeholders together. Formal roles and responsibilitie

...ines and cost, there is a need to collect relevant information and analyse it. If there is any deviation to the established cost, schedule, or scope, the While this article present new software-based monitoring methods, it is important to keep in mind those recently developed tools aren’t yet wi

...osely to make sure the all of the aspects of the design is adapted to make it as high of quality and performance as possible. For this reason, the term � ...consists of several stages that the relevant teams decides together, hence it can be illustrated with several loops before very milestone as illustrated

...e slot within project phases are performed. In case of project management, it has defined start and end dates.</ref> is of critical importance<ref>https: ... who does what (''roles'') and who decides what (''responsibilities'') and it is considered to be a solid foundation of every project to be successfully

...amental principle of management, it is important to measure performance as it identifies the gap between current and desired performance. Managers can us ...mation that KPIs give should be limited to the part organisation that uses it.

...he Belbin Team Role theory should not be used as a complete truth. Instead it can be seen as a tool used to create a common language within a project tea Is it an important step to in a project to carefully put together a team of peopl

...a great opportunity to develop and grow. By having a purpose of a project, it becomes possible to answer why the project is being done in the first place ...y are doing, some know HOW they do it and very few know WHY they are doing it. And by WHY (according to Sinek) very few organizations and leaders know th

...l team, there will be a good flow in the Five Stages of Group Development. It is of the upmost importance that a team goes rapidly through the second and ...es within training, team building and by creating a fitting reward system. It is not an easy task for the project manager because there are many constrai

...the alignment of the project with stakeholders’ needs or objectives”. It is a critical function for the management of stakeholders and furthermore f ... project governance and the management of project management suggests that it has two key function. The first is to make decisions about which projects a

...finitions, principles and models. The purpose of the CBA system is to make it a sound process and simplify decision-making. CBA hinders double-counting t ...through differentiate alternatives and understand the importance of those. It is important to mention that the CBA system focuses on using the correct da

...dure, including utilized tools, record keeping and reporting. Furthermore, it should answer the questions: When will formal communication activities take ...tion. The noise for example, can distort the message to such a degree that it is no longer useful. This could be the case in a phone conversation, where

...gement, University of East Anglia, UK.''</ref>).Also many writers refer to it differently, this leaves space for the term to be interpreted and used impr ...used to manage complex portfolio management processes in lean enterprises. It combines the strategic management with the daily management, tying up the l

...elevant scale, scope and area to currently investigated project. Similarly it is with payment milestones, which are part of cash flow organisation and pl ...ation and Review Technique''' (PERT) and '''Critical Path Method''' (CPM). It will also answer the question "''Why cash flow and payment milestones are s

...mework for managing the project, regardless of the specific work involved, it is independent from the product life cycle produced by or modified by the p ... the project objectives are defined and the aspects of the project agreed, it is the phase where a problem is identified and potential solutions suggeste

...most importance when starting a new project whatever scale it might be on. It is done to ensure the resources are used efficiently and in most cost effec ...workflows and may therefore be expected to be a useful alternative to CPM. It implies a shift in focus from primarily the activities to the flow of work

...nts are part of the APM framework scrum, which is typically applied within IT projects, software development projects and projects of a more exploratory ...s relevant aspects of the sprint methodology within data science projects. It provides concrete and hands-on recommendations to project managers or scrum

...ruction industry has by the last decades been facing a negative trend when it comes to efficiency. While other industries increase the efficiency of time The method is useful in the way that it solves problems discovered in the design phase along the way in projects. A

...logy, provides an example of this technique so as to be perceivable, while it analyzes how this method responds to the modern business practices as well In both of these definitions, it can be observed some key words such as "coordinate", "sequence" "start/end"

It is beyond any reasonable doubt that the ''Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)'' ...ork Breakdown Structures”- Second Edition, 2011, p. 3</ref> In addition, it presents with clarity the total workload as determined by the scope stateme

... that not value-adding, non-critical or waste. Once the YC is established, it can easily be updated with new data and can then then be used to optimise t

...re the citizens. No matter how succesful the government finds the project, it can all go to waste if the users are not satisfied. A tool for analysing th ...keholder. If there are relevant differences between different user groups it is important to address them separately because they may have different nee

...s) after being processed is beneficial to the organization specially when it is compared with the reality of the project in a Business Intelligence atmo ...y by manipulating its variables and observing the results, and then we use it as a proxy for the complex reality—a useful proxy that can be used to gen

...nges, resulting in a reduction of the model´s efficacy. This implies that it is impossible to determine a fixed scope, cost and schedule in advance of a ...the scope needs to be reduced. Or in case of an exceeded project schedule, it will immediately be costlier for the company to carry out the project. Addi

...eholders. However, it is not enough to only design the value propositions, it is also important to integrate a business model in order to create value fo *'''Gain Creators''': How the products or services benefits the customers. It describes how the project manager plans to create gains for the customer.

...Program, and Portfolio to ensure that the business case remains viable and it will deliver the stipulated goal and benefits. Moreover, there is a lack of ...widespread use in the context of internal projects. On closer examination, it appears that the term and the role are more frequently used in the context

1. A description of when the stakeholder mapping is used and in the context it is applicable. Furthermore an explanation of how to acquire and exercising ...nstituencies, each pursuing their own objectives”''. <ref name="Hayes"/> It is to be considered that John Hayes looks at organisations as political are

...e value of project outcomes and align the projects with business strategy. It presents a framework in which the project manager and sponsors can make dec ...its success by documenting, defining and communicating project activities. It includes a framework for making project decisions which include defining ro

...eam members, and which cultural issues may have an impact on a project, if it is not dealt with timely and with a correct approach. <ref name=book> ''Pro ...lines whereas another may have a less strict perception of what is timely. It is therefore not only important that the manager is aware of the multicultu

... of resources, or contract agreements. For instance, Frank Acuff describes it as ''the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reachin It is fundamental for a Project Manager to hold fair negotiation skills, not o

...hat mechanism drive people and their performance in the group. That is why it is of a great, practical value for Project Managers to know system dynamics ...ne and the disposition of resources is made in a very meticulous manner so it might not be obvious that human relations and behaviors should be also take

...nt of the project team and this article proposes ideas on how to deal with it when the team members come from diverse cultures. Furthermore, project stak ...complex managerial skills and this theory aims at helping managers succeed it.

...ach type has its pros and cons, which depends on its structure and way how it should be implement, but most important thing is to determine what are our ... this method is impossibility of tracking the progress of the project when it has to be uptaded manualy.

...academic reader, Project Managers will benefit from reading the article as it provides substantiated 'hands-on' recommendations. ...takeholder requests, complaints or a wide range of other factors, however, it is the Project Managers responsibility to manage the change and implement c

There are different levels of human resource management when it comes to projects: ...that describes the project life cycle and how each phase will be executed. It also describes the criteria of how to successfully complete the different t

...cts and how they are managed using Lean Project Management tools. Firstly, it will be described what a project and project management is according to the ... with minor deliveries to the customer throughout the project, in this way it will be visible early in the project if there is a mismatch between the cus

...ement was created to eliminate confounding factors within the project, but it is more complex due to the consideration of many influences. This article p

...e entering untouched, untested or unregulated markets. For these start-ups it can be hard to identify and manage the risks that are associated with their Uncertainties are for example found within the insurance field, since it can be hard to estimate the amount of injuries or illnesses that will occur

...hodologies were created and implemented in the early 1990s, especially for IT projects, mainly because of the fast-changing project environment. In the m ...e New Product Development game'', (Harvard Business Review, 1986), </ref>. It is designed to guide teams in the iterative and incremental delivery of a p

...015). </ref>. Money and time are the two biggest constraints in a project: it is thus a necessity to keep meetings efficient and effective. ...to be effective, the roles of each participant have to be clearly defined. It must be run through three stages: before, during, and after the meeting; ea

...taking a closer look on classical development models e.g. Waterfall model, it is clear that during the different project stages the focus of the project ...itions, e.g. large temperature differences. In the environmental analysis, it is important to record all significant environmental influences, thus a sys

...ironment it is affected by external as well as internal factors this makes it necessary for a program manager to make changes to the program to adapt to ... as how to implement the model in a program. Since the model was developed it has been criticized for being inflexible because of its linear nature and K

* Show the level of load on the resource if it was assigned to different activities at onc Loading the schedule with necessary resources by activities allows it to become the driver of project planning, status and performance.

...duct or both. GE took this Value Engineering approach out of necessity but it resulted in a systematic process which still has wide application to today. ...“Value”. Value has no clear definition but when used in Value Analysis it is defined as a Function’s performance relative to its cost <ref name="Np

...m manager may be well placed to accept calculated risk and then to clarify it in their own terms or to seek out such data from the project managers. In ...verall program from different perspectives and supervising the progress of it by creating a road-map, the daily <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wiki

...sions unfold. DISC analysis can be a tool for smoothing human relations if it is used right. In the workplace, the tool can be used by all levels of mana ... possible but highly unlikely to only have one of the four traits. Usually it is a combination.

...ts at this stage can be very costly and mean even further delays. Instead, it is ideal to take preventive measures, which can be achieved through applyin This article aims to inform the reader on how to facilitate FMEA, how it can add value in different phases of a product development process along wi

... a project, program or portfolio lays the foundation of the risk analysis. It is therefore very important to identify as many possible risks as possible ...is to gain a thorough list of risks. To gain a comprehensive list of risks it is important to involve the right stakeholders in the brainstorm. This woul

...project-functions-schedules-5283. Retrieved 11 February 2018</ref> divides it into 4 areas: Time Planning, Time Estimating, Time Scheduling and Time Cont

...analysis of the workability of the project, solution or any other process. It should be conducted before the implementation stage. Its aim is to detect w

... recommended to conduct the study before the implementation stage, however it is not a restriction. The feasibility analysis should be conducted on inter ...d, depending on the accessibility, budget, priorities and time boundaries. It should be kept in mind that the feasibility study is not applicable in all

...io manager might have to make a strategic response or a scenario analysis. It is also important to make fallback plans and know which risks to ignore. Th

...rocurement management contracts are made between the buyer and the seller. It is a document stating that the seller will provide some value in return for ...ng:''' The cost of manufacturing is transparent and can be tracked easily. It also eliminates the profit fee added by the supplier, as well as delivery c

...iqueness of a yearly event management project by DTU. More than much else, it is the uniqueness of a project that frames which tools, models, and theorie ... Subsequently, the project manager should assess each process and classify it. In the classification of processes, the project manager should consider th

...ther the risk poses a threat to the project that has to be mitigated or if it is an opportunity to exploit. This article will give an overview of the pla ... threat, it becomes an existing problem and if the risk was an opportunity it becomes a benefit. Decisions are made to eliminate risks and with sufficien

...to keep up in the evolving markets and stay competitive. For such reasons, it is necessary to follow an adequate program management approach that will al ...ations to large international corporations. Its growing global use has set it as a standard for program management, which has been widely used in a varie

...tantly for opportunities. Opportunities might come from different ways and it is a manager's task to allocate and distribute resources into new targets < ... the same but usually there is no crowd. It is how to improve a project so it gives either better results or more profit.

... cooperate in order to draw a desirable future and find a way to implement it . This method focuses on finding new ways to examine a problem and allows t ... better society. For trying to resist something is just part of the story. It is essential for people to know what they are fighting for, not just what t

...rce management, Acquire team, Develop team and Manage team. Following this it becomes apparent that creating an efficient and effective project team is o ...are also a constraint, as it is often a significant part of the budget, so it is also important for the economical aspect of a project to make sound huma

...ment. The work breakdown structure takes the scope of the project and make it into smaller manageable chunks which frames the project and all its tasks. ... is that it can help prepare “work packages” for suppliers. This makes it easier for stakeholders tendering the project to prepare a bid for the vari

... Building a Successful Data Quality Management Program, Knowledgent</ref>. It is important to understand that the end goal of DQM is not about simply enh ... it can have an enormous influence on both project execution and outcomes. It is for this reason that DQM is a highly important process. DQM is a process

Knowing this, it is in the project manager's best interest to understand the demotivation ca ... in which way project managers help people to satisfy their needs at work. It exemplifies the application of these theories and mentions the limitations.

...y a few limitations of using a project charter, so the advantages of using it outweigh them. ...e preferable content of it. Guidelines will be presented on how to develop it, along with its limitations and benefits. Lastly, references for further re

... been completed yet, but if it will contain the subtopics mentioned below, it should be very clear. Does one part build upon the other? It will.

...t: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9310.00258/full </ref>. It is arguably a tool within the uncertainty perspective, as the purpose of th ...project and conducting a PPR, as well as the methodology on how to conduct it. A project manager follows a set of interrelated actions in order to provid

Decision making and doing it right is one of the largest challenges that organizations have to face. Esp ...ria and scenarios against each other. Based on mathematics and psychology, it enables the incorporation of both qualitative and quantitative input while

... this aspect in terms of supporting project managers along with a project. It introduces the philosophy of scheduling and proposes a way of executing the Even though the process starts at an early stage, it is inseparable part and accompanies a project manager to an end of a projec

...ll provide guidance on how to structure the framework of the processes and it will explain the content in the aspects. ...ative process occurs when the conditions of a certain risk change, forcing it to undergo all the phases again. When new risks occur all the phases must b

...nges, resulting in a reduction of the model´s efficacy. This implies that it is impossible to determine a fixed scope, cost, and schedule in advance of ...the scope needs to be reduced. Or in case of an exceeded project schedule, it will immediately be costlier for the company to carry out the project. Addi